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840s

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Decade

Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
8th century 9th century 10th century
Decades
820s 830s 840s 850s 860s
Years
840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The840s decade ran from January 1, 840, to December 31, 849.

Events

June 20 – EmperorLouis the Pious falls ill and dies at hishunting lodge, on an island in theRhine, near hisimperial palace atIngelheim, while suppressing a revolt. His eldest sonLothair I succeeds him asHoly Roman Emperor, and tries to seize all the territories of the lateCharlemagne.Charles the Bald, 17, becomes king of theFranks, and joins with his half-brotherLouis the German, in resisting Lothair.
Vikings fromNorway captureDublin, and establish a Norse kingdom inIreland.

Britain

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KingWigstan of Mercia, grandson of former rulerWiglaf (see839), declines his kingship in preference of the religious life. He asks his widowed mother, PrincessÆlfflæd, to act asregent. Anobleman of the line of the late kingBeornred, named Berhtric, wishes to marry her but he is a relative. Wigstan refuses the match, and is murdered by followers of Berhtric atWistow. He is buried atRepton Abbey, and later revered as asaint. TheMercian throne is seized by Berhtric's father,Beorhtwulf.^[1]^{: 238–239}
Vikings make permanent settlements with their first 'wintering over', located atLough Neagh inNorthern Ireland (approximate date).

Asia

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EmperorWenzong (Li Ang) dies after a 13-year reign, in which he has failed to break the power of his palaceeunuchs. He is succeeded by his brotherWu Zong, as Chinese ruler of theTang dynasty.
TheYenisei Kirghiz settle along theYenisei River, and sack with a force of around 80,000 horsemen the Uyghur capital,Ordu-Baliq (driving theUyghurs out ofMongolia). This ends theUyghur Khaganate.^[2]
The840 Erzurum earthquake takes place in the city of Qaliqala (modernErzurum).^[3]

By topic

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Religion

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Nobis becomesbishop ofSt. David's, in the WelshKingdom of Dyfed (approximate date).

841

This section istranscluded fromAD 841.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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June 25 –Battle of Fontenay: Frankish forces of EmperorLothair I, and his nephewPepin II of Aquitaine, are defeated by allied forces of KingLouis the German, and his half-brotherCharles the Bald, atFontenoy (EasternFrance), in acivil war among the three surviving sons of the former emperorLouis the Pious. A total of 40,000 men are killed, including theFrankish noblesGerard of Auvergne andRicwin of Nantes, fighting on the side of Charles.^[4]
Summer –Vikings sail up theRiver Seine and devastate the city ofRouen inNormandy. They burn theBenedictine monastery ofJumièges Abbey; 68 captives are taken, and returned on payment of aransom, by themonks ofSt. Denis.^[5]

Ireland

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The town ofDyflin (meaning "Black Pool") orDublin (modernIreland) is founded byNorwegian Vikings, on the south bank of theRiver Liffey. The settlement is fortified with aditch and an earthrampart, with a woodenpalisade on top. TheNorsemen establish awool weaving industry, and there is also aslave trade. An artificial hill is erected, where thenobility meets to make laws and discusspolicy.

Byzantine Empire

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Constantine Kontomytes, Byzantine general (strategos) of theThracesian Theme, inflicts a severe defeat on theCretan Saracens. He leads aByzantine expeditionary force, to raid themonastic community nearMount Latros (modernTurkey).^[6]
Venice sends a fleet of 60galleys (each carrying 200 men) to assist the Byzantines in driving theArabs fromCrotone, but the attack fails. Muslim troops conquer the city ofBrindisi (approximate date).^[7]

Abbasid Caliphate

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A pro-Umayyad rebellion, led byal-Mubarqa inPalestine, breaks out against caliphal-Mu'tasim of theAbbasid Caliphate (ending in842).^[8]

Asia

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In the Chinese capital ofChang'an, theWest Market (andEast Market) are closed every night one hour and three quarters beforedusk (by government order); thecurfew is signaled by the sound of 300 beats to a loud gong. After the officialmarkets have been closed for the night, small night markets in residential areas thrive with plenty of customers, despite government efforts to shut them down. With the decline of the government's authority (by mid9th century), this edict (like many others) is largely ignored, asurban dwellers keep attending the night markets regardless.
December 17 – CometX/841 Y1 is first sighted in Chang'an by the Japanese monkEnnin.^[9]

