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730s

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Decade

Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
7th century 8th century 9th century
Decades
710s 720s 730s 740s 750s
Years
730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The730s decade ran from January 1, 730, to December 31, 739.

Events

KingLiutprand contracts analliance withEutychius, exarch ofRavenna, and agrees to support him in his attack onRome, while subjugating the independent southernLombard duchies ofBenevento andSpoleto.
Tiberius Petasius proclaims himself emperor inTuscia. Eutychius defeats him with the support ofPope Gregory II, and Tiberius is killed inMonterano, with his head sent to the Byzantine emperorLeo III as a gift.^[1]
Charles Martel defeats the last independentdukedom ofAlamannia, and incorporates it into theFrankish Empire. He also launches raids on theSaxons beyond theRhine.

Arabian Empire

[edit]

September–October –Umayyad forces sack the Byzantinefortress ofCharsianon in centralAnatolia (modernTurkey), which remains a contested stronghold during the next century ofByzantine–Arab warfare.^[2]
December 9 –Battle of Marj Ardabil: TheKhazars underBarjik invade the provinces ofJibal andAdharybaydjian. He defeats an Umayyad army (25,000 men) atArdabil (Iran), killingal-Jarrah ibn Abdallah.

China

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EmperorXuan Zong has fourpalace walls in thenortheast sector of the capital cityChang'an dismantled and reassembled to construct a newDaoist abbey, the grounds of which are formally a largegarden for theBureau of Agriculture.

By topic

[edit]

In this decadehops are first cultivated in Germany, in theHallertau region.^[3]

Religion

[edit]

Leo III of theByzantine Empire orders the destruction of allicons, beginning the FirstIconoclastic Period. Manymonks flee to Greece and Italy (taking smaller icons with them, hidden in their clothing); others flee to the caves of theCappadocian desert.

731

This section istranscluded fromAD 731.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Umayyad conquest of Gaul:Munuza, Moorish governor ofCerdagne (easternPyrenees), rebels againstUmayyad authority. He is defeated and executed by Muslim forces underAbdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi atUrgell (Catalonia). Muslimgarrisons inSeptimania raid the citiesMillau andArles.^[4]
Ragenfrid, ex-mayor of the palace ofNeustria, meets DukeEudes of Aquitaine, to accept his rule and independence from theFrankish Kingdom. Fearing analliance against him,Charles Martel exiles Ragenfrid's supporter Wandon ofFontenelle, and imprisons bishop Aimar ofAuxerre.^[5]
Charles Martel leads two raids across theLoire River into theBerry region. TheFranks seize and plunderBourges (centralFrance), but the city is immediately recaptured by Eudes of Aquitaine.

Britain

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Autumn – KingCeolwulf of Northumbria is deposed by opponents, and forced to enter amonastery. His supporters subsequently restore him to thethrone (or732).
KingÆthelbald of Mercia overruns a large portion ofSomerset, and wrests the county fromWessex control (approximate date).

Asia

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Battle of the Defile: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent toSamarkand (modernUzbekistan), which is besieged by theTurgesh.^[6] TheMuslims are ambushed near theZarafshan Range, at the Tashtakaracha Pass.^[7]^[8] The battle results in aPyrrhic victory, with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion inCentral Asia for almost two decades.

By topic

[edit]

Literature

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Bede, Anglo-Saxonmonk andhistorian, completes hisHistoria ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum at the monastery ofSaint Peter atMonkwearmouth.

Religion

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February 11 –Pope Gregory II dies atRome after a 16-year reign, in which he has foughtIconoclasm. He is succeeded by theSyrian-born clericGregory III, as the 90thpope of theCatholic Church.^[9]
AMoorish raiding party under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi invades deep intoBurgundy, and plunders themonastery ofLuxeuil Abbey, located in theHaute-Saône, massacring most of the community.
November 1 –Synod of Rome: Gregory III summons a council at the shrine ofSaint Peter. All western bishops participate, including the Roman nobility. Gregory condemns Iconoclasm as aheresy.^[10]

732

This section istranscluded fromAD 732.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

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Byzantine EmperorLeo III marries his 15 year old sonConstantine toTzitzak (later baptised asIrene), the daughter of theKhazar Khagan Bihar, as a sign of diplomatic unity between the Byzantine Empire and theKhazar Khaganate.

