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740s

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Decade

Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
7th century 8th century 9th century
Decades
720s 730s 740s 750s 760s
Years
740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
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The740s decade ran from January 1, 740, to December 31, 749.

Events

Battle of Akroinon: Following the disastrousBattle of Sebastopolis (see692), EmperorLeo III has largely confined himself to a defensivestrategy, while theUmayyad armies regularly launch raids intoByzantine-heldAnatolia.^[1] CaliphHisham ibn Abd al-Malik assembles an expeditionary force (90,000 men) under his sonSulayman ibn Hisham. One of these armies, 20,000 men strong underAbdallah al-Battal, is defeated at Akroinon (modern-dayAfyon) by the Byzantines, led by Leo and his son, the future emperorConstantine V. About 6,800Muslim Arabs, however, resist and manage to conduct an orderly retreat toSynnada (Phrygia).^[2]
October 26 –740 Constantinople earthquake. Anearthquake strikesConstantinople and the surrounding countryside, causing destruction to the city's landwalls and buildings.

Europe

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TheBerber tribes in the recently conquered region ofGalicia (northwestSpain) rebel. This facilitates the establishment of an independent kingdom in theCantabrian Mountains under KingAlfonso I of Asturias.^[3]
DukeThrasimund II recovers theduchy of Spoleto and killsHilderic with Papal-Beneventian aid.^[4] He does not return the confiscatedpapal cities, and hisalliance withPope Gregory III ruptures.
December – KingLiutprand of theLombards attempts to counter the growing independence of the Lombardduchies in southernItaly.
Sicily,Sardinia,Provence, andGreece are raided by a fleet ofArab Muslim ships sent by the governor ofIfriqya, the ones raiding South WesternEurope are led byHabīb Ibn Abi ‘Ubayda Al-Fihrī, while the fleet raiding Greece is led byMu’awiya ibn Hishām. All of them are successful, submitting the Islands and returning with much wealth from the spoils of war.

Britain

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KingEadberht of Northumbria marches his army north to attack thePicts. KingÆthelbald of Mercia takes advantage of his absence, and ravages the city ofYork. Internal struggles re-emerge inNorthumbria with the murder of Eardwine, probably the son of the lateusurping kingEadwulf I.^[5]^[6]
KingÆthelheard of Wessex dies after a 14-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother (and probably distant relative)Cuthred. Æthelbald ofMercia takes control ofBerkshire fromWessex.

Africa

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Battle of the Nobles: The Berber rebels under chieftainKhalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati defeat and overwhelm the Umayyad forces ofKhalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, nearTangier (NorthernMorocco), underminingArab domination inIslamic North Africa. The rebellion spreads inAl-Andalus (Spain), causing governorUbayd Allah ibn al-Habhab to withdrawMoorish troops from manygarrisons north of thePyrenees.^[7]

Asia

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Much to the delight of the citizens ofChang'an, theChinese government of theTang dynasty ordersfruit trees to be planted along every main avenue of the city, which enriches not only the diets of the people but also the surroundings (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion: TheFujiwara clan led by Fujiwara no Hirotsugu, dissatisfied with the political powers inJapan, raise an army inDazaifa (Kyushu) but are defeated by government forces.
The Japanese imperial capital is moved fromHeijō-kyō toKuni-kyō.

By topic

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Religion

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TheKhazars, a nation of theBlack Sea steppe, though not ethnicallyJewish, voluntarily convert toJudaism.
Cuthbert becomesarchbishop of Canterbury after the death ofNothhelm (see739).

741

This section istranscluded fromAD 741.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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June 18 – EmperorLeo III ("the Isaurian") dies ofdropsy atConstantinople, after a 24-year reign that has saved theByzantine Empire and deliveredEastern Europe from the threat of anArab conquest. He is succeeded by his sonConstantine V.
Artabasdos, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Armeniactheme, defeats Constantine V and advances on Constantinople, where he is crowned emperor. He secures the support of the themes ofThrace andOpsikion, and abandons Leo's religious policy oficonoclasm. Constantine seeks the support of theAnatolic theme.

Central America

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February 11 –Wak Chanil Ajaw (Lady Six Sky),queen of the Mayan city state ofNaranjo inGuatemala, dies after a reign of more than 47 years and is succeeded by her son,Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak, who reigns until his own death in 744.
June 23 –Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich becomes the newruler of the Mayan city state atDos Pilas inGuatemala after the death ofUcha'an K'in B'alam and reigns until761 when he is forced to flee during an uprising by rebels fromTamarindito.

