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750s

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Decade events

Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
7th century 8th century 9th century
Decades
730s 740s 750s 760s 770s
Years
750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The750s decade ran from January 1, 750, to December 31, 759.

Events

January 25 –Battle of the Zab:Abbasid forces underAbdallah ibn Ali defeat theUmayyads near theGreat Zab River. Members of the Umayyad house are hunted down and killed. Defeated by his rivals, CaliphMarwan II flees westward toEgypt, perhaps attempting to reachAl-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), where there are still significant Umayyad armies.^[1]

Al-Saffah became caliph (ruler) of the Islamic Caliphate on 25 January 750. He ruled from 750 to 10 June 754.

August 6 – Marwan II is caught and killed atFaiyum by supporters of theAbbasid caliphAs-Saffah. Almost the entireUmayyad Dynasty is assassinated; PrinceAbd al-Rahman I escapes to Al-Andalus. The Abbasids assume control of theIslamic world and establish their first capital atKufa.

Europe

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KingAlfonso I of Asturias establishes theKingdom of Galicia, in roughly the northwest of theIberian Peninsula. The exact time this happened is contested.
The townSlaný in theCentral Bohemian Region (Czech Republic) is founded at the site of a salt spring, according to one chronicle written in the sixteenth century (approximate date).

Britain

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KingEadberht of Northumbria imprisonsCynewulf, bishop ofLindisfarne, atBamburgh Castle. King Eadberht does this in order to punish the bishop for sheltering one of his enemies, Prince Offa. He then besieges Prince Offa, son of the late KingAldfrith, inLindisfarne Priory. Almost dead from hunger, he is dragged from hissanctuary and put to death.^[2]
Battle of Mugdock: TheStrathclyde Britons under KingTeudebur defeat PrinceTalorgan of thePicts. This leads to the decline of the power of KingÓengus I.^[3]

Africa

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TheGhana Empire begins (approximate date).

India

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Gopala I is proclaimed as the first ruler and founder of thePala Empire.

America

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Native Americans, in the area now known as theFour Corners,begin constructing and occupying pueblos.
The city ofTeotihuacan (modernMexico) is destroyed and left in ruins, itspalaces burned to the ground.

Indonesia

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Borobudur, or Barabudur (a Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia, as well as the world's largest Buddhist temple, and also one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world) is built (approximate date).

By topic

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Art

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The "Western Paradise" ofAmitābha Buddha, detail of awall painting inCave 217,Dunhuang (China), is made during theTang Dynasty (approximate date).

Food and drink

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In China during the Tang Dynasty, a barge load oftea (a medicinalherb) comes up theGrand Canal toLuoyang, fromZhejiang (approximate date).

751

This section istranscluded fromAD 751.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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June –Leo IV, son of EmperorConstantine V, is crowned co-emperor atConstantinople. Only a year or so after his motherIrene died, Constantine's second wifeMaria dies, at approximately the same time as Leo'scoronation.

Europe

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November –Pepin the Short, youngest son ofCharles Martel, forces the lastMerovingian kingChilderic III to retire to themonastery of Saint-Bertin. He proclaims himself asking of the Franks with the support ofPope Zachary, and is crowned atSoissons byBoniface, bishop ofMainz, becoming, as Pepin III, the firstCarolingian monarch of theFrankish Kingdom.^[4]
KingAistulf of theLombards capturesRavenna and theRomagna, ending the ByzantineExarchate of Ravenna. The last exarchEutychius is killed by the Lombards. Aistulf threatensRome, claiming acapitation tax.Pope Zachary, alarmed, appeals for aid from theByzantine Empire, but his request is declined.

Abbasid Caliphate

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Battle of Talas: First recorded encounter (and the last) between Arab and Chinese forces. The rulers ofTashkent andFerghana are both nominalvassals of theTang Dynasty; the Chinese have intervened on behalf of Ferghana in a conflict between the two; theAbbasid Caliphate, competing with the Chinese for control ofCentral Asia, has become involved. Arab forces fromSamarkand have marched to challenge a Chinese army (30,000 men) underGao Xianzhi. Gao has had a series of military victories in the region, but hisTurkish contingent,Karluk mercenaries, defects. Out of 10,000 Tang troops, only 2,000 manage to return from theTalas River toChina. The Arabs triumph, and they will remain the dominant force inTransoxiana for the next 150 years.
Muslim introduction ofpapermaking: The firstpaper mill in theIslamic world begins production at Samarkand. Captured craftsmen, taken at the Battle of Talas River, have by some accounts revealed the technique of papermaking (althoughpaper may have arrived from China much earlier via theSilk Road). Arab scholars will use paper to produce translations ofAncient Greek and Roman writings.