842

This section istranscluded fromAD 842.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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January 20 – EmperorTheophilos dies ofdysentery atConstantinople, after a 12-year reign in which he expended much effort defending the eastern frontier against the invadingMuslim Arabs. Theophilos is succeeded by his 2-year-old sonMichael III, with his motherTheodora asregent and the 'temporary' sole ruler of theByzantine Empire.^[10]
February 19 – The MedievalIconoclastic Controversy ends, as a council inConstantinople formally reinstates theveneration of icons in the churches.

Europe

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February 13 – Last reported sighting of the cometX/841 Y1 according to theAnnals of Fontenelle.^[11]
February 14 –Oaths of Strasbourg: KingLouis the German, ruler ofEast Francia, and his half-brotherCharles the Bald, ruler ofWest Francia, meet with their armies atStrasbourg. They agree to swearallegiance (recorded invernacular languages) to each other, and to support each other against their brotherLothair I (nominal emperor of all theFrankish kingdoms and theHoly Roman Empire).^[12]
March 20 – KingAlfonso II of Asturias (NorthernSpain) dies after a 50-year reign, in which he undertook numerous campaigns against theMuslim armies of theUmayyad Emirate of Córdoba, and allied himself with the lateCharlemagne. The childless Alfonso choosesRamiro I, son of former kingBermudo I, as his successor.

Britain

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Uurad of thePicts dies after a 3-year reign, and is succeeded by his sonBridei VI, who contests his power with rival groups, led byBruide son of Fokel andKenneth MacAlpin.
Vikings attack the Irish monastery atClonmacnoise from bases inIreland.

Abbasid Caliphate

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Abbasiddinar ofal-Mutasim, he became ill and died on 05–01–842

January 5 – CaliphAl-Mu'tasim dies atSamarra (modernIraq), after an eight year reign. He is succeeded by his sonAl-Wathiq, as ruler of theAbbasid Caliphate.

843

This section istranscluded fromAD 843.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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May 24 –Battle of Blain: Breton forces underErispoe, count ofVannes, defeat theFranks led byRenaud d'Herbauges, near the town ofMessac, at theRiver Vilaine. This battle marks aBreton war between Charles the Bald andNominoe, duke ofBrittany.
Summer –Viking raiders attackNantes, located on theRiver Loire; they kill the town'sbishop along with many of theclergy, and murder men, women and children. They plunder the western parts ofAquitaine and reach an island north of the mouth of theRiver Garonne, near what later will beLa Rochelle. There the Vikings bring materials from the mainland and build houses to spend thewinter.
August 10 –Treaty of Verdun: TheFrankish Empire is divided into three kingdoms, between the three surviving sons of the late emperorLouis the Pious. KingLouis the German receives the eastern portion (everything east of theRiver Rhine), called theEastern Frankish Realm, which is the precursor to modern-dayGermany. EmperorLothair I receives the central portion (Low Countries,Alsace,Lorraine,Burgundy and the northern half ofItaly), called theCentral Frankish Realm. KingCharles the Bald receives the western portion (everything west of theRiver Rhône), called theWestern Frankish Realm, which later becomesFrance.

British Isles

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KingKenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) of theScots also becomesking of the Picts; he is crowned (on theStone of Destiny) as firstmonarch of the new nation ofScotland. TheAlpin Dynasty ofScottish kings begins to reign.

Arabian Empire

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Summer – AByzantine expedition, led byTheoktistos, conquersCrete from theSaracens. After initial success, he is forced to abandon his army, due to political intrigues inConstantinople. The troops are left behind and slaughtered by theArabs.^[13]^[14]
Al-Andalus: The city ofZaragossa rises against theUmayyad Emirate of Córdoba in modern-daySpain.^[15]

Asia

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In the Chinese capital ofChang'an, a large fire consumes 4,000 homes,warehouses and other buildings in theEast Market, yet the rest of the city is at a safe distance from the blaze which is largelyquarantined inEast Central Chang'an, thanks to the large width of roads in Chang'an that producefire breaks.