Europe

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October 22 –Charles Martel, Merovingianmayor of the palace, dies in his palace atQuirzy-sur-Oise (modern-dayPicardy). His territories are divided between his adult sonsCarloman andPepin the Short, although theFrankish Kingdom has had no true king since the death ofTheuderic IV (see737). Lands to the east, includingAustrasia andAlemannia (withBavaria as avassal) go to Carloman, while Pepin receivesNeustria andBurgundy (withAquitaine as a vassal).Grifo, youngest son of Charles, succeeds him as mayor of the palace, and probably receives a strip of land between Neustria and Austrasia.
Pepin the Short marriesBertrada of Laon, daughter of CountCharibert of Laon.^[8]

Switzerland

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In 741 and 744, documents in the archives ofSt. Gallen Abbey describe the village ofKempraten asCentoprato, another document in863 asCentiprata, inspired by the Latin nameCentum Prata.^{(Unclear significance)}
Anunnery given by theAlamannic noblewoman Beata onLützelau island is first mentioned. In744, the nunnery is sold toEinsiedeln Abbey.^{(Unclear significance)}
Ufenau island inSwitzerland is first mentioned in 741 as "Hupinauia", and in 744 as "Ubinauvia" — island of Huppan of Huphan.^{(Unclear significance)}

Africa

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TheGreat Berber Revolt: CaliphHisham ibn Abd al-Malik appointsKulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi as governor (wali) ofIfriqiya (North Africa). A fourth expedition is sent fromSyria by theUmayyad Caliphate to crush the rebellion in theAtlas region, but is defeated at theBattle of Bagdoura, in the plain of theGhrab (modernMorocco). The counter-attack of theKharijite rebels to the East is successful, but fails to conquerKairouan from the loyalists. A more radical branch of theTunisian Kharijites, (theSufrists) however, manages to take the city soon after.^[9]

By topic

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Religion

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November 28 – PopeGregory III dies atRome, after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded byZachary, as the 91stpope of theCatholic Church.^[10]
April 23 – A fire destroys the English city ofYork Minster, including its Church.^[11] The church is later rebuilt as a more impressive structure, containing thirtyaltars.
Japanese authoritiesdecree thatBuddhist temples should be established throughout the country (approximate date).

742

This section istranscluded fromAD 742.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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KingLiutprand of theLombards meetsPope Zachary atTerni (CentralItaly), who appeals to the king's religious faith. Liutprand is a piousCatholic and signs a 20-yearpeace treaty, restoring the cities of theDuchy of Rome which he has captured. The independent Lombard duchies ofSpoleto andBenevento absorb into theLombard Kingdom.
Arab-Byzantine Wars: Arab forces underSulayman ibn Hisham invadeAnatolia, reaching as far asHerakleia, and return with much wealth and livestock.
Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Arab forces underAbd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) ofAl-Andalus, suppress theBerber rebellion in the region ofMértola (modernPortugal).^[12]
Teodato Ipato succeeds his fatherOrso Ipato, as the fourthdoge ofVenice. He moves the capital fromHeraclea toMalamocco.

Africa

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TheGreat Berber Revolt: Muslim forces underHandhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, governor ofEgypt, break out of besiegedKairouan (Tunisia). He scatters the Berbers, and in the following months he reconquers all lands lost during the Revolt in Morocco and South of it.

Asia

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EmperorXuan Zong begins to favorTaoism overBuddhism, adopting the new reign titleTianbao ("Heavenly Treasures"), to indicate his divinemandate. The total number of enlisted troops in the Tang armies has risen to about half a million, due to Xuan Zongs's earlier military reforms.
For themunicipal census of the Chinese capital cityChang'an and itsmetropolitan area ofJingzhou (including small towns in the vicinity), theNew Book of Tang records that in this year there are 362,921 registered families with 1,960,188 people.
Li Bai (alsoLi Po), Chinesepoet, is summoned by Xuan Zong to attend the imperial court. He and his friendDu Fu become the two most prominent figures in the flourishing ofChinese poetry, during the mid-Tang dynasty.

By topic

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Religion

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After a 40-year vacancy,Stephen IV becomesOrthodox patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of caliphHisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
Chrodegang, chancellor ofCharles Martel, is appointed bishop ofMetz and embarks on a reorganisation of theFrankish church.
Sturm, disciple ofBoniface, establishes the BenedictineAbbey of Fulda (present-dayHesse) inGermany (or744).
TheHoly Face of Lucca is transferred toLucca fromLuni (approximate date).

