| 7.62×39 mm | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 A steel-cased 7.62×39 mmFMJ cartridge | ||||||||||||||||
| Type | Rifle | |||||||||||||||
| Place of origin | Soviet Union | |||||||||||||||
| Service history | ||||||||||||||||
| In service | 1945–present | |||||||||||||||
| Used by | formerSoviet Union, formerWarsaw Pact,Iraq,Iran,Russia,China,India,Ethiopia,Egypt,Cambodia,North Korea,Vietnam,Cuba,Finland,Venezuela, many others | |||||||||||||||
| Production history | ||||||||||||||||
| Designed | 1943 | |||||||||||||||
| Produced | 1944–present | |||||||||||||||
| Specifications | ||||||||||||||||
| Case type | Rimless, bottleneck | |||||||||||||||
| Bullet diameter | ||||||||||||||||
| Land diameter | 7.62 mm (0.300 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Neck diameter | 8.60 mm (0.339 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Shoulder diameter | 10.07 mm (0.396 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Base diameter | 11.35 mm (0.447 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Rim diameter | 11.35 mm (0.447 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Rim thickness | 1.50 mm (0.059 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Case length | 38.70 mm (1.524 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Overall length | 56.00 mm (2.205 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Case capacity | 2.31 cm3 (35.6 gr H2O) | |||||||||||||||
| Rifling twist | 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in) | |||||||||||||||
| Primer type |
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| Maximum pressure (C.I.P.) | 355.0 MPa (51,490 psi) | |||||||||||||||
| Maximum pressure (SAAMI) | 310.3 MPa (45,010 psi) | |||||||||||||||
| Filling | SSNF 50 powder | |||||||||||||||
| Filling weight | 1.605–1.63 g | |||||||||||||||
| Ballistic performance | ||||||||||||||||
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| Test barrel length: 520 mm (20 in) (in Sellier & Bellot tests) Sources: Wolf Ammo[3] Sellier & Bellot[4] | ||||||||||||||||
The7.62×39 mm (also called7.62 Soviet, formerly.30 Russian Short)[5] round is arimlessbottleneckedintermediate cartridge ofSoviet origin. The cartridge is widely used due to the global proliferation of theAK-47 rifle and relatedKalashnikov-pattern rifles, theSKS semi-automatic rifle, and theRPD/RPK light machine guns.
The AK-47 was designed shortly afterWorld War II, later becoming theAKM because the production of sheet metal receivers had issues when first initiated. This weapon is now the world's most widespread military-pattern rifle. The cartridge remained the Soviet standard until the 1970s. It was partly replaced in Soviet service by the5.45×39mm cartridge, which was introduced with the newAK-74 rifle, and continues in service with the modernized current-issue Russian Armed ForcesAK-74M service rifle, as well as theAK-12 rifle. In the 21st century, the 7.62×39 mm remains a common service rifle chambering, including for newly developed rifles like theAK-15.