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Religion

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March 11 –Feast of Orthodoxy – Official end ofIconoclasm: EmpressTheodora II restores the veneration oficons in theOrthodox churches in theByzantine Empire.^[16]
Theodora II orders apersecution against thePaulicians throughoutAnatolia; about 100,000 followers in the Byzantinetheme ofArmenia are massacred.^[17]

844

This section istranscluded fromAD 844.(edit |history)

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Byzantine Empire

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Spring –Battle of Mauropotamos: AByzantine expedition underTheoktistos is sent toAnatolia (modernTurkey), against theMuslim Arabs of theAbbasid Caliphate, who have raided the Byzantinethemes ofCappadocia,Anatolikon,Boukellarion, andOpsikion. The Byzantines are defeated, and many of the officers defect to the Arabs.^[18]

Europe

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Viking raiders ascend theRiver Garonne as far as the city ofToulouse, and pillage the lands ofSeptimania. Part of the marauding Vikings invadesGalicia (NorthernSpain), where some perish in astorm at sea. After being defeated inCorunna, theScandinavian raiders sack theUmayyad cities ofSeville (see below),Niebla,Beja, andLisbon.^[19]
Summer – KingCharles the Bald struggles against the repeated rebellions inAquitaine, and against theBretons inWest Francia. He besiegesBernard I at theBattle of Toulouse, while DukeNominoe raids intoMaine, and plunders otherFrankish territory.^[20]
June 15 –Louis II, eldest son of EmperorLothair I, is crowned king atRome byPope Sergius II, and becomes co-ruler ofMiddle Francia, and overLombardy,Friuli, andTuscany inItaly.
September 25–November 11 or 17 –Viking raid on Seville (844): Vikings arrive in Seville by theGuadalquivir, taking the city on October 1 or 3 and pillaging it; but are expelled by forces of theEmirate of Córdoba.

Britain

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KingÆthelred II of Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom byRædwulf, who takes thethrone. Rædwulf is later killed in battle against the Vikings, along with many of hisnoblemen. Æthelred returns and claims his right to rule.
KingMerfyn Frych dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonRhodriMawr ("the Great"), who thus becomes ruler ofGwynedd (Wales).

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Religion

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January 25 –Pope Gregory IV dies after a 16-year reign, in which he has supported the Frankishpolicy of late emperorLouis the Pious, and established the observance ofAll Saints' Day. He is succeeded bySergius II, as the 102ndpope of Rome. Sergius imprisons the antipopeJohn VIII, and is elected by popularacclamation.

845

This section istranscluded fromAD 845.(edit |history)

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Byzantine Empire

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Byzantine–Arab War: Aprisoner exchange occurs between theByzantine Empire and theAbbasid Caliphate, at theRiver Lamos inCilicia (modernTurkey). The exchanges last for 10 days, and the Byzantines recover 4,600 prisoners.^[21]^[22]

Europe

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March 28 or29 (Easter) –Siege of Paris:Viking forces under theNorse chieftainRagnar Lodbrok enter theRiver Seine, with a fleet of 120longships (5,000 men). They pass through the city ofRouen and plunder the countryside. KingCharles the Bald assembles an army and sends it to protect Paris, the capital of theWest Frankish Kingdom. Ragnar routs the enemy forces, and hangs 111 of their prisoners in honour ofOdin.^[23] Charles — to keep them fromplundering his kingdom — pays a largetribute of 7,000livres (pounds) of silver or gold, in exchange for their leaving.^[24] The Vikings also sack the cities ofHamburg andMelun.
November 22 –Battle of Ballon: Frankish forces (3,000 men) led by Charles the Bald are defeated byNominoe, count ofVannes, nearRedon, Ille-et-Vilaine. After the battle,Brittany becomes aregnum 'kingdom' within theFrankish Empire.
Viking forces destroyHamburg.

Asia

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Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution: EmperorWu Zong begins the persecution ofBuddhists and other foreign religions inChina, such asZoroastrianism,Nestorian Christianity andManichaeism. More than 4,600monasteries, 40,000temples and numerousshrines are destroyed. More than 260,000 Buddhistmonks and nuns are forced to return to secular life.
March 6 –42 captured Byzantine officials fromAmorium are executed atSamarra, then the capital of theAbbasid Caliphate, after repeated failed attempts to convert them toIslam.