Europe

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Battle of the River Garonne: AUmayyad Muslim army (40,000 men) underAbdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, governor ofAl-Andalus, crosses thePyrenees through theRoncesvalles Pass and raids widely, ravaging the cities ofOloron,Lescar andBayonne, and burning theabbey ofSaint-Sever. Umayyad forces destroy themonastery ofSaint-Émilion, and defeat the 'Count of Libourne'. Abdul Rahman sacks and capturesBordeaux, and nearly wipes out the army of DukeEudes of Aquitaine, at theGaronne River.^[11]
Summer – Eudes of Aquitaine heads for the Frankish city ofReims, to warnCharles Martel, Merovingianmayor of the palace, of theUmayyad invasion inGaul, and ask for his support against the invaders. The two leaders meet nearParis; Charles issues a 'general ban' to raise an army, which includes large numbers ofAustrasians,Neustrians, andBurgundians. Meanwhile,Arabians ravage the cities ofPérigueux,Saintes, andAngoulême, then sack thebasilica ofSaint-Hilaire outsidePoitiers.^[12]
September – Charles Martel leads hisFrankish army (30,000 men) toOrléans and crosses theLoire River, probably accompanied by Eudes of Aquitaine, with his remaining troops. He makes camp nearTours, probably atBallan-Miré south-west of the fortress city, in order to protect theabbey ofSaint Martin. Charles defeats or forces back Umayyadscouts or anadvance guard, between the riversIndre andCreuse. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi pulls back to establish a position at theVienne River.^[13]
October – The Frankish army crosses the Vienne River and establishes a camp at or around the partially abandoned Romanmansion oragricultural settlement, now known as 'Vieux-Poitiers' (nearChâtellerault), perhaps using the Romantheatre with its substantial towers as afortification. Charles Martel forms a defensive position across the Roman road, and fends off Muslimskirmishes during the 'seven days' stand-off, probably involving scouts, and perhaps raiders from both armies.^[14]
October 10 –Battle of Tours: The Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel defeat a large army of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, near Poitiers, halting theIslamic advance into Western Europe; Rahman Al Ghafiqi is killed during the battle. Charles extends his authority in the south ofFrance, which gives him the nickname Martellus ("The Hammer"). The outcome of the victory is a turning point, and establishes a balance of power betweenWestern Europe and theByzantine Empire.^[15]
Muslim forces withdraw southwards toSeptimania; a separate part probably pulls back along the road it originally came through, across the Pyrenees Mountains. Eudes of Aquitaine pursues the main Muslim army viaLa Marche, before returning to Bordeaux; Charles Martel withdraws to Frankish territory through Orléans andAuxerre, demoting thosebishops whom he thought unreliable.Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri becomes the new governor (wali) of Al-Andalus; a separate Muslim force raids theRhône region.^[12]

Britain

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Autumn – KingCeolwulf of Northumbria is deposed by opponents, and forced to enter amonastery. His supporters subsequently restore him to thethrone (or731).

By topic

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Astronomy

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June 26 – Venusoccults Jupiter.

Religion

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Pope Gregory III confers onBoniface, Anglo-Saxonmissionary, thepallium asarchbishop, with jurisdiction overBavaria (modernGermany). He orders him to forbid the consumption ofhorseflesh by his Christian converts.^[16]
Ecgbert is appointed bishop ofYork, by his cousin Ceolwulf of Northumbria.^[17] He founds alibrary, and makes the city a renowned centre of learning (approximate date).