Asia

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Like the storm of721, thestorm of this year at the southern Chinese seaport ofYangzhou reportedly destroys over 1,000 ships engaged in canal and river traffic (approximate date).
The Japanesepoetry anthologyKaifūsō is assembled.

By topic

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Religion

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Kim Daeseong, chief minister ofSilla, orders the construction of theBulguksa andSeokguram temples atGyeongju (South Korea).
The oldest surviving printed document, aBuddhist scripture, is printed inKorea.
Theodore succeeds Theophylact asOrthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
TheGreat Buddha atTōdai-ji inNara (Japan) is completed.

752

This section istranscluded fromAD 752.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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KingPepin III ("the Short") begins a Frankish military expedition down theRhône Valley, and receives the submission of easternSeptimania (i.e.Nîmes,Melguelh,Agde andBéziers), after securing CountAnsemund's allegiance.
Siege of Narbonne: Pepin III layssiege to the fortress city ofNarbonne, occupied byGothic-Muslim forces. Thegarrison and residents are able to withstand the attacks, thanks to the supplies provided by sea by the Arab fleet.

Britain

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Battle of Burford: KingCuthred of Wessex clashes with KingÆthelbald of Mercia, and takes thestandard (a golden dragon). He manages to throw off his claim toMercian overlordship.^[5]
KingTeudebur of Alt Clut dies. His son,Dumnagual III, succeeds to thethrone and losesKyle to a joint invasion, by kingsÓengus I of thePicts andEadberht of Northumbria.^{(Most records show Dumnagual III succeeds Rotri in 754 AD. Erroneous statement suspected)}

Africa

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Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, ruler ofIfriqiya (North Africa), dispatches a Muslim army and reconquersTripolitania from theIbadites (a puritanicalKhaijite sect), driving their remnants south into theNafusa Mountains (northwesternLibya).
Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri launches an assault on the island of Sardinia, perhaps the beginning of the occupation of the island by theMuslim Arabs that lasts until1005.^[6] He also attempts to invadeSicily, but finds the defenses too strong.

Mesoamerica

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Yaxun B'alam IV becomes king (ajaw) of theMaya city ofYaxchilan (modernMexico), after a 10-year struggle for the throne.

By topic

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Religion

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March 22 –Pope Zachary dies atRome after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded byStephen, but he dies four days after, and is not considered legitimate because he was notconsecrated.
March 26 – PopeStephen II (sometimes referred to as Stephen III) succeeds Zachary as the 92ndpope of theCatholic Church. He marks the end of theByzantine Papacy.
June – Stephen II recognizes theCarolingian dynasty as legitimate rulers of theFrankish Kingdom. He travels toParis and appeals for Frankish support against theLombards.
Emperor Shōmu (retired since749) takes part in the dedicationceremony of theGreat Buddha, (15 metres) atTōdai-ji inNara (Japan), and declares himself aBuddhist.

753

This section istranscluded fromAD 753.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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Grifo, Frankish duke and illegitimate son ofCharles Martel, rebels against KingPepin III ("the Short") (his half-brother), inalliance with theBretons. He flees toItaly to join KingAistulf of theLombards, but is caught and killed while passing theAlps.
The town ofStaraja Ladoga (NorthernRussia) is founded byScandinavians. The settlement becomes a prosperous trading outpost forjewelry, casual items,craft tools anddress adornments (approximate date).

Sevar, ruler (khagan) of theBulgarian Empire, dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded byKormisosh, who belongs to theVokil clan (approximate date).

By topic

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Religion

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Fall –Pope Stephen II travels to the Lombard capital ofPavia, for negotiations with Aistulf. His terms for returning theExarchate of Ravenna are declined.
November – Stephen II crosses the passes of the Alps toGaul. He leavesRome unprotected, under threat of asiege from the Lombards.
Eoban is appointedbishop ofUtrecht (modernNetherlands), by themissionary bishopBoniface.

754

This section istranscluded fromAD 754.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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July – Stephen II anoints Pepin's sons, Charles (later known asCharlemagne) andCarloman, consecrating them as patricians. AtQuierzy he proclaims theCarolingian dynasty holy, and appeals for help against theLombards. Finally, theFrankish nobles give their consent to a campaign inLombardy.
July 28 –Pope Stephen II re-consecratesPepin III (the Short) asking of the Franks, at theBasilica of Saint-Denis outsideParis, bestowing upon him the additional title ofPatricius of the Romans. This marks the first recordedcrowning of a civil ruler by apope.^[7]^[8] Pepin assumes the role of ordained protector of theCatholic Church.

