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560s

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Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
5th century 6th century 7th century
Decades
540s 550s 560s 570s 580s
Years
560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The560s decade lasted from January 1, 560, to December 31, 569.

Events

560

This section istranscluded fromAD 560.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

Alboin succeeds his fatherAudoin after his death, as king of theLombards.

Britain

Adda succeeds his brotherGlappa as king ofBernicia (approximate date).
Ælla becomes king ofDeira (this according to theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle).
Ceawlin succeeds his fatherCynric as king ofWessex (approximate date).
Custennin ap Cado abdicates as king ofDumnonia (South West England).
Elidyr of Strathclyde invadesGwynedd (Wales) and tries to expel his brother-in-law, kingRhun Hir ap Maelgwn.

By topic

Religion

Columba quarrels withFinnian of Moville over authorship of apsalter, leading to a pitched battle the next year.

561

This section istranscluded fromAD 561.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

November 29 – KingChlothar I ("the Old") dies atCompiègne at age 64. TheMerovingian dynasty is continued by his four sons (Charibert I,Guntram,Sigebert I andChilperic I), who divide theFrankish Kingdom and rule from the capitals atParis,Orléans,Reims andSoissons, respectively.

Britain

The Battle of Cúl Drebene (modernIreland) is fought between the Northern and SouthernUí Néill (approximate date).

Asia

Winter –Wu Cheng Di succeeds his brotherXiao Zhao Di, who dies from injuries suffered whilehunting, as Chinese emperor ofNorthern Qi.

Americas

Sky Witness is crowned as leader ofCalakmul.

By topic

Religion

March 4 –Pope Pelagius I dies inRome after a five-year reign, and is succeeded byJohn III as the 61stpope.
Jnanagupta, a Buddhistmonk fromGandhara (Pakistan), begins translatingBuddhist texts intoChinese.
TheFirst Council of Braga is held. The council condemns the doctrine ofPriscillianism.

562

This section istranscluded fromAD 562.(edit |history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

EmperorJustinian I signs apeace treaty with thePersian Empire. Thestatus quo ante is restored, withLazica (modernGeorgia) in Byzantine hands.
Belisarius stands trial forcorruption inConstantinople, possibly withProcopius acting aspraefectus urbi. He is found guilty and sent toprison.
End of theLazic War: In theFifty-Year Peace Treaty, KingKhosrau I recognises Lazica as aByzantine vassal state for an annual payment of 5,000 pounds ofgold each year.^[1]
December 23 – Justinian I re-consecratesHagia Sophia after itsdome is rebuilt.Paul the Silentiary, Byzantine poet, writes an epicpoem (Ekphrasis).
The last Ostrogothic strongholds at Verona and Brixia are taken by the Eastern Roman Empire, ending the Gothic War.

Europe

KingSigebert I repels an attack onAustrasia by theAvars atRegensburg (Germany). He moves his capital fromReims toMetz (approximate date).

Asia

Spring –Xiao Ming Di, age 20, succeeds his fatherXuan Di as emperor of the ChineseLiang Dynasty.
Silla, by order of kingJinheung, wages war uponGaya (Three Kingdoms of Korea) and conquers it.
The secondary capitalTaiyuan inNorthern Qi is rebuilt and becomes a center ofBuddhism.

Mesoamerica

TheMaya state ofCaracol (Belize) defeats KingWak Chan K'awiil (Double Bird) ofTikal in battle^[2] during theFirst Tikal-Calakmul War, ending his dynasty.

563

This section istranscluded fromAD 563.(edit |history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

EmperorJustinian I pardonsBelisarius; he orders his release fromprison, and restores his properties andhonours. He permits the general to live in obscurity, and gives him a veterans'pension.
The newHagia Sophia (cost: 20,000 pounds ofgold^[3]), with its numerouschapels andshrines, octagonaldome andmosaics, becomes the centre and most visible monument ofEastern Orthodoxy.

Europe

Tauredunum event:^[4] A mountain landslide into theRhone river destroys a fort and two villages, and creates atsunami inLake Geneva. The wave which reachesLausanne is thirteen metres high, and eight metres high by the time it hitsGeneva. Describing the event,Marius Aventicensis writes that the tsunami "devastated very old villages with their men and cattle, it even destroyed many sacred places", and swept away "the bridge in Geneva, windmills and men".^[5]

By topic

Religion

Columba, Irishmissionary monk, travels toScotland with twelve companions. He lands on theKintyre Peninsula, nearSouthend, and begins hisevangelising mission to thePicts. On the island ofIona, he founds a monastery (Iona Abbey) on the west coast in theInner Hebrides.

564

This section istranscluded fromAD 564.(edit |history)

By place

Britain

Cadoc, abbot ofLlancarfan (Wales), settles inWeedon and is madebishop (approximate date).
August 22 –Columba reports seeing theLoch Ness Monster at theRiver Ness (according to the"Life of St. Columba").

Mesoamerica

Tulum, Mayawalled city, on theYucatán Peninsula (modernMexico) is first mentioned on astele inscription.^[6]

By topic

Religion

Samson of Dol,one of seven founder saints of Brittany, attends a council inParis and witnesses severalroyal decrees (approximate date).