743

This section istranscluded fromAD 743.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Summer – EmperorConstantine V defeats his brother-in-lawArtabasdos, who has led a two-year insurrection in an attempt tousurp theByzantine throne. He heads forConstantinople, and captures the capital three months later. Artabasdos and his sonNiketas arepublicly blinded, and relegated to themonastery of Chora. Constantine renews his policy ofIconoclasm.
Constantine V reforms the oldImperial Guard of Constantinople into new elitecavalry and infantry units, calledtagmata (Greek for 'the regiments'). He uses these troops against a rebellioustheme in north-westAnatolia (modernTurkey), and later for offensive campaigns againstArab Muslim raiders andBulgars.^[13]

Europe

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Childeric III succeeds to the throne of theFrankish Kingdom as the lastMerovingian king, (until his death in754) following aninterregnum of seven years after the throne was left vacant after the death of the previous kingTheuderic IV. Power remains firmly in the hands of themajor domus, currentlyCarloman andPepin the Short.
DukeOdilo of Bavaria comes to the aid ofBoruth, prince (knyaz) of theCarantanians, against repeatedAvar incursions in present-day Austria, and is able tovassalize theSlavic principality. In exchange forBavarian assistance, Boruth accepts hisoverlordship and is converted to Christianity.^[14]

Britain

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KingÆthelbald of Mercia joins forces withWessex and attacksGwent andPowys inMid Wales (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

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February 6 – CaliphHisham ibn Abd al-Malik dies after a 19-year reign, in which theArab expansion in Europe has been stopped and theUmayyad Caliphate has come under pressure from theTurks in Central Asia andBerbers in North Africa. He is succeeded by his nephewAl-Walid II, who hasKhalid al-Qasri, former governor ofIraq, imprisoned and tortured.

Japan

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Emperor Shōmu changes the law of Perpetual Ownership of Cultivated Lands. This permitsaristocrats and members of theclergy to cultivate land. The new farmland will be calledshoin.

Americas

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In one of the final battles of theThird Tikal-Calakmul War, thecity of El Peru is taken byTikal.

Asia

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743 Caspian Gates earthquake. It took place in the Caspian Gates (Gates of Alexander). The location is identified with eitherDerbent,Russia orTalis,Iran.^[15]

By topic

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Religion

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TheConcilium Germanicum: First major Churchsynod held in the eastern parts of the Frankish Kingdom. Organized by Carloman,Mayor of the Palace ofAustrasia, and presided over bySaint Boniface, who is solidified in his position as leader of theFrankish church.

744

This section istranscluded fromAD 744.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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February – KingLiutprand of theLombards dies ofnatural causes after a 32-year reign, in which he has defeated thedukes ofSpoleto andBenevento, bringing theLombard Kingdom to the height of her power. He is succeeded byHildeprand, called "the Useless" (nephew or grandson of Liutprand), as ruler of the Lombards.^[16]
October – Hildeprand is deposed by the council ofnobles, for his incompetence as ruler. He is succeeded byRatchis (formerly duke ofFriuli) as king of theLombards, who makes peace withPope Zachary.^[17]
Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace ofNeustria andBurgundy, invades theSwabian Jura (southwesternGermany), and chasesTheudebald, Duke of Alamannia, from his mountainredoubt inAlsace.

Switzerland

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In 741 and 744, documents in the archives ofSt. Gallen Abbey describe the village ofKempraten asCentoprato, another document in863 asCentiprata, inspired by the Latin nameCentum Prata.
Anunnery given by theAlamannic noblewoman Beata onLützelau Island is first mentioned, and is in this year sold toEinsiedeln Abbey.
Ufenau island inSwitzerland is first mentioned in 741 as "Hupinauia", and in 744 as "Ubinauvia" — island of Huppan of Huphan.

Britain

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Wat's Dyke, a 40 mile (64 km)earthwork in present-dayWales, is constructed. The border betweenMercia andPowys is set here. The date that Wat's Dyke was constructed is very uncertain, with some estimates linking the construction of the dyke to the 5th century and others to the early 9th century (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

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April 17 – CaliphAl-Walid II is besieged in hiscastle outside the city ofDamascus. He is defeated and killed by Arab forces underSulayman ibn Hisham. Al-Walid is succeeded by his cousinYazid III, who dies shortly after of abrain tumor.^[18]

Dirham of caliphIbrahim ibn al-Walid. He ruled the caliphate for just two months

December –Marwan ibn Muhammad rebels against Yazid's designated successorIbrahim ibn al-Walid, defeats theUmayyad forces under Sulayman ibn Hisham, and becomes caliph.