Summer – TheFranks under Pepin III invadeItaly, and defeat the Lombards under KingAistulf, in theSusa Valley (Piedmont). He enforces the terms, including cession of theExarchate of Ravenna toRome.
The oldest document mentioning the city ofFerrara (Northern Italy) is from this year (approximate date).

Abbasid Caliphate

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June 10 – Caliphas-Saffah dies ofsmallpox after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his nominated heir and brotheral-Mansur, as ruler of theAbbasid Caliphate.

November –Abdallah ibn Ali, governor ofSyria and uncle ofas-Saffah, launches a claim for thecaliphate, but is defeated by forces loyal toal-Mansur, underAbu Muslim, atNisibis (modernTurkey).

Asia

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Jianzhen, ChineseBuddhist monk, arrives inNara, where he is welcomed by former emperorShōmu and empressKōmyō. During his visit Jianzhen introducessugar to the Japanese court, using it to mask the flavors of foul-tastingherbal tea.
ATang census shows that 75% of the Chinese live north of theChang Jiang (Yangtze) River. The capital ofChang'an has a population of 2 million and more than 25 other cities have well over 500,000 citizens (approximate date).

By topic

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Religion

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February –Council of Hieria: EmperorConstantine V summons aChristian council in the palace ofHieria inConstantinople. The council, under the presidency of BishopTheodosius of Ephesus, supports the policy ofIconoclasm and condemning the use of religious images (icons) in theByzantine Empire. Constantine increases the persecution of themonasteries; hundreds ofmonks andnuns are mutilated or put to death.
June 5 –Boniface, Anglo-Saxonmissionary, is killed by a band ofpagans atDokkum inFrisia, while reading theScriptures to Christian converts. He is later buried in theAbbey of Fulda, entrusted to his Bavarian discipleSturm.

755

This section istranscluded fromAD 755.(edit |history)

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Europe

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September –Abd al-Rahman I, a member of theUmayyad Dynasty, lands atAlmuñécar inal-Andalus (modernSpain), where over the next years he will establish theEmirate of Córdoba.
Teodato Ipato is deposed and blinded, after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded byGalla Gaulo, who usurps theducal throne ofVenice.

Britain

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TheAnglo-Saxon Chronicle's description under this date (now dated757), of KingSigeberht of Wessex being deposed byCynewulf, is notably fuller than earlier entries.^[9]

Asia

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December 16 – GeneralAn Lushan begins theAnshi Rebellion against EmperorXuan Zong of theTang Dynasty (China). His army surges down fromFanyang (near modernBeijing), and moves rapidly along theGrand Canal. Meanwhile, Xuan Zong sendsFeng Changqing, governor of Fanyang, to build up defenses at the eastern capital ofLuoyang.
Trisong Detsen becomes emperor ofTibet. During his reign he plays a pivotal role in the introduction ofBuddhism, and the establishment of theNyingma or "Ancient" school ofTibetan Buddhism.
Empress Kōken introduces theTanabata festival toJapan.^[10]

Central America

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November 8 – K'ahk' Ukalaw Chan Chaak is installed as the newruler of the Mayan city state ofNaranjo inGuatemala and reigns until his death in780.
Alliances andtrade betweenMayan city-states have begun to break down.Malnutrition is on the rise. A diminishing of thefood supply creates social upheaval and war (approximate date).

756

This section istranscluded fromAD 756.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Byzantine–Bulgarian War: EmperorConstantine V builds a series offortifications along the Byzantine frontier on theDanube, and starts settling ChristianArmenians andSyrians in theThracesian Theme. In response,Kormisosh, ruler (khagan) of theBulgarian Empire, demands the payment oftribute. Constantine refuses, and theBulgars raid into Thrace, reaching theAnastasian Wall stretching between theBlack Sea and theSea of Marmara (near theoutskirts ofConstantinople).
Battle of Marcellae: Constantine V sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (500 ships and 6,000cavalry) toThrace, and defeats the Bulgars around theDanube Delta and near the fortress city ofMarkeli (modernBulgaria). Kormisosh is forced to accept apeace treaty, and confirms the existing frontier.^[11] Due to the constant political crisis, the Bulgarian Empire is on the verge of destruction. Kormisosh is deposed during a palacecoup and succeeded byVinekh, a member of theVokil clan.