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Religion

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John Scotus Eriugena, Irishtheologian, travels to France and takes over the Palatine Academy in Paris, at the invitation ofCharles the Bald (approximate date).

846

This section istranscluded fromAD 846.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Byzantine–Bulgarian War: TheBulgarians violate thepeace treaty (see815), and invadeMacedonia along theRiver Struma. The cities ofSerres andPhilippi are devastated.^[25]

Europe

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Summer –Breton forces underNominoe occupy the Frankish cities ofNantes andRennes. He makes raids inAnjou and threatensBayeux. KingCharles the Bald recognizes him as duke ofBrittany.
PrincePribina becomes avassal of theFrankish Empire. KingLouis the German grants him land nearLake Balaton (modernHungary). He establishesBlatnohrad, capital ofBalaton Principality.
Frankish forces led by Louis the German invadeMoravia. They encounter little resistance, and depose KingMojmir I from thethrone.^[26] His relative,Rastislav, is set up as the newclient ruler.
Muslim forcesattempt to raid Rome but only pillage the countryside around the city before being beaten back by DukeGuy I of Spoleto. In the aftermath,Pope Leo IV starts walling the area around the Vatican hill, creating theLeonine City.
TheMozarabs,Iberian Christians who live underMoorish rule, try to repopulateLeón inAl-Andalus (modernSpain). The city is recaptured by theMuslim Arabs.

Britain

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KingÆthelred II of Northumbria sends military assistance to thePicts, in their fight against the invadingScots (approximate date).

Ireland

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Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid becomes the firstHigh King of Ireland.^{[Factually disputed. Source needed]}

Arabian Empire

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ASaracen Arab expeditionary force fromAfrica, consisting of 11,000 men and 500 horses,raid the outskirts of Rome, sacking the basilicas ofOld St. Peter's andSt. Paul's Outside the Walls.

Asia

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April 22 – EmperorWu Zong (Li Chan) dies after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by his uncleXuān Zong, asChinese ruler of theTang Dynasty.
Jang Bogo, a powerful maritime hegemon ofSilla, is assassinated byaristocratic elements at hisgarrison headquarters byYŏm Chang (or841).

847

This section istranscluded fromAD 847.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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Danish Vikings land in theBreton March (western part ofGaul). DukeNominoe ofBrittany fails to withstand them in battle, but succeeds in buying them off with gifts and persuading them to leave (approximate date).
Viking Age: TheVikings plunder theLower Rhine, as part of their attacks on the Empire ofFrancia.
TheSaracens, under theBerber leaderKalfun, capture theByzantine city ofBari (Southern Italy). He becomes the first ruler of theEmirate of Bari, and expands his influence on theItalian mainland with raids.^[27]

Abbasid Caliphate

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August 10 – CaliphAl-Wathiq dies ofdropsy after a five-year reign. He is succeeded by his brotheral-Mutawakkil.

Death ofAbbasid caliphAl-Wathiq, He died as the result ofdropsy^[28] on 10 August 847. He was succeeded by his brother al-Mutawakkil.

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Natural events

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November 24 –847 Damascus earthquake

Religion

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January 24 –Pope Sergius II dies ofgout after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded byLeo IV, as the 103rdpope ofRome.
April 21–Rabanus Maurus, aFrankish Benedictine monk, becomesarchbishop ofMainz after the death ofOdgar.

848

This section istranscluded fromAD 848.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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Summer –Bordeaux, capital ofAquitaine, falls into the hands ofViking raiders. KingCharles the Bald sends aFrankish fleet to lift thesiege. Despite destroying some Vikinglongships on theDordogne River, they fail to save the city. The Abbey of Saint-Pierre inBrantôme is sacked.
EmperorLothair I, and his (half) brothersLouis the German and Charles the Bald, meet inKoblenz to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".
Frankish forces under Count (comté)William of Septimania assume authority over the counties ofBarcelona andEmpúries (modernSpain).
TheSaracens conquerRagusa (Sicily), after itsByzantine garrison is forced by severefamine to surrender. The city and its castle are razed to the ground.^[29]

Britain

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The armies ofBrycheiniog andGwent clash in the battle ofFfinnant (Wales). KingIthel of Gwent is killed in the fighting (approximate date).
Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid,High King of Mide, defeats aNorse Viking army at Sciath Nechtain inIreland (approximate date).