733

This section istranscluded fromAD 733.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

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EmperorLeo III confiscates the papal territories inSicily andCalabria (SouthernItaly), from whichPope Gregory III derives most of hisincome tax. He transfersecclesiastical jurisdiction in the formerPraetorian prefecture of Illyricum toAnastasius, patriarch ofConstantinople. Gregory begins his support of a revolt in Italy againsticonoclasm. By now the break between thepapacy and theByzantine Empire is almost complete.^[18]
Arab-Byzantine Wars: Arab forces underMu’awiya ibn Hisham penetrate deep intoAnatolia and conquer the cities ofAntalya,Doralyum andAfyonkarahisar. These conquests differ from previous ones, as Arab military settling occurs in them, making them a base to raid Byzantium.

Europe

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DukeEudes of Aquitaine, aged almost 80, abdicates and retires to amonastery. His lands are divided between his sonsHunald I and Hatton, who continue the conflict withCharles Martel, mayor of the palace ofNeustria andAustrasia. In battles atBenest inCharente andLa Rochefoucauld (nearAngoulême), Charles probably defeats theAquitainians. He also campaigns against theBurgundians.^[19]
Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim forces underAbd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) ofAl-Andalus, cross thePyrenees and ravage both sides of the mountains. He establishes colonies along theEbro Valley, and withinBasque territory. TheMoorish main military efforts are inCatalonia,Aragon,Navarre andSeptimania (SouthernFrance), strengthening the towns already in their hands.^[20]
DukeAudelais of Benevento and his minor sonGisulf are deposed by KingLiutprand of theLombards. He is succeeded byGregory, who becomes ruler ofBenevento.

734

This section istranscluded fromAD 734.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Europe

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Battle of the Boarn: TheFranks underCharles Martel, mayor of the palace ofNeustria andAustrasia, defeat theFrisians near the mouth of the River Boarn (now the Dutch province ofFriesland). During the battle, the Frisian army is beaten and KingPoppo is killed.^[21] The Franks gain control of the Frisian lands west of theLauwers (Netherlands), and begin plundering thepagan sanctuaries. The Frisians become Frankishvassals, apart from the tribes living inEast Frisia in present-day Germany.
Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces underAbd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri, governor (wali) ofAl-Andalus (modern Spain), enterProvence and raid theRhône Valley. The cities ofAvignon,Arles, and probablyMarseille are handed over by CountMaurontus, who is in rebellion against Charles Martel.^[22]
September 8 –Frithubeorht is consecratedBishop of Hexham.

Mesoamerica

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Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I, ruler (ajaw) ofTikal (Guatemala), dies after a 52-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonYikʼin Chan Kʼawiil, who becomes one of Tikal's most successful and expansionary rulers during theLate Classic period.
During theThird Tikal–Calakmul War,Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat gives himself the title k’uhulajaw, thus declaringQuiriguá's independence fromCopán.

Asia

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March 23 – A large earthquake strikes theTang dynasty city of Qinzhou (in the vicinity of modern-dayTianshui City), causing serious damage and killing around 4000 people.^[23]
Bilge Qaghan,khagan of theSecond Turkic Khaganate, is poisoned and killed by Buyruk Chor, an emissary once sent toTang Emperor Xuanzong. He is succeeded by his sonYollıg.^[24]
December –Khitan military chiefKetuyu and khagan Yaonian Qulie are assassinated by their subordinate Li Guozhe, ending theKetuyu rebellion.^[25]

735

This section istranscluded fromAD 735.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Europe

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Charles Martel, Merovingianmayor of the palace, invadesBurgundy. DukeHunald I of Aquitaine refuses to recognise the authority of theFranks, whereupon Charles marches south of theRiver Loire, seizing the cities ofBordeaux andBlaye. Within 4 years he will have subdued all the Burgundianchieftains, while continuing to fight offMoorish advances intoGaul.^[26]
KingLiutprand of theLombards raises his nephewHildeprand to co-kingship, after a serious illness (approximate date).
Siege of al-Sakhra:Moors underUqba ibn al-Hajjaj (governor ofAl-Andalus) besiegePelagius, king of Asturias, in the uppermost Northern mountain ranges in Iberia. The battle ends inconclusively, withPelagius surviving, but 270 out of his 300 followers are killed (at least according to a Muslim chronicle from the 11th century).