Europe

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KingAistulf of theLombards again threatens Rome with a view to making it his capital, but theFranks underPepin III ("the Short") arrives with his sonsCharles andCarloman, defeats Aistulf, and confers theDonation of Pepin, which establishes thePapal States (including the lands ofRavenna and thePentapolis). Pepin has taken territory that legally belongs to theByzantine Empire; he gives it toPope Stephen II.
Aistulf dies in a hunting accident, and is succeeded byDesiderius as king of the Lombards.^[12] Ex-kingRatchis attempts unsuccessfully to seize the throne, but is opposed by Stephen II.
Galla Gaulo is deposed, blinded and exiled. He is succeeded byDomenico Monegario as the sixthdoge of Venice. During his reign Venetian maritime traders become increasingly active.
May – PrinceAbd al-Rahman I and his followers capture the city ofSeville without violence. He defeatsYusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri in a battle for control of the Muslim-ruled parts of theIberian Peninsula (al-Andalus). Abd al-Rahman establishes theEmirate of Córdoba. During his reign trade andculture flourish, along with the construction ofIslamic architecture (including theGreat Mosque of Córdoba).

Britain

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Battle of Newanbirig: KingsÓengus I of thePicts andEadberht of Northumbria attack KingDumnagual III ofStrathclyde, atDumbarton Castle (modernScotland). However, Eadberht's entire force is subsequently wiped out, probably by theBritons.
KingCuthred of Wessex dies after a 16-year reign. He is succeeded by his distant kinsmanSigeberht.

Abbasid Caliphate

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Ibn al-Muqaffa', Muslim writer and thinker, is tortured atBasra (modernIraq), on orders from Caliphal-Mansur. His limbs are severed and he is thrown, still alive, into a burning oven (approximate date).

Chinese Empire

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January 18^[13] –An Lushan Rebellion: The eastern capital ofLuoyang falls to the 200,000-strong army of the rebel generalAn Lushan, who defeats loyalist forces underFeng Changqing. The rebels cross theYellow River, and march on to capture the citiesChenliu and Yingyang (modernZhengzhou,Henan).
Battle of Yongqiu: ATang garrison (2,000 men), underZhang Xun, successfully defend their fortress against the rebel army atYongqiu. Zhang achieves a victory after a 4-monthsiege, and prevents the rebels from capturing the fertile Tang territory south of theHuai River.
February 5 – An Lushan declares himself emperor at Luoyang, establishing a new empire, called theGreat Yan. He pushes on towards the primary Tang capital atChang'an (nowXi'an). An decides to seize southern China, to cut off loyalist reinforcements. Meanwhile, numerous soldiers join the rebellion.
May – EmperorXuan Zong hires 4,000 Muslimmercenaries to help defend Chang'an against the rebels. Loyalist forces take defensible positions in the mountain passes, but chancellorYang Guozhong gives orders for them to leave their posts.
July 7^[14]^{[note 1]}– An Lushan crushes the Tang troops at theTong Pass, leaving the road to the capital wide open.
July 14 – Xuan Zong flees the capital of Chang'an (along with theimperial court) forSichuan, as rebel forces advance through theTongguan Pass toward the city. Meanwhile, An Lushan is ailing, perhaps withdiabetes. He is nearly blind and suffers from extremeirascibility.
July 15 – Xuan Zong is ordered by hisImperial Guards to execute Yang Guozhong, by forcing him to commit suicide or face a mutiny. He permits his consortYang Guifei to be strangled by his chiefeunuch. An Lushan also has other members of the emperor's family killed.
August 12 – Xuan Zong abdicates the throne after a 44-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonSu Zong, as emperor of theTang Dynasty. He hires 22,000 Muslim mercenaries to reinforce his decimated army atLingzhou.
November 19^[17] – Tang GeneralFang Guan is defeated atXianyang. The imperial forces consisted of two thousand oxcarts with cavalry and foot soldiers on two fronts, but the rebels took advantage of their upwind position and attacked with fire. Imperial forces killed or wounded numbered more than 40,000 men.

Japan

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June 4 –Emperor Shōmu (retired since749) dies atNara. His wifeKōmyō dedicates over 600 items to theGreat Buddha, and donates large sums of money to theShōsō-in treasure (storehouse) inTōdai-ji.