Asia

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TheMedieval Cholas inSouthern India start to rule (approximate date).

By topic

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Religion

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Pope Leo IV builds (on the opposite of theTiber River) theLeonine City, a fortified three-kilometrewall that encircles theVatican Hill andBorgo, to defendRome.^[30]
TheRoman Catholic church ofSanta María del Naranco, on the slope ofMonte Naranco (Northern Spain), is completed.

849

This section istranscluded fromAD 849.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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Summer –Battle of Ostia: ASaracen Arab fleet fromSardinia sets sail towardsRome. In response,Pope Leo IV forms a coalition of maritime Italian cities, includingNaples,Amalfi andGaeta, led by AdmiralCaesar — which is assembled off the re-fortified port ofOstia — and repels the Saracenmarauders. Their navy is scattered, resulting in many sunken vessels. Rome is saved from plunder and the expansion of theAghlabids.^[31]
Frankish forces under KingCharles the Bald invade southernFrance, and conquer the territory ofToulouse. He appointsFredelo as count (comté) of Toulouse, who founds theRouergue dynasty.Aquitaine is submitted to theWest Frankish Kingdom.

Abbasid Caliphate

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TheArmenian princeBagrat II begins a rebellion against CaliphAl-Mutawakkil, of theAbbasid Caliphate.

Asia

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In the Chinese capital city ofChang'an, an imperial prince isimpeached during theTang Dynasty from his position by officials at court, for erecting a building that obstructs a street in the northwesternmost ward inSouth Central Chang'an.
KingPyinbya ofBurma founds the city ofBagan, located in theMandalay Region, and fortifies it with walls.

Significant people

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Births

Transcluding articles:840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848, and849

840

January –Michael III, Byzantine emperor (d.867) This date of birth is generally held as uncertain; though January 840 is the most probable, 839 is also possible.
October 25 –Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, founder of theSaffarid dynasty (d.879)
Abu al-Hassan al-Nuri, MuslimSufi (approximate date)
Adalhard II, Frankishnobleman (approximate date)
Berengaudus,Benedictine monk (d.892)
Clement of Ohrid, Bulgarian scholar (approximate date)
Eudokia Ingerina, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Hucbald, Frankishmusic theorist (or850)
Lothar I, Frankish nobleman (d.880)
Notker the Stammerer, Benedictinemonk (approximate date)
Richardis, Frankish empress (approximate date)
Sunyer II, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
Theodard, archbishop ofNarbonne (approximate date)
Theodore II, pope of theCatholic Church (d.897)
Unruoch III, margrave ofFriuli (approximate date)

841

Bernard Plantapilosa, Frankishnobleman (d.886)
Boso of Provence, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
Du Rangneng,chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d.893)
Edmund the Martyr, king ofEast Anglia (approximate date)
Heiric of Auxerre, Frankishtheologian and writer (d.876)
Pei Shu, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d.905)
Remigius of Auxerre, Frankish scholar (approximate date)

842

Al-Mundhir, Muslimemir (approximate date)
Al-Muwaffaq, Muslim prince andregent (d.891)
Li Hanzhi, Chinese warlord (d.899)
Pietro I Candiano, doge ofVenice (approximate date)
Yang Fuguang, Chinese general (d.883)

843

Judith of Flanders, queen ofWessex and countess ofFlanders (approximate date)

844

Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Muslimemir (d.912)
Al-Mu'tamid, Muslimcaliph (d.892)
Hasan al-Utrush, Muslim emir (approximate date)
Sosei, Japanesewaka poet (approximate date)
Yu Xuanji, Chinesepoet (approximate date)

845

August 1 –Sugawara no Michizane, Japanese politician (d.903)
Árpád,Grand Prince of the Hungarians (approximate date)
Berengar I, king ofItaly (approximate date)
Charles of Provence, Frankish king (d.863)
Liutgard of Saxony, Frankish queen (approximate date)
Minamoto no Yoshiari, Japanese official (d.897)
Ricfried, Frankishnobleman (d.950)
Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress (approximate date)