Asia

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During theTang dynasty inChina, by this year there is 149,685,400 kg (165,000short tons) ofgrain shipped annually along theGrand Canal.
Amajor smallpox epidemic starts inJapan, which reduces the population by 30%.

Armenia

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735 Vayots Dzor Province earthquake. It affected theVayots Dzor Province.The earthquake reportedly destroyed an entirevalley. The reported casualties included at least 10,000 victims.^[27]

By topic

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Literature

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TheKhöshöö Tsaidam Monuments ofBilge Khan, ruler (khagan) of theTurkic Khaganate, and his brotherKul Tigin, are erected.^[28] (Bilge has already erected Kül Tigin's monument and Bilge's son erects Bilge's monument.)

Religion

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May 26 –Bede, Anglo-Saxonmonk-historian, dies atMonkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey. He will be remembered as "the Venerable", and is the author of books that are copied and studied later all overEurope. His greatest book is theHistoria ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, a major source for thehistory of Britain, in the immediatepost-Roman period.
Thesee ofYork receives thepallium from popeGregory III, and is elevated to anarchbishopric.Ecgbert becomes the firstarchbishop.^[29]

736

This section istranscluded fromAD 736.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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Charles Martel, Merovingianmayor of the palace, forms localalliances with theBurgundians, and imposesFrankish domination onProvence. He defeatsMuslim forces atSernhac andBeaucaire inSeptimania (SouthernFrance).^[30]
Battle of Nîmes: TheFranks under Charles Martel fail to captureNarbonne but devastate most of the other settlements, includingNîmes,Agde,Béziers andMaguelonne, which Martel views as potential strongholds of theUmayyads.^[31]

Britain

[edit]

KingÆthelbald of Mercia is described in theIsmere Diploma as ruler (bretwalda) of theMercians, and all the provinces in southernEngland. He is also named "Rex Britanniae" (king ofBritain).^[32]^[33]
KingÓengus I of thePicts invades the neighbouring kingdom ofDál Riata, which is subjugated. He takes the fortress ofDunadd,^[34] and establishes his rule inScotland for over two decades.

Asia

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Rōben, scholar-Buddhist monk, invites Shinshō to give lectures on theAvatamsaka Sutra at Kinshōsen-ji (laterTōdai-ji); this event is considered to be the roots of theKegon school ofBuddhism founded inJapan.

Central America

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June 15 –Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil ("Eighteen Rabbit"),ruler of the Mayan city state ofCopán inHonduras is defeated in battle byKʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat, the ruler ofQuiriguá (inGuatemala), and is beheaded. K'ak' ("Smoke Monkey") rules until his death in 749.
A diplomatic team fromCalakmul, led byWamaw K'awiil, meets withQuiriguá leaderK’ak Tiliw Chan Yopaa, in an attempt to negotiate an end to the city's rebellion during theThird Tikal-Calakmul War.
The Mayan city state ofTikal defeatsCalakmul in what is nowGuatemala, endinga centuries-long rivalry, but ushering in another century of warfare that ultimately leads to both cities' abandonment in the9th century.
Yik'in Chan K'awiil, ruler (ajaw) of the leadingMaya city state ofTikal (modern-dayGuatemala), conquers rivalCalakmul, within the northernPetén region of theYucatán region (SouthernMexico).

737

This section istranscluded fromAD 737.(edit |history)