On July 15, 1943, the Technical Council of thePeople's Commissariat for Armaments (Russian:Техсовет Наркомата Вооружения) met to discuss the introduction of a Sovietintermediate cartridge. The Soviet planners also decided at this meeting that their new cartridge was to be used in a whole range of infantry weapons, including asemi-automatic carbine, aselective fire submachine gun (in modern terms, a select-fire weapon firing an intermediate cartridge is considered an assault rifle), and alight machine gun. The job of designing the Soviet intermediate cartridge was assigned to a committee led by chief designer N.M. Elizarov (Н.М. Елизаров), assisted by P.V. Ryazanov (П.В. Рязанов), B.V. Semin (Б.В. Семин), and I.T. Melnikov (И.Т. Мельников). Elizarov collaborated closely with some leading weapons designers, includingFedorov,Tokarev,Simonov, andShpagin. About 314 cartridge designs were considered theoretically, before narrowing the selection down to eight models that were physically constructed and tested.[6] Most of the development work on the new cartridge took place atOKB-44, which was soon thereafter renamed asNII-44, and which in 1949 was merged with NII-61, itself merged withTsNIITochMash ("Central Scientific-Research Institute for Precision Machine Engineering") in 1966.[7]
The first variant of the new cartridge was officially adopted for service after completing range trials in December 1943; it was given theGRAU index 57-N-231. This cartridge actually had a case length of 41 mm, so it is sometimes referred to as the 7.62×41. The bullet it contained was 22.8 mm long and had a core made entirely of lead. This bullet has a somewhat stubbier appearance than later 7.62×39 bullets, with its maximal radius being attained after only 13.01 mm from its tip, and it was lacking a boat tail. After some further refinements, a pilot production series of this cartridge began in March 1944.[7]
After more detailed testing results became available, starting in 1947 the cartridge was tweaked by the Ulyanovsk Machine Building Plant to improve its accuracy and penetration. Initially, the boat tail had been omitted because the Soviet designers had assumed (incorrectly) that it would only make a difference at long ranges, when the bullet became subsonic, and the accuracy of the intermediate cartridge at these ranges was considered inconsequential. However, further testing showed that the boat tail improved accuracy even at shorter ranges, where the bullet was still supersonic. To maintain the overall mass of the bullet, after adding the boat tail, the ogival head section of the bullet was lengthened as well, making the bullet more streamlined overall. The maximum radius was now attained at some 15.95 mm from the tip and the overall length of the bullet increased to 26.8 mm. To preserve the total length of the cartridge, the case sleeve was shortened to 38.7 mm (and by rounding it is customarily referred to as 7.62×39.) Additionally, the new bullet had a core made of lead wrapped in low-carbon steel. The use of low-carbon (mild) steel was guided mostly by the desire to reuse some industrial equipment that was manufacturing the7.62×25mm Tokarev cartridge rather than by bullet fragmentation considerations. This bullet was given the acronym "7.62 PS" (7.62 ПС). The "S" initially stood for "surrogate" (суррогатированная,surrogatirovannaya), but later the letter was taken to refer to the steel component (стальной,stal'noy) of the core, which accounted for about 50% of the core volume. The 7.62×39 cartridge equipped with the PS bullet finally overcame all objections of the GAU in mid-1947, when it was ordered into series production and given the index 57-N-231S.[7] Field tests of the round and the new prototype AK-47 were carried out at the NIPSVO from December 16, 1947, to January 11, 1948.[citation needed]
The design that was ultimately selected by the Soviets has more dimensional similarities to the GECO cartridge used in theVollmer M35 than with thePolte round used by the later German Sturmgewehr. Some authors, includingC. J. Chivers, have speculated that the Soviets may have had access to the works of GECO and Vollmer during 1940 when Hitler allowed a large number of Soviet engineers to tour various German armament factories.[8]Anthony G. Williams, however, argues that the Soviet M43 round was so different that it was possible to dismiss the idea that it was a copy of any German round in existence at the time.[9]
The 57-N-231S cartridge used a "bimetallic" (steel andcopper) case. In the early 1960s, a "lacquered" steel case was introduced, and the new cartridge was initially given the designation 57-N-231SL. In an effort to simplify terminology, sometime thereafter the 57-N-231 designation was recycled to denote all steel-core 7.62×39 Soviet ammunition, irrespective of case build.[7]
In the mid-1950s, Elizarov's team, now working at NII-61, developed a special subsonic bullet for the 7.62×39 cartridge. It was adopted for service in 1962, and given the army designation "7.62 US" (US stood forуменьшенной скоростью, meaning "reduced speed") and the GRAU index 57-N-231U. The subsonic bullet was considerably longer (33.62 mm) and heavier (12.5 g) than the PS bullet, and also had a different, non-layered core structure. The core of its head section was entirely made oftool steel, followed by another section entirely made of lead. The subsonic bullet also has a larger maximum diameter of 7.94 mm compared to all other 7.62×39 bullets that peak at 7.91 mm diameter; the larger diameter of the lead-core section was intended to provide a tighter fit to the barrel by better engaging the rifling grooves. The 7.62 subsonic ammo was intended to be fired from AK-47-type rifles equipped with the PBS-1 silencer and developed a muzzle velocity of about 285–300 m/s. For recognition, this ammo typically has the bullet tips painted black with a green band underneath.[7]