846

Gyeongmun, king ofSilla (Korea) (d.875)
November 1 –Louis the Stammerer, king ofWest Francia (d.879)
Du Xunhe, Chinesepoet (d.904)
Hasan al-Askari, 11thShia Imam (d.874)
Li Yi, Chinese poet (approximate date)
Rollo, Viking leader and count (approximate date)
Wang Chao, Chinese warlord (d.898)
Zhang Chengye, Chineseeunuch official (d.922)

847

Æthelred I, king ofWessex (approximate date)
Al-Mu'tazz, Muslimcaliph (d.869)
Charles the Child, king ofAquitaine (or848)
Cheng Ji, Chinese general (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Sukeyo, Japanese aristocrat (d.897)
Kang Junli, general of theTang Dynasty (d.894)
Lu Yi,chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d.905)
Miyoshi Kiyotsura, Japanese scholar (d.918)
Wang Jian, emperor ofFormer Shu (d. 918)
Wang Jingchong, Chinese general (d.883)

848

Alfonso III, king ofAsturias (approximate date)
Carloman, Frankishabbot (d.877)
Charles the Child, king ofAquitaine (or847)
Lothair the Lame, Frankish abbot (d.865)
Onneca Fortúnez, Basque princess (or850)

849

May –Isma'il ibn Ahmad, Muslimemir (d.907)
Alfred the Great, king ofWessex (d.899)
Eric Anundsson, king ofSweden (d.882)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848, and849

840

March 14 –Einhard, Frankish scholar
June 11 –Junna, emperor ofJapan (b.785)
June 16 or839 –Rorgon I, Frankish nobleman
June 20 –Louis the Pious, ruler of theCarolingian Empire (b.778)
Agobard, archbishop ofLyon (b.779)
Andrew II, duke ofNaples
Ansovinus, archbishop ofCamerino
Czimislav, king of theSorbs (approximate date)
He Jintao, general of theTang dynasty
Hilduin, archbishop ofParis (b.775)
Li Chengmei, prince of the Tang dynasty
Li Rong, prince of the Tang dynasty
Muhammad at-Taqi, Muslim ninthIsmā'īlī imam (or839)
Salmawaih ibn Bunan, Muslim physician
Wen Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (b.809)
Wigstan, king ofMercia (approximate date)
Yang, consort andconcubine of Wen Zong

841

June 25 –Gerard of Auvergne, Frankish nobleman
June 25 –Ricwin of Nantes, Frankish nobleman
October 14 –Shi Yuanzhong, Chinese governor
Arnulf of Sens, illegitimate son ofLouis the Pious
Guifeng Zongmi, ChineseBuddhist monk (b.780)
Jang Bogo, Korean maritime hegemon (or846)
Jonas of Orléans, Frankishbishop
Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin, Muslim general
Langdarma, emperor ofTibet (b.799)
Li Ao, Chinesephilosopher andprose writer (b.772)
Yunyan Tansheng, ChineseBuddhist monk (b.780)

842

January 5 –Al-Mu'tasim, Muslimcaliph (b.796)
January 20 –Theophilus, Byzantine emperor (b.813)
March 9 –Humbert, bishop ofWürzburg
March 16 –Xiao Mian,chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
August 16 – Death ofQaratis also known asUmm Harun, was the mother of Abbasid caliph al-Wathiq (r. 842–847). She died during herHajj pilgrimage journey.
August 24 –Saga, emperor ofJapan (b.786)
October 22 –Abo, Japanese prince (b.792)
Alfonso II, king ofAsturias (b.759)
Bernard of Vienne, Frankishbishop (b.778)
Dúngal mac Fergaile, king ofOsraige (Ireland)
Li Cheng, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
Liu Yuxi, Chinesepoet andphilosopher (b.772)
Sugawara no Kiyotomo, Japanesenobleman (b.770)
Uurad, king of thePicts (approximate date)
We Gyaltore Taknye, Tibetan nobleman
Zheng Tan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty

843

April 19 –Judith of Bavaria, Frankish empress^[32]
2 November –Anthony the Confessor, Byzantine bishop of Thessalinike^[33]
Al-Mada'ini, Muslim scholar andhistorian (b.752)
Ardo Smaragdus, Frankishabbot andhagiographer
Bridei VI, king of thePicts (Scotland)
Fergus mac Fothaid, king ofConnacht (Ireland)
Fujiwara no Otsugu, Japanese statesman (b.773)
Jia Dao, Chinesepoet andBuddhist monk (b.779)
Landulf I,gastald (or count) ofCapua (Italy)
Liu Congjian, Chinese governor (jiedushi) (b.803)
Qiu Shiliang, Chineseeunuch official
Renaud d'Herbauges, Frankishnobleman (b.795)

844

January 11 –Michael I, former Byzantine emperor
January 25 –Gregory IV, pope of theCatholic Church
Abdallah ibn Tahir, Muslim governor (or845)
Abu Ja'far Ashinas, Muslim general
Alberik II, Frankishbishop
Bera,count of Barcelona
Bernard II,count of Poitiers
Bernard I, duke ofSeptimania
Chen Yixing,chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
Ekkehard, Frankishnobleman
Galindo Garcés, count ofAragon
Hugh, illegitimate son ofCharlemagne (b.802)
Merfyn Frych, king ofGwynedd (Wales)
Mukhariq, Abbasid court singer
Nithard, Frankishhistorian
Rædwulf, king ofNorthumbria (approximate date)
Tachibana no Hayanari, Japanese calligrapher (d.782)
Theodrada, Frankrish princess and abbess (or853)

845

February 22 –Wang, empress andconcubine ofMu Zong
Abdallah ibn Tahir, Muslim governor (or844)
Abu Tammam, Muslimpoet (b.788)
Bridei VII, king of thePicts
Dionysius I, Syrianpatriarch
Ecgred,bishop of Lindisfarne
Eginhard, bishop ofUtrecht
Guerin, Frankish nobleman (or856)
Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi, Muslim historian (b.784)
Mislav, duke ofCroatia (approximate date)
Sahl ibn Bishr, Muslimastrologer (approximate date)
Theophanes the Branded, Byzantine monk (b.775)
Turgesius, Viking chieftain (approximate date)

846

April 22 –Wu Zong, emperor of theTang Dynasty (b.814)
July 29 –Li Shen,chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
Bai Ju Yi, Chinese poet and official (b.772)
Dantivarman, king of thePallava Empire (India)
Ferdomnach, Irish monk andilluminator^[34]
Jang Bogo, Korean maritime hegemon (or841)
Joannicius the Great, Byzantine theologian (b.752)
Li Zongmin, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
Mojmir I, king ofMoravia (approximate date)
Niall Caille,High King of Ireland
Reginbert of Reichenau, Germanlibrarian
Seguin II, Frankishnobleman
Wang,concubine ofWu Zong

847

January 27 –Sergius II, pope of theCatholic Church (b.790)
April 21 –Odgar, Frankish monk andarchbishop
June 1 –Xiao, empress of the Tang Dynasty
June 14 –Methodius I, patriarch ofConstantinople
August 10 –Al-Wathiq, Muslim caliph (b.816)
Fedelmid mac Crimthainn, king ofMunster (Ireland)
Frothar of Toul, Frankishbishop (approximate date)
Hetto, Frankish archbishop (approximate date)
Isa ibn Mansur al-Rafi'i, Muslim governor
Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat, Abbasid vizier
Li Rangyi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
Theodemar of Iria, Galician bishop

848

Cui Yuanshi,chancellor of the Tang dynasty
Drest X, king of thePicts
Guo, empress dowager of the Tang dynasty
Ithel, king ofGwent (approximate date)
Li Gongzuo, Chinese writer
Malik ibn Kaydar, Muslim governor
Rechtabhra, bishop ofClonfert
Shi Xiong, Chinese general
Sunifred, Frankishnobleman
Sunyer I, Frankish nobleman
William I, duke ofGascony
Yahya al-Laithi, Muslim scholar

849

January 15 –Theophylact, Byzantine co-emperor (b. c.793)
Ali ibn Muhammad, Idrisid emir of Morocco^[35]
c. February –Harthamah ibn al-Nadr al-Jabali, Muslim governor
June –Ali ibn al-Madini, Muslimscholar (b.778)
c. June? –Ragenar, bishop ofAmiens
August 18 –Walafrid Strabo, Frankishtheological writer
Conaing mac Flainn, king ofBrega (Ireland)
Connagan, bishop ofClonfert (Ireland)
Guntbold, archbishop ofRouen
Itakh (Ītākh al-Khazarī), Muslim general
Zhang Zhongwu, Chinese general