757

This section istranscluded fromAD 757.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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Tassilo III, duke ofBavaria, recognizes the supremacy of KingPepin III ("the Short") at an assembly held atCompiègne (NorthernFrance), and becomes avassal of theFrankish Kingdom. He swears anoath (commendatio) to Pepin, and promises hisallegiance.^[18]
KingAlfonso I ("the Catholic") dies atCangas (modernSpain), after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonFruela I as ruler ofAsturias.

Britain

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KingÆthelbald of Mercia is murdered by his own household in a palace coup. He is succeeded briefly byBeornred, but he is, in turn, ousted by Æthelbald's distant cousin,Offa. In the meantime,Mercian supremacy overSouthern England is lost.
KingSigeberht of Wessex acts unjustly and is removed from power by a council ofnobles, in favor ofCynewulf. Sigeberht is given control ofHampshire, probably asealdorman, but he murders one of his own men and is driven out.

Africa

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The city ofSijilmasa (modernMorocco) is founded by theMiknasa, aZenata Berber tribe. They adoptKharijism-Islam, and establish theEmirate of Sijilmasa in the northernSahara. It becomes a wealthytrading center as the western end-point of theTrans-Saharan trade.^[19]

TheWarfajuma Berbers and theirSufrite allies sweep up from southern Tunisia and captureKairouan, killing EmirHabib Al-Fihri and putting an end to theFihrid dynasty. In the meantime, theIbadites thatIbn Habib had driven out ofTripoli return, rallied by their imamAbu al-Khattab al-Ma'afiri inJebel Nefusa, theIbadites recaptureTripoli.

China

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January 29 –An Lushan, leader of a revolt and emperor ofYan, is murdered by his own sonAn Qingxu atLuoyang. He succeeds his father, and appointsShi Siming as his deputy. The military leaders of theTang Dynasty are able to retake both of the capitals atChang'an and atLuoyang. The rebel army is forced to retreat east.
Battle of Suiyang: A Tanggarrison (7,000 men) underZhang Xun defend theirfortress against the rebel army atSuiyang. Zhang makes multiple attempts to get food from nearby fortresses, but this is refused. After a desperate 10-month siege, Suiyang is overrun by rebel forces who take the city. Because of famine an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 citizens arecannibalized, only 400 people are left.
December 8 –Du Fu, Chinesepoet, returns to Chang'an as a member of EmperorXuan Zong's court, after having escaped the city during theAn Lushan Rebellion.

By topic

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Catastrophe

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March 9 – A major earthquake strikesPalestine andSyria.

Religion

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April 26 – PopeStephen II dies atRome after a 5-year reign, in which he has freed the papacy fromByzantine rule. Stephen allies with Pepin III against theLombards, and becomes the first temporalsovereign of thePapal States. He is succeeded by his brotherPaul I, as the 93rdpope of theCatholic Church.

758

This section istranscluded fromAD 758.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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Summer – DukeLiutprand of Benevento attains majority, and rebels againstLombard rule. KingDesiderius defeats him, and grants hisduchy toArechis II (son of Liutprand). He marriesAdelperga, daughter of Desiderius, and establishes friendly (but largely independent) relations with theLombard Kingdom.
Desiderius deposesAlboin, duke ofSpoleto (Central Italy), and exercisesducal authority himself, tying the duchy more closely to the Lombard capital ofPavia.

Britain

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KingBeorna of East Anglia dies. PrinceÆthelred, descendant of the late kingRædwald, apparently succeeds as king (approximate date).
KingEadberht of Northumbria abdicates thethrone in favour of his son,Oswulf. He enters themonastery attached to the cathedral ofYork.
KingSwithred of Essex dies after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded bySigeric, son of the late kingSaelred (see709).
KingCynewulf of Wessex retakesBerkshire from theMercians, and begins a war with theWelsh (approximate date).

Africa

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A group of fourBasra-educatedmissionaries, including'Abd al-Rahman Iban Rustam, proclaim theIbadi imamate. Followers conquer the city ofKairouan (modernTunisia), and massacre theKharijites.^[20]

Asia

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An Lushan Rebellion: The Chinese seaport ofGuangzhou is sacked byMuslim andPersian raiders. The port is shut down for the next 5 decades, while foreign vessels dock atHanoi (modernVietnam) instead. Guangzhou thrives again, once it is reopened to foreigntrade in the early9th century.
June –Abbasid Arabs andUyghur Turks arrive simultaneously at theTang capital ofChang'an, in order to offertribute to theimperial court. The Arabs and Turks bicker and fight over diplomatic prominence at thegate, to present tribute before the other. A settlement is reached when both are allowed to enter at the same time, but through different gates to the palace.
Empress Kōken abdicates thethrone, after a 9-year reign. She is succeeded by her adopted sonJunnin, grandson of the late emperorTenmu. He becomes the 47th emperor (tennō) ofJapan.