By place

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Europe

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Battle of Avignon:Frankish forces underCharles Martel, MerovingianMayor of the Palace, retakeAvignon from the Muslim forces, and destroy theUmayyad stronghold. Charles sends his brotherChildebrand I, duke ofBurgundy, to besiege the city. After his arrival, Charles leads the Frankish troops by usingrope ladders andbattering rams to attack thefortified walls, which are burned to the ground following its capture.^[35]^[36]
Battle of Narbonne: Frankish forces under Charles Martel besiegeNarbonne, occupied by a Umayyadgarrison, but are unable to retake the fortress city. ALombard army under KingLiutprand crosses theAlps, to aid Charles in expelling the Muslims fromSeptimania. MeanwhileMaurontus, duke or count ofProvence, raises a revolt from his unconquered city ofMarseille, and threatens the rear of the Franks.^[37]
Battle of the River Berre: Frankish forces sent by Charles Martel intercept a large Muslim army sent fromAl-Andalus, (modern Spain) sent byUqba ibn al-Hajjaj to relieve thesiege of Narbonne. Both sides suffer heavy losses at the battlefield near the mouth of theRiver Berre (a short distance south of Narbonne). Some of the Muslims rush back to their ships, and some penetrate through the Frankish forces and make it to the city, effectively saving it from the Franks.^[38]
Following the death ofTheuderic IV, king of the Franks, the throne is left vacant for seven years. Charles Martel has his sonChilderic III exiled to amonastery, and becomes sole ruler of theFrankish Kingdom.
KingPelagius of Asturias dies, and is succeeded by his sonFavila.^[39] He founds theChurch of Santa Cruz, in his capitalCangas de Onís (northwestern Spain).
Orso Ipato is murdered at the instigation ofEutychius, exarch ofRavenna. He is succeeded byDomenico Leoni, who is elected magister militum of Venice.
KingOngendus of the Danes reinforces theDanevirke fortifications inSchleswig-Holstein. He orders apalisade rampart built on the frontier ofSaxony.

Britain

[edit]

KingCeolwulf of Northumbria abdicates in favour of his cousin,Eadberht, and becomes amonk atLindisfarne Priory.

Africa

[edit]

Egypt: Christians invade from the south, with the aim of protecting thepatriarch of Alexandria (approximate date).

Asia

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Second Arab–Khazar War: TheKhazars led byHazer Tarkhan are defeated by a Muslim force, sent byMarwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan near theVolga River, which destroyed what remained of the Khazar forces. TheUmayyad Caliphate now has full control of theCaucasus after completely destroying theKhazar Empire. After its destruction the Arab-Khazar wars are stopped, Muslim sources indicate the Khazar Khan paid tribute to Marwan and converted to Islam.
September 30 –Battle of the Baggage: TheTurgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion ofKhuttal, pursue them south of theRiver Oxus (northernAfghanistan), and capture theirbaggage train. In the winter, the Turgesh and theirTransoxianan allies launch a major counter-invasion but are halted and their army is destroyed. Khuttal is then conquered by the Arabs.
EmperorXuan Zong discards the policy ofconscripting men into the Chinese army to be replaced every three years, replacing them with long-service soldiers who are more battle-hardened and efficient (approximate date).

By topic

[edit]

Catastrophe

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A majorJapanese smallpox epidemic that started in 735 finally runs its course, but only after causing an estimated 25% to 35% mortality among the adult population in the country.^[40]

738

This section istranscluded fromAD 738.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Charles Martel, Merovingianmayor of the palace, begins a campaign against theSaxons (in modern-dayWestphalia) on the northeast frontier. They are subdued and must pay himtribute.^[41]
Moors underUqba ibn Al-Hajjaj cross thePyrenees into France. Uqba fortifiesNarbonne and reconquersAvignon,Arles,Nimes. He then advances intoProvence, and penetrates as far asPiedmont; he then heads North, and conquersDauphiné, destroying the city of Saint-Paul, takingValence,Vienne andLyon, which he uses as a base to attackBourgogne.
Kormesiy, ruler (khagan) of theBulgarian Empire, is deposed by thenobility. He is replaced on thethrone by his sonSevar, who is a descendant of the royalDulo clan.
Felice Cornicola is appointedhypatos (Byzantineconsul) andmagister militum ofVenice.

Britain

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KingSwæfberht of Essex dies after a 23-year reign. He is succeeded bySaelred, a minor member of theEssex royal family.

Mesoamerica

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TheMayan city-state Xukpi (Copán) is defeated by a rival city-state,Quiriguá. Xukpi leaderUaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil ("Eighteen Rabbit") is deposed thereafter.