References

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Citation

[edit]

^Zaluckyj & Zaluckyj, "Decline"
^History of Central Asia.
^Guidoboni, Traina, 1995, p. 121
^Eric Joseph,Struggle for Empire, p. 103. Cornell University, 2006.ISBN 0-8014-3890-X. Joseph states this number, given byAgnellus of Ravenna, is probably exaggerated.
^Recorded in theChronicle of Fontenelle Abbey.
^Treadgold 1988, pp. 324–325.
^J. Norwich,A History of Venice, p. 32.
^"Al-Muʿtaṣim | ʿAbbāsid caliph".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved2021-05-18.
^Sicoli, Piero; Cesario, Marilina; Gorelli, Roberto (2022)."Comets and Political Anxieties in the First Half of the Ninth Century: New Light on Comets X/839 B1 and X/841 Y1"(PDF).Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage.25 (2):213–226.
^John Skylitzes,A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811—1057: Translation and Notes, transl. John Wortley, 81note114.
^Sicoli, Piero; Cesario, Marilina; Gorelli, Roberto (2022)."Comets and Political Anxieties in the First Half of the Ninth Century: New Light on Comets X/839 B1 and X/841 Y1"(PDF).Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage.25 (2):213–226.
^Pierre Riche,The Carolingians: The Family who forged Europe, transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), p. 162.
^Makrypoulias (2000), p. 351.
^Treadgold (1997), p. 447.
^Rucquoi, Adeline (1993).Histoire medieval de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 87.ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
^Merriam-Webster (Jan 2000).Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, p. 231.ISBN 0-87779-044-2.
^Arpee, Leon (1946).A History of Armenian Christianity. New York: The Armenian Missionary Association of America. p. 107.
^Vasiliev 1935, pp. 399–404.
^Rucquoi, Adeline (1993).Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 85.ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
^AF a. 844:Karolus Aquitaniam, quasi ad partem regni sui iure pertinentem, affectans ... ("Charles wanted Aquitaine, which belonged by right to a part of his kingdom").
^Huart 1986, p. 647.
^Toynbee 1973, p. 391.
^Jones 2001, p. 212.
^Sawyer 2001, p. 40.
^Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983].The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 110.ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
^Goldberg 2006, p. 140.
^Kreutz, p. 38.
^Kennedy 2006, p. 232.
^Vasiliev (1935), p. 208.
^Wards-Perkins, Bryan.From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, p. 195. Oxford University Press, 1984.ISBN 0-19-821898-2.
^Benvenuti, Gino (1985).Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 15.ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
^Zimmermann, Wilhelm (1878).A Popular History of Germany: From the Earliest Period to the Present Day. H. J. Johnson. p. 533.
^Talbot, Alice-Mary Maffry (1996). "Life of St. Theodora of Thessalonike".Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints' Lives in English Translation. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 179.ISBN 978-0-88402-248-0. Retrieved3 March 2024.
^The Oxford companion to Irish history (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. February 24, 2011. p. 26.ISBN 9780199691869.
^Eustache, D. (1971)."Idrīsids". InLewis, B.;Ménage, V. L.;Pellat, Ch. &Schacht, J. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1035–1037.doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3495.OCLC 495469525.

Bibliography

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Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1935).Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La dynastie d'Amorium (820–867). Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.:Henri Grégoire,Marius Canard. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales.OCLC 181731396.
Treadgold, Warren (1988).The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.ISBN 978-0-8047-1462-4.
Huart, Cl. (1986)."Lamas-Ṣū". InBosworth, C. E.;van Donzel, E.;Lewis, B. &Pellat, Ch. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 647.ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
Jones, Gwyn (2001).A History of the Vikings. Oxford University.ISBN 978-0-19-280134-0.
Kennedy, Hugh (2006).When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.ISBN 978-0-306814808.
Sawyer, PH (2001).Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University.ISBN 978-0-19-285434-6.
Toynbee, Arnold (1973).Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World. London and New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-215253-X.
Goldberg, Eric J. (2006).Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.ISBN 9780801438905.

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