One hundred years, from 601 to 700
Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 7th century. Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 7th century. The7th century is the period from601 through700 in accordance with theJulian calendar in theChristian Era .
Thespread of Islam and theMuslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by the Islamic prophetMuhammad starting in 622. After Muhammad's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond theArabian Peninsula under theRashidun Caliphate (632–661) and theUmayyad Caliphate (661–750). TheMuslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century led to the downfall of theSasanian Empire . Also conquered during the 7th century wereSyria ,Palestine ,Armenia ,Egypt , andNorth Africa .[ 1]
TheByzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of theCaliphate and a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at theSiege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retainAsia Minor , which ensured the existence of the empire.[ 1]
In theIberian Peninsula , the 7th century was known as theSiglo de Concilios (century of councils) referring to theCouncils of Toledo .Northumbria established dominance in theBritish Isles fromMercia ,[ 2] Lombards maintained their hold in most of Italy.
In China, theSui dynasty was replaced by theTang dynasty , which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia. China began to reach its height.Silla allied itself with the Tang dynasty, subjugatingBaekje and defeating Goguryeo to unite theKorean Peninsula under one ruler. TheAsuka period persisted in Japan throughout the 7th century.
Harsha united Northern India, which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of theGupta Empire in the 6th century.
Pages of a late 7th century Quran AnAnglo-Saxon helmet found atSutton Hoo , probably belonging toRædwald of East Anglia circa 625. Silk cloth with four horsemen hunting lions, 7th century.Horyu-ji temple, Japan. Theworld's population shrinks to about 208 million people. (from 257 million in 200 AD)[ 3] TheAnglo-Saxon Heptarchy emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England.[ 4] Sutton Hoo ship burial ,East Anglia , England.Earliest attestedEnglish poetry . The first known Croatian archonPorga establishes theDuchy of Croatia . TheBulgars arrive in theBalkans ; establishment of the powerfulBulgarian Empire . Xuanzang traveled from China to India, before returning toChang'an in China to translate Buddhist scriptures.Guangzhou , China, becomes a major international seaport, hosting maritime travelers from the Middle East, East Africa, India, and South East Asia.The main compound ofHōryū-ji temple inNara is built during theAsuka period . Timgad ,Algeria , is destroyed byBerbers .Islam originates from theArabian Peninsula ; theQuran is documented.Nobatia annexed by its southern neighborMakuria sometime before the Arab-Nubian wars.Arab traders penetrate the area ofLake Chad . End of sporadic Buddhist rule in theSindh . Teotihuacan is sacked. The political and religious buildings are burned.The religion ofShugendō evolves fromBuddhism ,Taoism ,Shinto and other influences in the mountains of Japan. Early 7th century:Croats enter their present territory, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations. 7th and 9th century: Mosaics and side panels above the apse ofBasilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe are made. 600 :Smallpox spreads from India into Europe.602 : TheThird Chinese domination of Vietnam starts following the collapse of theEarly Lý dynasty .603 : Last mention of theRoman Senate inGregorian Register . It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperorPhocas and empressLeontia .[ 5] 606 :Pope Boniface III elected to the papacy on the death ofPope Sabinian . He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine EmperorPhocas which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter theApostle should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to theBishop of Rome .607 :Hōryū-ji temple believed to have been completed inIkaruga , Japan.610 : A great number ofSlavs enter the Roman lands of the Balkans . Later forming tribal confederacies.610:Heraclius arrives by ship fromRoman Carthage atConstantinople , overthrowsEastern Roman Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. His first major act is to change the official language of theEastern Roman Empire fromLatin toGreek (already the language of the vast majority of the population). 615 : TheSasanian Empire underShah Khosrow II sacksJerusalem , taking away the relic of theTrue Cross .[ 4] 615:Pacal the Great becomes king of the Mayan city-state ofPalenque . 