759

This section istranscluded fromAD 759.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Battle of the Rishki Pass: EmperorConstantine V invadesBulgaria again, but his forces areambushed and defeated while crossing theRishki Pass, nearStara Planina (modernBulgaria). The Bulgarian ruler (khagan)Vinekh does not exploit his success, and begins peace negotiations.^[21]

Europe

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Siege of Narbonne: TheFranks under KingPepin III ("the Short") retakeNarbonne from theMuslims, after a 7-yearsiege. He pushes them back across thePyrenees, and the Muslims retreat to theAndalusian heartland after 40 years of occupation. The government of the city is assigned to theVisigothic countMiló.

Britain

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July 24 – KingOswulf of Northumbria is murdered by members of his ownhousehold (hisservants orbodyguards), atMarket Weighton. TheDeiranpatrician,Æthelwald Moll, who probably conspired in theregicide, is crownedking of Norhumbria. He may have been a descendant of the late kingOswine of Deira.
Exceptionalwinter inEngland. Frost beginsOctober 1, and endsFebruary 26, 760.^[22]

Abbasid Caliphate

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Caliphal-Mansur of theAbbasid Caliphate launches the conquest ofTabaristan (on the southern coast of theCaspian Sea). Its ruler,Khurshid II, flees into the mountainous region ofDaylam.

Asia

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An Lushan Rebellion: Tang forces underGuo Ziyi lay siege to the city ofYanjing (NorthernChina) as they increase their efforts to end the rebellion. The fighting creates such a shortage offood within its walls thatrats sell at enormous prices.
Otomo no Yakamochi, Japanese general, compiles the firstJapanese poetry anthology,Man'yōshū. It contains some 500 poems by Japanesepoets who include the emperor,noblemen and commoners.
December 24 –Tang dynasty poetDu Fu departs for Chengdu, where he is hosted by fellow poetPei Di.

By topic

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

TheTōshōdai-ji Buddhist Temple is founded inNara,Japan.

Significant people

[edit]

Al-Saffah (r. 25 January 750–10 June 754)
Al-Mansur (r. 754–775)
Abu Hanifa
Pope Stephen II
Pope Paul I

Notes

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^Others date it on July 9^[15]^[16]

References

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^David Nicolle (2009). The Great Islamic Conquests 632–750 AD, p. 79.ISBN 978-1-84603-273-8.
^Higham, pp. 148–149; Kirby, p. 150; York,Kings, p. 89.
^Stringer, Keith (1998). Alexander, Grant (ed.).Medieval Scotland.Columbia University Press. p. 10.ISBN 978-0-7486-1110-2.
^Riché, Pierre (1993).The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Philadelphia. p. 65.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 34–37.ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
^Benvenuti, Gino (1985).Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 42.ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
^Kazhdan (1991), p. 1600
^Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). "Pope Stephen II".The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press.
^Greenfield, Stanley Brian (1986).A New Critical History of Old English Literature. New York University Press. p. 60.ISBN 0-8147-3088-4.
^Sargent, Denny.Shinto and Its Festivals.
^Runciman S.,A History of the First Bulgarian Empire, London G.Bell & Sons, 1930, pp. 37, 289.
^Lawler, Jennifer (2015-05-20).Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. McFarland.ISBN 978-1-4766-0929-4.
^Ju-n̂eng Yao, Robert baron Des Rotours (1962).Histoire de Ngan Lou-chan. p. 26.
^Graff, David.Fang Guan's Chariots: Scholarship, War, and Character Assassination in the MiddleTang(PDF). p. 1.
^Charles D. BennDaily life in traditional China : the Tang dynasty Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002ISBN 978-0-313-30955-7
^Ju-n̂eng Yao, Robert baron Des Rotours (1962).Histoire de Ngan Lou-chan. p. 26.
^Graff, David.Fang Guan's Chariots: Scholarship, War, and Character Assassination in the MiddleTang(PDF). p. 2.
^"PÉPIN LE BREF (741-768)" (in Latin and French). Noctes-gallicanae.org. Archived fromthe original on 2009-12-05. Retrieved2012-02-13.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010).L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p.26.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010).L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 25.
^Theophanes the Confessor. Chronographia, p. 431
^Stratton, J.M. (1969).Agricultural Records. John Baker.ISBN 0-212-97022-4.

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