After 1989, the regular (PS) Russian bullets started to be manufactured with a steel core with a higher carbon concentration and subjected toheat treatment. This change improved their penetration by 1.5–2 times. It is not possible to externally distinguish these bullets from the earlier, softer PS ones except by year of fabrication. At about the same time, tool steel was adopted for a normal velocity 7.62×39 bullet. Called BP, this bullet was developed in the 1980s and 1990s. It was officially adopted for Russian service in 2002 under the service name "7.62 BP", and with the GRAU designation 7N23. The BP bullet is claimed to achieve over three times the penetration of the PS bullet; it can defeat the Russian bullet-proof vest with designation6B5 at distances below 250 meters. The BP cartridge has the tip of its bullet painted black. The BP bullet itself is slightly longer (27.4 mm) compared to the PS bullet, but has the same mass of 7.9 grams.[7]
At the same 1943 meeting that decided the development new cartridge, the Soviet planners decided that a whole range of new small arms should use it, including a semi-automatic carbine, a fully automatic rifle, and a light machine gun. Design contests for these new weapons began in earnest in 1944.[6]
The original Soviet M43 bullets are 123 grainboat-tail bullets with a copper-plated steel jacket, a large steel core, and some lead between the core and the jacket. The cartridge itself consisted of aBerdan-primed, highly tapered (usually steel) case which seats the bullet and contains the powder charge. The taper makes it very easy to feed and extract the round, since there is little contact with the chamber walls until the round is fully seated. This taper is what causes theAK-47 to have distinctively curved magazines (helping to distinguish AK-47s fromAK-74s, which feed from a much straighter magazine). While the bullet design has gone through a few redesigns, the cartridge itself remains largely unchanged. Theballistic coefficient (G7 BC) of the M1943 pattern full metal jacket boat bullet is 0.138.[10]
The complete solidity of the M43 projectile causes its only drawback—it is very stable, even while traversing tissue. It begins toyaw only after traversing nearly 26 cm (10 in) of tissue.[11] This greatly reduces the potential wounding effectiveness of the projectile.[citation needed]
Chinese (Type 56) military ammunition (developed in 1956) is an M43-style cartridge with a mild steel core (MSC) and a copper-plated steel jacket. In 1956, the Chinese developed their own 7.62×39 mm assault rifle, also designatedType 56. It is a variant of the Soviet-designed AK-47 (specifically Type 3 and AKM) assault rifles. Production started in 1956 at State Factory 66 but was eventually handed over toNorinco, who continues to manufacture the rifle, primarily for export. Norinco developed and produced 7.62×39mm ammunition for the Type 56 rifle. The Chinese ammunition (as well as all other M43 ammunition) is currently banned from importation in the United States because U.S. federal law classifies the round as an armor-piercing handgun round. This classification is based on materials and bullet design rather than on empirical ability to penetrate armor.[12]
In the late 1950s West Germany was investigating the concept of an intermediate service cartridge (Mittelpatrone). As part of a ballistic study, the West German government commissioned reverse-engineered copies of the 7.62 mm M43 round. It was made for use in SKS rifles and RPD light machine guns that they had obtained fromEast German Army defectors. The Dutch firmNederlandsche Wapen-en Munitiefabriek (NWM) was contracted in 1958 to make the ammunition. Specifications based on captured samples were drawn up in April 1958 and production began in 1959.[citation needed]
There were two different cartridges commissioned. The first was a lead-core bullet (Weichkern, or "soft core") with a gilding-metal jacket. It had a plain tip and red lacquer around the primer annulus to indicate that it was standard Ball ammunition. The other was an armour piercing bullet (Eisenkern, or "iron core") with a mild steel core and a gilding-metal jacket. It had black lacquer around the primer annulus to indicate it was armour piercing. (The early rounds were markedPantser (Dutch: "armour", i.e. armour-piercing) on the packaging and had a black lacquered tip as per NATO standard markings). The brass cases were required to have a length between 38.36 and 38.7 mm, so the cartridge was designated the "7.62×38 mm". It was loaded withkugelpulver (Dutch / German: "ball powder"] and used non-corrosive Sinoxid primers. The headstamp bore the metric designation (7.62×38 mm) at 12 o'clock, the 2-digit year at 4 o'clock, and the contractor (NWM) at 8 o'clock.[citation needed]
They were packed in 25-round cartons. The early cartons were marked in Dutch with black text on a plain white label. The later cartons were marked in German with a colored border (a red border for ball and a black border for armour-piercing).