By topic

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

Boniface visitsRome, and is madepapal legate of theFrankish Kingdom. He establishes manybishoprics inBavaria.

739

This section istranscluded fromAD 739.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

TheLombards under KingLiutprand sack theExarchate of Ravenna, and threatenRome. PopeGregory III asksCharles Martel, Merovingianmayor of the palace, to help fight the Lombards (he also requests assistance in fighting theByzantines and theArabs). Liutprand signs a peace accord, and pulls back his forces toPavia.^[42] After thepope's appeal to theFranks, a relationship begins that will continue as theFrankish Kingdom gains power.
Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Charles Martel attacks DukeMaurontus ofProvence and his Muslim allies. His brotherChildebrand capturesMarseille, one of the largest cities still in Umayyad hands. Maurontus is forced to go into hiding in theAlps.^[43]
KingFavila of Asturias dies after a 2-year reign (probably killed by abear). He is succeeded by his brother-in-lawAlfonso I, husband of his sisterErmesinda.
DukePemmo of Friuli is deposed by Liutprand, and succeeded by his sonRatchis. He flees with his followers, but Ratchis secures his father'spardon.
Theodatus Ursus is appointedhypatos (Byzantineconsul) andmagister militum ofVenice.

Africa

[edit]

TheGreat Berber Revolt: TheBerbers break out in revolt against theUmayyad rulers atMaghreb, in response to the oppressive, (and, byIslamic law, illegal)tax-collection andslave-tribute. The rebellion is led by the chieftain (alleged water-carrier)Maysara al-Matghari. He successfully seizesTangier, and rapidly captures much of westernMorocco. The Berber rebellion which erupts not only underminescaliphal rule and fragments thewilayat or province ofIfriqiya (North Africa), but paves the way for the emergence ofautonomous local Arabdynasties.^[44]

By topic

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

Boniface, Anglo-Saxonmissionary who has been ChristianizingBavaria, founds thebishoprics ofSalzburg,Regensburg,Freising, andPassau.
Willibrord, the firstbishop ofUtrecht in theNetherlands, andNorthumbrian missionary, dies atEchternach (modernLuxembourg).

Significant people

[edit]

Births

Transcluding articles:730,731,732,733,734,735,736,AD 737,738, and739

730

Al-Rabi' ibn Yunus, Arab minister (approximate date)
Autpert Ambrose, FrankishBenedictine monk (d.784)
Beatus of Liébana, monk andtheologian (approximate date)
Jia Dan, general of theTang dynasty (d.805)
Offa of Mercia (approximate date)
Tarasios,patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)
Zhang Xiaozhong, general of the Tang Dynasty (d.791)

731

Abd al-Rahman I, Muslimemir ofCórdoba (d.788)
Ōtomo no Otomaro, Japanese general andShōgun (d.809)
Telets, ruler (khagan) of theBulgarian Empire (approximate date)

732

Fujiwara no Momokawa, Japanese statesman (d.779)

733

Donnchad Midi,High King of Ireland (d.797)
Junnin, emperor ofJapan (d.765)
Lu Yu, Chinese author (d.804)

734

Fujiwara no Kurajimaro, Japanese politician (d.775)
Khurshid II, ruler (ispahbadh) ofTabaristan (d.761)

735

Abu Yusuf, Muslimjurist and chief adviser (or738)
Alcuin, Anglo-Saxonmissionary (approximate date)
Dantidurga, founder of theRashtrakuta Empire (d.756)
Du You,chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d.812)
Kardam, ruler (khan) of theBulgarian Empire
Plato of Sakkoudion, Byzantineabbot (approximate date)

736

Hun Jian, Chinese general
Zhao Jing, Chinese official

737

Fujiwara no Tanetsugu, Japanesenobleman (d.785)
Hisham ibn al-Kalbi, Muslim historian (d.819)
Huaisu, ChineseBuddhist monk (d.799)
Kanmu, emperor of Japan (d.806)