616 : Sasanian shahKhosrow II invadesEgypt .[ 4] 616:Æthelfrith ofNorthumbria defeats theWelsh in abattle at Chester in England. 618 :Tang dynasty of China initiated byLi Yuan .618: TheChenla kingdom completely absorbedFunan . 622 : Year one of theIslamic calendar begins, during which theHijrah occurs—Muhammad and his followers emigrate fromMecca toMedina in September.623 : The Frankish merchantSamo , supporting theSlavs fighting theirAvar rulers, becomes the new ruler of the first knownSlav state in Central Europe .626 : TheAvars , theSlavs and thePersians jointly besiege butfail to capture Constantinople .627 : EmperorHeraclius defeats the Persians, ending theRoman–Persian Wars .629 : TheArab–Byzantine wars begin. Much of theEastern Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led byKhalid ibn al-Walid .629 –630 :Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks , ChineseTang dynasty forces under commandersLi Jing andLi Shiji destroy theGöktürk Khanate.632 : TheMuslim conquests begin.635 –649 :Alopen , a Persian Christian priest, introducesNestorian Christianity into China.636 : Around this time theBattle of al-Qadisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in theMuslim conquest of Persia , thePersian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led bySa'd ibn Abi Waqqas .638 : EmperorTaizong (627–649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions;Nestorian Christians build a church inChang'an .638: Muslim conquest ofPalestine . 639 :Muslim conquest of Egypt andArmenia .639: Unsuccessful revolt ofAshina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China. 641 : TheCoptic period , in its more specific definition, ends whenIslam is introduced intoEgypt .642 : Arab armies face first Defeat in TheFirst Battle of Dongola against Christian Nubians649 –683 : Chinese EmperorGaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures.650 : TheArab–Khazar wars begin.TheTang dynasty Giant Wild Goose Pagoda ofChang'an , built in652 , in modern-dayXi'an , China. Mid-7th century: Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief,Mamallapuram ,Tamil Nadu , India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives,University of Michigan ,Ann Arbor . Mid-7th century: Portrait of Lord Pacal, from his tomb,Temple of the Inscriptions ,Palenque , Mexico, is made.Maya culture . It is now kept atNational Museum of Anthropology , Mexico City. Mid-7th century: Dharmaraja Ratha, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is built. Pallava period. 651 : EmperorYazdegerd III is murdered inMerv , ending the rule ofSassanid dynasty inPersia .652 : Arab armies defeated again in theSecond Battle of Dongola resulting in thebaqt possibly the longest treaty in history.656 –661 : TheFirst Fitna occurs.657 : The ChineseTang dynasty underEmperor Gaozong of Tang defeatsWestern Turkic Kaganate .658 : Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd centurysouth-pointing chariot mechanicalcompass -vehicle forEmperor Tenji of Japan.661 : CaliphAli ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. His successorHasan ibn Ali abdicated theCaliphate toMuawiyah I , marking the beginning of theUmayyad Caliphate .[ 4] 663 : The Tang dynasty of China and KoreanSilla Kingdom gain victory against the KoreanBaekje Kingdom and theirYamato Japanese allies in the navalBattle of Baekgang .664 : Conquest ofKabul by Muslims.664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written byI-tsing , mentioned about Holing (Kalingga ) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.[ 6] 668 : The end of theGoguryeo–Tang War , as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China andUnified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.670 : In 670 an Arab Muslim army underUqba ibn Nafi entered the region ofIfriqiya . In the late 670sconquest of North Africa was completed.671 : I-tsing visitedSrivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India.[ 7] 674 : Thefirst Arab siege ofConstantinople begins.677 : Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed byGreek fire ; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court.680 : Decisive victory of theBulgars over the Byzantines in theBattle of Ongal .Qajar era painting ofMuhammad at the Battle of Karbala in 680680:Battle of Karbala took place nearKufa , which resulted in the death ofHusayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community. 681 :Bulgaria is recognized as an independent country by the Byzantine Empire.682 : Revival of theTurkic Khaganate by the efforts ofIlterish Qaghan andTonyukuk 683 :Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event mentioned in several inscriptions such asTelaga Batu inscription ,Talang Tuo inscription andKedukan Bukit inscription . The beginning ofSrivijaya hegemony over the maritime region aroundMalacca Strait andSunda Strait .