In the 1960s, Yugoslavia experimented with new bullet designs to produce a round with a superior wounding profile, speed, and accuracy to the M43. The M67 projectile is shorter and flatter-based than the M43. This is mainly due to the removal of the mild steel insert. This has the side effect of shifting the center of gravity rearward in comparison to the M43. This allows the projectile to destabilize nearly 17 cm (6.7 in) earlier in tissue.[11] This causes a pair of large stretch cavities at a depth likely to cause effective wound trauma. When the temporary stretch cavity intersects with the skin at the exit area, a larger exit wound will result, which takes longer to heal. Additionally, when the stretch cavity intersects a stiff organ like the liver, it will cause damage to that organ. However, the wounding potential of M67 is mostly limited to the small permanent wound channel the bullet itself makes, especially when the bullet does not yaw (tumble).[11]
Commercial Russian-made 7.62×39 mm ammunition, such as those sold under theWolf Ammunition brand name, are also available infull metal jacket (FMJ),soft-point (SP) andhollow-point (HP) variety.[3] The SP bullets offer improved expansion. Commercial American Made 7.62×39 mm Non-Corrosive Steel Case ammunition ,such as those made by and sold under the Advanced Armament Company brand name, are also available infull metal jacket (FMJ) and black tip variety[13]Commercial ammunition differs from most military ammunition in regard to bullet composition, specifically heavy use of lead instead of soft steel or tool steel.[citation needed]
The 7.62×39 mm has a 2.31 mL (35.6gr H2O) cartridge case capacity.
Americans define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 16.4 degrees. The commonriflingtwist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 millimetres (0.300 in), Ø grooves = 7.92 millimetres (0.312 in), land width = 3.81 millimetres (0.150 in) and theprimer type is usually large rifle, with the exception of commercial Remington/UMC brass using small rifle primers.[citation needed]
According to the officialC.I.P. (French:Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 7.62×39 mm can handle up to 355.00 MPa (51,488 psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to beproofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that 7.62×39 mm chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2015) proof tested at 444.00 MPa (64,397 psi) PE piezo pressure.[14]
TheSAAMI maximum average pressure (MAP) for this cartridge is 310 MPa (45,000 psi) piezo pressure.[15]
The 7.62×39 mm rounds in use with theArmed Forces of the Russian Federation are designed forAKM assault rifles and AK-derived light machine guns. As per 2003 there were several variants of 7.62×39 mm produced for various purposes. All use clad metal as case material.[citation needed]
The57-N-231 conventional steel-core bullet is designed to engage personnel and weapon systems. The bullet has a steel core and has aballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.304 and (G7 BC) of approximately 0.152. The tip has no distinguishing colour. It can penetrate a 6 mm (0.2 in) thick St3 steel plate at 300 m (328 yd).[citation needed]
The7N23 armour-piercing bullet, introduced in 2002, has a 3.6 g (55.6 gr) sharp-pointed steel penetrator made of steel U12A and retains the soft lead plug in the nose for jacket discarding. The bullet has a black tip.[16][17]
The57-N-231P is atracer round designed for fire adjustment and target designation. The bullet has a green tip and the tracer burns for 800 m (875 yd). The57-T-231PM1 is an improved tracer round which initiates at 50 m (55 yd) from the muzzle and burns for 850 m (930 yd).[citation needed]
| Cartridge designation[18][19] | 57-N-231 | 57-N-231P (tracer) | 57-T-231PM1 (tracer) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cartridge weight | 16.3 g (252 gr) | 16.1 g (248 gr) | 16.05 g (248 gr) |
| Bullet weight | 7.9 g (121.9 gr) | 7.57 g (116.8 gr) | 7.55 g (116.5 gr) |
| Muzzle velocity | 718 m/s (2,356 ft/s) | 718 m/s (2,356 ft/s) | 718 m/s (2,356 ft/s) |
| Muzzle energy | 2,036 J (1,502 ft⋅lbf) | 1,951 J (1,439 ft⋅lbf) | 1,946 J (1,435 ft⋅lbf) |
| Accuracy of fire at 300 m (328 yd) R50[A] | 75 mm (3.0 in) | 140 mm (5.5 in) | 140 mm (5.5 in) |
A R50 at 300 m (328 yd) means the closest 50 percent of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter at 300 m (328 yd).