Africa

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Tunisian Coup: Following the death of the Umayyad caliph,Hisham,Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib assembles a small force inTunis and declares himself emir ofIfriqiya.Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, wali ofIfriqiya decides against fighting and returns to Damascus.Abd al-Rahman installs himself inKairouan, and crushes multiple revolts around the country.

Asia

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Turkic subjects likeUyghur,Karluk andBasmyl, who are not the members of theAshina clan, stage a coup. This ends theTurkic Empire and Ashina clan (except inKhazaria).
Autumn –Li Bai (alsoLi Po), Chinesepoet and skilledcalligrapher, meetsDu Fu for the first time.
The Japanese imperial capital is moved fromKuni-kyō toHeijō-kyō.

Central America

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February 4 – In theThird Tikal-Calakmul War in what is nowGuatemala, theMayan city-state ofTikal conquers the state ofNaranjo and captures its king,Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak, who is subsequently sacrificed. The conquest byTikal destroysCalakmul's once powerful and extensive network of allies, vassal states andtrade networks.

By topic

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Religion

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Synod of Soissons. Called at the instigation of Pepin the Short andBoniface, archbishop andmetropolitan, it secures the condemnation of theFrankish bishopAdalbert.
Sturm, disciple of Boniface, establishes the BenedictineAbbey of Fulda (Hesse), as part of Boniface's mission to bringChristianity to thepagan tribes in Germany (or742).
June –Pope Zachary gives his approval by sendingAbel,Grimo andHartbert theirpalliums for the metropolitansees ofReims,Rouen andSens.^[19]^[20]
Salih ibn Tarif proclaims himself aprophet among theBarghawata, a confederation ofBerber tribes in modern-day westernMorocco.

745

This section istranscluded fromAD 745.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Bubonic plague inAsia Minor kills 1/3 of the population, and subsequently sweeps through thePeloponnese (Balkan Peninsula) (approximate date).

Europe

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Hunald I,duke of Aquitaine, retires to amonastery, probably onÎle de Ré.^[21] He is succeeded by his sonWaifar, who struggles during his rule for independence against theFrankish Kingdom.
Carantania (modernAustria) loses its independence and becomes part of the Frankish Kingdom, due to the pressing danger posed byAvar tribes from the east (approximate date).

Asia

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China has accomplishments inpoetry,painting andprinting, but itsmonarchical system tends toward failure. EmperorXuan Zong has fallen under thespell of his son's wifeYang Guifei (one of theFour Beauties of Ancient China), aTaoist priestess. He is ignoring theeconomy and theTang dynasty is declining.
The newly foundedUyghur Empire controls most of the formerTurkic Empire territory, creating an empire that extends fromLake Balkash (modernKazakhstan) toLake Baikal (Mongolia), and is subject to Chinesesuzerainty (approximate date).

By topic

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Religion

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Genbō, Japanese scholar-monk, isexiled toDazaifu on the island ofKyushu.^[22]

746

This section istranscluded fromAD 746.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Arab–Byzantine Wars: Taking advantage of discontent among theMuslim Arabs, EmperorConstantine V invadesSyria, and capturesGermanikeia (modernTurkey). He organises the resettlement of part of the localChristian population inThrace.
Arab–Byzantine Wars –Battle of Keramaia: TheByzantine navy scores a crushing victory over theUmayyad Egyptian fleet.

Europe

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Council of Cannstatt:Carloman, mayor of the palace ofAustrasia, convenes an assembly of the Alemanninobility atCannstatt (modernStuttgart), and has most of themagnates, numbering in the thousands, arrested and executed forhigh treason. This ends the independence of the tribalduchy ofAlamannia, which is thereafter governed bycounts ordukes appointed by theirFrankish overlords.
KingRatchis codifies theLombard laws, promulgated inLatin, and advised by his council and theLombard army (approximate date).

Britain

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KingSaelred of Essex dies after a 37-year reign. He is succeeded bySwithred, grandson of the late kingSigeheard. Like his predecessors, he is not an independent ruler, but a sub-king ofMercia.^[23]

Umayyad Caliphate

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August or September – Battle of Kafartuta: CaliphMarwan II defeats and killsAl-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani, leader of theKharijites, inUpper Mesopotamia. The rebels withdraw across theRiver Tigris, escaping destruction.