[ 8] 683 –685 : TheSecond Fitna .686 : Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java, which is mentioned inKota Kapur inscription . This likely contributed to the end ofTarumanagara kingdom.[ 9] 687 : I-tsing returned to Srivijaya on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that theKingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.[ 10] 688 : EmperorJustinian II of theByzantine Empire defeats theBulgarians .690 : Pro-Buddhist imperial consortWu Zetian seizes power and rules as Empress of China.691 : Buddhism is made the state religion of China.698 : The Arabs captureCarthage from theByzantine Empire .698: Active but unofficial anti-Christian persecution begins in China 698:North–South States Period begins in Korea. 700 : TheMount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northernBritish Columbia , Canada.700: TheSumatra -basedSrivijaya naval kingdom flourishes and declines.[ 11] 700: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.[ 12] c. late 7th century: TheSojomerto inscription (discovered in Batang, Central Java) is dated around this time, it mentions Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of theSailendra dynasty . The inscription was written inOld Malay , suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family.[ 13] [ edit ] 619:Toothbrush inChina during theTang dynasty [ 15] 672:Greek fire inConstantinople ,Byzantine Empire : Greek fire, anincendiary weapon likely based onpetroleum ornaphtha , is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee fromBaalbek , as described byTheophanes .[ 16] [ 17] [ 18] 7th century:Banknote inTang dynasty China : The banknote isfirst developed in China during theTang andSong dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchantreceipts of deposit during the Tang dynasty (618–907), asmerchants andwholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk ofcopper coinage in large commercial transactions.[ 19] [ 20] [ 21] 7th century:Porcelain inTang dynasty China : True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[ 22] ^a b Ostrogorsky, George (1959)."The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century" Dumbarton Oaks Papers .13 : 3.doi :10.2307/1291126 .ISSN 0070-7546 .JSTOR 1291126 . ^ "An Introduction to Early Medieval England" .English Heritage . Retrieved2022-08-26 .^ Jonathan V. Last, Philadelphia Inquirer, The good and bad of a population drop, November 29, 2006.https://web.archive.org/web/20121006203612/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061129/news_lz1e29last.html ^a b c d e Roberts, J:History of the World .. Penguin, 1994. ^ Richards, Jeffrey (January 1, 1979).The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752 ISBN 9780710000989 ^ Drs. R. Soekmono (1988) [1973]., 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 37. ^ Junjiro Takakusu, (1896),A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671–695, by I-tsing , Oxford, London. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.38 ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.39 ^ "Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty" . Archived fromthe original on 2008-12-31. Retrieved2013-04-29 .^ Taylor (2003), pp. 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), p. 3. ^ Taylor (2003), pp. 8–9, 15–18 ^ Boechari (1966). "Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto".MISI .III :241– 251.^ Kamouch, Mohammed (2006)."Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage" .Muslim Heritage . Retrieved4 December 2021 . ^ Kumar, Jayanth V. (2011). "Oral hygiene aids".Textbook of preventive and community dentistry (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 412– 413.ISBN 978-81-312-2530-1 ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006 , pp. 607–609^ Theophanes & Turtledove 1982 , p. 52^ Roland 1992 , p. 657;Pryor & Jeffreys 2006 , p. 608^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 156. ^ Bowman (2000), 105. ^ Gernet (1962), 80. ^ Wood (1999), 49. Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006),The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204 , Brill Academic Publishers,ISBN 978-9004151970 Roland, Alex (1992), "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium",Technology and Culture ,33 (4):655– 679,doi :10.2307/3106585 ,JSTOR 3106585 ,S2CID 113017993 Theophanes ;Turtledove, Harry (Transl.) (1982),The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813) ISBN 978-0812211283
Millennia Centuries Decades Years