738

Abu Yusuf, Arabjurist and chief adviser (approximate date)
Chengguan, ChineseBuddhist monk (d.839)

739

Lu Mai,chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d.798)
Yuan Zi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d.818)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:730,731,732,733,734,735,736,AD 737,738, and739

730

December 9 –Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah, Arab general
Corbinian, Frankishbishop (approximate date)
Hugh of Champagne, grandson ofPepin of Herstal
Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III,Maya ruler ofPalenque
Lanfredus, duke ofAlamannia
Peter, duke ofCantabria
Selbach mac Ferchair, king ofDál Riata
Tiberius Petasius, Byzantineusurper
Yuwen Rong,chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (or731)
Zhang Yue, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b.663)

731

February 11 –Gregory II, pope of theCatholic Church (b.669)
March 13 –Gerald of Mayo, Anglo-Saxonabbot
August 31 –Ōtomo no Tabito, Japanesepoet (b.665)
December 22 –Yuan Qianyao, official of theChinese Tang dynasty
date unknown
- Barjik, prince of theKhazar Khaganate
- Berhtwald, archbishop ofCanterbury
- Munuza, Moorish governor ofCerdagne
- Ragenfrid, mayor of the palace ofNeustria
- Yuwen Rong, chancellor of theTang dynasty (or730)

732

Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, governor ofAl-Andalus
Nechtan mac Der-Ilei, king of the Picts^[45]
Romuald II, duke ofBenevento (Italy)
Rupert of Bingen,patron saint (b.712)
Sima Zhen, Chinese historian (b.679)

733

Eochaid mac Echdach, king ofDál Riata (modernScotland)
Li Yuanhong,chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
Mildrith, Anglo-Saxonabbess (approximate date)
Muhammad al-Baqir, fifthShia imam and descendant ofMuhammad
Yamanoue no Okura, Japanesepoet (approximate date)

734

June 3 –Simeon of the Olives, Syriac bishop ofHarran (b. 624/5)^[46]^[47]
July 30 –Tatwine,Mercian archbishop of Canterbury (b. c.670?)
Bilge Qaghan, ruler (khagan) of theSecond Turkic Khaganate (b. 683/4)
Bilihildis,Frankish noblewoman and abbess
Bubo, Duke of the Frisians
Approximate date –Caintigern, Irish-bornhermit
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I, ruler (ajaw) ofTikal
December –Ketuyu,Khitan military chief^[25]

735

May 26 –Bede, Anglo-Saxontheologian and historian
December 6 –Toneri, Japanese prince (b.676)
Abi Ishaq, Arabgrammarian (approximate date)
Adela, Frankishabbess (approximate date)
Cathal mac Muiredaig, king ofConnacht (Ireland)
Cellach mac Fáelchair, king ofOsraige (Ireland)
Eudes, duke ofAquitaine (approximate date)

736

Hugbert, duke ofBavaria
Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig, king ofDál Riata
Yamabe no Akahito, Japanesepoet

737

Ermin of Lobbes, Frankishabbot
Forthhere, Anglo-Saxonbishop (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Fusasaki, Japanesecounselor (b.681)
Fujiwara no Maro, Japanese politician (b.695)
Fujiwara no Muchimaro, Japanese minister (b.680)
Fujiwara no Umakai, Japanese statesman (b.694)^[48]
Mu, king ofBalhae (Korea)
Mu'awiya ibn Hisham, Muslim general
Orso Ipato, doge ofVenice
Pelagius, king ofAsturias (Spain) (b.685)
Song Jing,Chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b.663)
Theuderic IV, king of theFranks

738

January 26 –John of Dailam, Syrianmonk (b.660)
May 3 –Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, Mayan ruler (ajaw)
Áed mac Colggen, king of theUí Cheinnselaig (Ireland)
Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri, Arab governor
Dluthach mac Fithcheallach, king ofUí Maine (Ireland)
Fáelán mac Murchado, king ofLeinster
Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, Arab general
Suluk, Turkic ruler (khagan) of theTurgesh
Swæfberht, king ofEssex