Asia

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TheHida-Kokubunji Temple inJapan is built to pray for peace andprosperity (approximate date).
Jayshikhari Chavda establishes theChavda dynasty inGujarat (India).

Central America

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August 15 – K'ak' Yipiiy Chan Chaak is installed as the newruler of the Mayan city state ofNaranjo inGuatemala and reigns until his death in748.

By topic

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Religion

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Guru Rinpoche, IndianBuddhist, travels toBhutan (eastern end of theHimalayas), to cure the king ofBumthang (approximate date).

747

This section istranscluded fromAD 747.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Arab–Byzantine War: EmperorConstantine V destroys the Arab fleet offCyprus, with the aid of ships from theItalian city-states, breaking the naval power of theUmayyad Caliphate.^[24]

Europe

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August 15 –Carloman, mayor of the palace ofAustrasia, renounces his position asmajordomo, and withdraws from public life. He retires to amonastery nearRome, beingtonsured byPope Zachary, and leaves his brotherPepin the Short as sole ruler (de facto) of theFrankish Kingdom.
Bubonic plague breaks out inSicily,Calabria (Southern Italy), andMonemvasia (modernGreece).

Islamic Empire

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June 9 –Abbasid Revolution:Abu Muslim Khorasani,Persian military leader fromKhorasan, begins an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which is carried out under the sign of theBlack Standard. Close to 10,000Muslims, primarilyKhorasani Persians are under his command, when the hostilities officially begin inMerv (modernTurkmenistan).

Asia

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Chinese forces underGao Xianzhi (aKorean in Tang employ) defeat the Arabs andTibetans, by rapid military expeditions over thePamir Mountains andHindu Kush. About 72 localIndian andSogdian kingdoms become Tangvassals. Over the next two years he establishes complete control inEast Asia.^[25]
EmperorXuan Zong abolishes thedeath penalty inChina, during theTang dynasty (approximate date).
Empress Kōmyō founds theShin-Yakushi-ji Buddhist temple inNara (Japan).

748

This section istranscluded fromAD 748.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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January 18 – DukeOdilo ofBavaria dies after a 12-year reign.Grifo, youngest son ofCharles Martel, seeks to establish his own rule by seizing theduchy for himself, and abducts Odilo's infant sonTassilo III.
In Rome,Pope Zachary closes down a slave market, where Venetian merchants had been selling Christian captives to the Muslims inNorth Africa.^[26]

Britain

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KingÆthelbert II of Kent sends a message toBoniface, archbishop ofMainz, requesting two well-trainedgoshawks forhunting. He had earlier made a gift of twofalcons and a goshawk to KingÆthelbald of Mercia (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

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February 14 –Abbasid Revolution: TheHashimi rebels underAbu Muslim Khorasani takeMerv, capital of theUmayyad provinceKhorasan (modernIran), marking the consolidation of theAbbasid revolt.Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i takes the citiesNishapur andRey, defeating an Umayyad army (10,000 men) atGorgan.
December 9 –Nasr ibn Sayyar, Arab governor of Khorasan, dies after a 10-year administration in which he has fought vigorously against dissident tribes,Turgesh neighbors, and the Abbasids. Nasr had imposedpoll taxes (jizya) on non-Muslims, and introduced a system of landtaxation forMuslim Arabs.
The city ofBaalbek (modernLebanon) is sacked with great slaughter.

Asia

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Anearthquake strikes theMiddle East from northernEgypt to northwesternMesopotamia, destroying many remnants ofByzantine culture (approximate date).

749

This section istranscluded fromAD 749.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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KingRatchis of theLombards besiegesPerugia, but is convinced to lift thesiege byPope Zachary. His decision to lift the siege of Perugia undermines his authority among the Lombard nobility, and ultimately results in the nobility deposing him at a council inMilan. King Ratchis is forced to retire with his family to themonastery atMonte Cassino.
June –Aistulf succeeds his brother, Ratchis, asking of the Lombards and marries Gisaltruda, sister ofAnselm, Duke of Friuli.

Britain

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KingÆlfwald of East Anglia dies after a 36-year reign. He is succeeded byBeonna,Æthelberht I and possibly Hun (relationship unknown). Beonna emerges as the dominantmonarch.
KingÆthelbald of Mercia calls the Synod ofGumley, at the instigation ofBoniface, bishop ofMainz, and issues a charter that releases theCatholic Church from all public burdens.