B Military 7.62×39 mm ammunition is purportedly tested to function well in temperatures ranging from −50 to 50 °C (−58 to 122 °F) cementing its usefulness in cold polar or hot desert conditions.
Since approximately 1990, the 7.62×39 mm cartridge has seen some use in hunting arms in the U.S. for hunting game up to the size ofwhitetail deer, as it is slightly less powerful than the.30-30 Winchester round, and has a similar ballistic profile.[20] Large numbers of imported semiautomatic rifles, such as theSKS andAK-47 clones and variants, are available in this caliber.Romania produces a 7.62×39mm AK-styleWASR-10 modern sporting rifle designed for the sporting market.[citation needed] The lower cost and higher availability of military surplus ammunition makes this cartridge attractive for many civilian hunters, plinkers, target andmetallic silhouette shooters.[citation needed]
In addition, severalAR-15 manufacturers have produced the 7.62×39mm option. Some current and past companies includeAR-Stoner,Armalite,Colt,Rock River Arms,Olympic Arms,DPMS, Del-Ton Inc, and ModelOne Sales. Custom builds and conversion kits are available as well. Wide availability and low-cost ammo with a wide variety of manufacturers make it a much lower cost of operation compared to other 5.56×45 mm alternatives. Conversions include a new bolt, firing pin, extractor, barrel, and magazine.[21] On December 1, 2014,CMMG introduced the Mk47 Mutant (later rebranded to Resolute line) rifle in 7.62×39 mm, using a cut-down AR10 bolt.[citation needed]
Ruger produces theRuger Mini Thirty as a 7.62×39 mm version of its popular RugerMini-14 rifle.[22][23] In 2017, Ruger began production of a model of theAmerican Rifle in 7.62×39.[24] They have also offered variants of the bolt-actionM77 in this caliber.[25]
Remington Arms advertised the compactModel 799 Mini Mauser bolt-action rifle chambered in 7.62×39 mm in 2006.[26] The Mauser action is a copy of theGewehr 98 model rifle's action.[citation needed]CZ-USA sells theCZ 527 carbine, a "micro length Mauser style" bolt-action rifle chambered in 7.62×39mm and .223 Remington.[27]
Savage Arms has introduced (around 2010–2011) their own bolt-action 10 FCM scout rifle in 7.62×39 mm.[28] Both theSIG Sauer SIG516 Russian and theSIG 556R are chambered in 7.62×39 mm.[citation needed] In 2016,Howa introduced a bolt-action rifle chambered in 7.62×39 mm that uses their long-standingHowa M1500 barreled action. The model is called the Howa Mini-Action and is specifically designed for shorter intermediate cartridges.[29]
Trajectories are identical according to Remington
Trajectories are identical according to Remington
Cartridges derived from the7.62×39mm or its derivatives | |||||
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| First generation derivatives |  | ||||
| Second generation derivatives |
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| Third generation derivatives |
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