739

Aldwulf, Anglo-Saxonbishop
Engelmund, Anglo-Saxonmissionary
Favila, king ofAsturias (Spain)
Nothhelm, Anglo-Saxon bishop
Pemmo, duke ofFriuli (Italy)
Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon bishop

References

[edit]

^"History of the Byzantine Empire, SECTION II REIGN OF LEO III (THE ISAURIAN) A.D. 717-741, George Finlay, 1906". Archived fromthe original on July 15, 2018. RetrievedApril 5, 2020.
^Kazhdan 1991, p. 415
^"Three Millennia of German Brewing". Archived fromthe original on 30 November 2016.
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 41).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^Blankinship (1994), pp. 156, 157
^Kennedy (2001), p. 29
^Kennedy (2007), p. 285
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)."Pope St. Gregory III" .Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Treadgold, p. 354
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 45).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^^a ^bDavid Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 55).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 66).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^Durant, Will,The Age of Faith. New York: Simon and Schuster (1950).OCLC 225699907. Page, 461. Originally published 1939.ISBN 978-0-671-41800-7
^Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979).Unmentionable Cuisine, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (p. 157).ISBN 0813908116
^Mayr-Harting,Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
^Duffy, p. 64; Mann, p. 207
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 83).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^"Geschiedenis van het volk der Friezen". Boudicca.de. Archived fromthe original on June 8, 2009. Retrieved2009-01-22.
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic people (p. 19).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^Lei, Z.-S. (March 2007)."Textual research on the Tianshui M 7 earthquake in 734 AD and analysis of its causative structure".ResearchGate. RetrievedJune 9, 2021.
^"Erkin Ekrem, "Sarı Uygurların Kökeni",Modern Türklük Araştırma Dergisi, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2007, p. 175"(PDF) (in Turkish).
^^a ^bXu Elina-Qian, p.245-248
^Pierre Riche,The Carolingians: A family who forged Europe, Transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), p. 44.
^Guidoboni, Traina, 1995, p. 119-120
^Golden, Peter B. (2010).Turks and Khazars: origins, institutions, and interactions in pre-Mongol Eurasia. Farnham, England: Ashgate/Variorum.ISBN 978-1-4094-0003-5.
^Mayr-Harting, "Ecgberht (d. 766)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^Riche, Pierre (1993).The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 45.ISBN 0-8122-1342-4
^"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 89". Retrieved27 April 2007.
^Fletcher,Who's Who, pp. 98–100
^Lynch, Michael, ed. (February 24, 2011).The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. p. 180.ISBN 9780199693054.
^Halsall, Guy (2003).Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West 450-900. London: Routledge, p. 226.ISBN 0-415-23939-7.
^Mastnak, Tomaz (2002).Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. University of California Press, p. 101.ISBN 0-520-22635-6.
^Lewis, Archibald R. (1965).The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 23. RetrievedJune 15, 2012.
^Fouracre, Paul (2000).The Age of Charles Martel. Harlow: Longman. p. 97.ISBN 0-582-06476-7.
^Collins, Roger (1989).The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 150.ISBN 0-631-15923-1.
^Farris, William Wayne (1985).Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645-900. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 65–66.ISBN 9780674690059.
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19).ISBN 978-184603-230-1.
^Mann, p. 220
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 87).ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^Lynch, Michael, ed. (February 24, 2011).The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. p. 447.ISBN 9780199693054.
^Tannous, Jack (2016). "The Life of Simeon of the Olives: A Christian Puzzle from Islamic Syria". In Kreiner, J.; Reimitz, H. (eds.).Motions of Late Antiquity: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Society in Honour of Peter Brown. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 315–316.
^Barsoum, Aphrem (2009). "Bishops of the City of Harran". In Moose, Matti (ed.).The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum. Gorgias Press. p. 33.ISBN 978-1-60724-535-3.
^Grapard, Allan G. (2016).Mountain Mandalas: Shugendo in Kyushu. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 28.ISBN 978-1-4742-4901-0.

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