Arabian Empire

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Abbasid Revolution: Muslim forces underQahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i defeat a largeUmayyad army (50,000 men) atIsfahan, and invadeIraq, taking the city ofKufa.
Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad prince, is executed bycrucifixion on orders of the firstAbbasid caliph,Abdullah ibn Muhammad, atAl-Hirah (or750).
October 28 – Abdullah ibn Muhammad is proclaimedcaliph at Kufa by his supporters and adopts the title of al-Saffah (the "Slaughterer of Blood").^[27]

Central America

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February 18 –Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil ("Smoke Squirrel") becomes the newruler of the Mayan city state ofCopán inHonduras upon the death ofKʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat, who had reigned since 738. K'ak' Yipyaj reigns until763.

Japan

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August 19 –Emperor Shōmu abdicates thethrone, after a 25-year reign that has been dominated by his wife (and aunt),Kōmyō, a commoner he married at age 16. He is succeeded by his daughterKōken; Shōmu becomes the first retired emperor to become aBuddhist priest.^[28]

By topic

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Catastrophe

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January 18 –Galilee earthquake:Palestine and easternTransjordan are devastated by anearthquake. The cities ofTiberias,Beit She'an,Hippos andPella are largely destroyed.

Significant people

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References

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^Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994).The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 104–105, 117.ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7.
^Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994).The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 170.ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7.
^de Oliviera Marques, A. H. (1993). "O Portugal Islâmico". In Joel Serrão and A. H. de Oliverira Marques (ed.).Hova Historia de Portugal. Portugal das Invasões Germânicas à Reconquista. Lisbon: Editorial Presença. p. 123.
^Hartmann, Ludo Moritz.Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter. II, pp. 2, 139.
^D.P. Kirby,The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin Hyman, 1991. pp. 150 & 154ISBN 0-04-445691-3
^Barbara Yorke,Kings and Kingdoms in Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990. p. 89ISBN 1-85264-027-8
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^Settipani 1989.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010).L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; pp. 25
^Horace K. Mann (1913)."Pope St. Gregory III" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^"Fires, Great", inThe Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) pp24
^Serrão, Joel; de Oliveira Marques, A. H. (1993). "O Portugal Islâmico".Hova Historia de Portugal. Portugal das Invasões Germânicas à Reconquista. Lisbon: Editorial Presença. p. 123.
^Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: "Byzantine warfare in an age of Crisis and Recovery", p. 71.ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1
^Curta, Florin (2006).Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press,ISBN 9780521815390
^Guidoboni, Traina, 1995, p. 120-121
^Wickham 1981, p. 221.
^Hallenbeck 1982, p. 51.
^Dionysius of Telmahreapud Hoyland, 661 n 193
^Costambeys, "Abel (fl. 744–747)"
^Letter by Pope Zacharias to Boniface, dated Nov. 5, 744, ed. Tangl (no.58), tr. Emerton.
^Pierre Riche,The Carolingians: A Family who forged Europe, pp. 51–52.
^Grapard, Allan G. (1992).The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History, p. 67; excerpt, "We have no information concerning Genbō's exile; theShoku-Nihongi states simply that Genbō behaved in a manner that did not befit his ecclesiastic position and that he died in 746 as he was trying to escape."; Matsunaga, p. 125; excerpt, "...the degree of Genbō's corruption remains equivocal."
^Barbara Yorke, 'East Saxons, kings of the (act. late 6th cent.–c.820)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004accessed 9 Feb 2008
^Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006),The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204, Brill Academic Publishers, p. 33,ISBN 978-90-04-15197-0
^New Book of Tang, vol. 135
^McCormick, Michael (2002). "New Light on the 'Dark Ages': How the Slave Trade Fuelled the Carolingian Economy".Past & Present (177):17–54.doi:10.1093/past/177.1.17.ISSN 0031-2746.JSTOR 3600877.
^David Nicolle (2009). The Great Islamic Conquests 632–750 AD, p. 78.ISBN 978-1-84603-273-8
^Varley, H. Paul (1980).A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN 0-231-04940-4

Sources

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Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1982). "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century".Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series.72 (4):1–186.doi:10.2307/1006429.JSTOR 1006429.
Settipani, Christian (1989).Les Ancêtres de Charlemagne [Charlemagne's Ancestors] (in French). Paris, France.ISBN 2-906483-28-1.OCLC 28323789.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Wickham, Chris (1981).Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000. London: Macmillan.

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