565

This section istranscluded fromAD 565.(edit |history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

November 15 –Justin II succeeds his uncleJustinian I as emperor of theByzantine Empire. He begins his reign by refusing subsidies to theAvars, who conduct several large-scale raids through theBalkan Peninsula.
Justin II recalls his cousinJustin (pretender to thethrone) toConstantinople; after accusations against him, he is placed underhouse arrest.
Justin II sends his son-in-lawBaduarius (magister militum) with aByzantine army, to support theGepids in their war against theLombards.^[7]^[8]^[9]
TheMadaba Map is made in the Byzantine church ofSaint George. The floormosaic contains the depiction of theHoly Land (approximate date).

Britain

Columba, an Irishmissionary, spots theLoch Ness Monster on theRiver Ness (in present dayScotland) and saves the life of aPict (approximate date).

Europe

Summer – A war erupts betweenAlboin, the king of the Lombards, and KingCunimund, the leader of the Gepids. (approximate date).

Asia

Gao Wei succeeds his fatherWu Cheng Di as ruler of the ChineseNorthern Qi Dynasty. Wu Cheng Di becomes a regent andGrand Emperor.
TheUyghurs are defeated by theGöktürks, who expand their territory inCentral Asia (approximate date).

Central America

February 6 –Kʼan Joy Chitam I, ruler of theMayan city-state ofPalenque, in what is now the state ofChiapas in southernMexico, dies after a reign of exactly 36 years.
May 2 –Ahkal Moʼ Nahb II becomes the new ruler ofPalenque and reigns until his death in570.

By topic

Arts and sciences

Agathias begins to write a history, beginning whereProcopius finished his work.

Religion

January 22 – PatriarchEutychius of Constantinople is deposed asEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople byJustinian I after he refuses the Byzantine Emperor's order to adopt the tenets of theAphthartodocetae, a sect ofMonophysites. FromApril 12 he is replaced byJohn Scholasticus.
Columba begins preaching in theOrkney Islands (approximate date).

566

This section istranscluded fromAD 566.(edit |history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

AByzantine army, under command ofBaduarius, assists theGepids in their war against theLombards. TheByzantines win the first battle in the lowerDanube (Moesia), but Gepid KingCunimund refuses to hand back the fortress city ofSirmium (modernSerbia), as he had promised.
EmperorJustin II, facing an emptytreasury, breaks the treaty with the Gepids that has existed since565. KingAlboin of the Lombards makes analliance with theAvars underBayan I, at the expense of tough conditions. They demand a tenth of the Lombards'cattle and half of the warbooty.
Justin II sends his cousinJustin toexile inAlexandria, where he is installed asAugustal prefect ofEgypt. There he is murdered in his sleep, and his head is cut off and brought toConstantinople (most likely by assignment of EmpressSophia).^[10]

Europe

Ainmuire mac Sétnai becomesHigh King of Ireland, and rules from 566–569 (this according to theBook of Leinster).

Francia

A poet from Italy namedVenantius Fortunatus arrives at theMerovingian court atMetz. With a strong grasp of traditional Roman poetry, Fortunatus impresses and entertains the Frankish royalty and aristocracy. The success of a Latin poet in Francia suggests that Roman culture persisted well after the Roman Empire disintegrated in Gaul in the late 5th century.^[11]

Asia

Fei Di, age 12, succeeds his fatherWen Di, as emperor of the ChineseChen dynasty. He honors his grand-auntZhang Yao'er with the title ofGrand Empress, and she becomes hisregent.
Kirtivarman I succeeds his fatherPulakeshin I as king of theChalukya dynasty (India). During his rule he completes the subjugation of theKadambas and annexes the port ofGoa.

Unidentified

A majorvolcanic eruption occurs in the Antarctic.^[12]

567

This section istranscluded fromAD 567.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

TheLombard–Gepid War (567) ends with aLombard-Avar victory, and the annihilation of theGepids.
Sigebert I, king ofAustrasia, marriesBrunhilda, and his half brotherChilperic I marriesGalswintha, both daughters of the Visigothic kingAthanagild.
KingCharibert I dies without an heir; hisrealm (regionNeustria andAquitaine) is divided between his brothersGuntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I.^[13]
Liuva I succeeds his predecessor Athanagild, after aninterregnum of five months, and becomes king of theVisigoths.^[14]

China

Three Disasters of Wu: EmperorWu Di of theNorthern Zhou dynasty initiates the second persecution of Buddhists in China. This persecution continues until he is succeeded by his son EmperorXuan.

By topic

Religion

TheSecond Council of Tours is held. It decrees that anycleric found in bed with his wife will beexcommunicated.
John III,patriarch of Constantinople, organizes a compromise between theChalcedonians andMonophysites.

568

This section istranscluded fromAD 568.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

Spring – TheLombards, led by KingAlboin, cross theJulian Alps. Their invasion ofNorthern Italy is almost unopposed; witheredByzantine forces, that remain in thePo Valley and are based atRavenna, are no match for the overwhelming Lombard incursion. Residents of the Italian countryside flee at the Lombards' approach. Some retreat to thebarrier islands along the shore of the NorthernAdriatic Sea, where they establish permanent settlements: the nascent city ofVenice.^[15]
TheByzantines abandon present-dayLombardy andTuscany, to establish a frontiermarch in the hills south of Ravenna (still known asLe Marche).Bavarians,Sarmatians,Saxons andTaifali, join the invasionen route. As they advance, the vacuum left behind them on theBalkan Peninsula is filled byAvars,Bulgars andSlavs.
Sigebert I, king ofAustrasia, repels a second attack from the Avars. His half brotherChilperic I strangles his wifeGalswintha at the instigation of his mistressFredegund.
Liuvigild is declared co-king and heir after the second year of the reign of his brotherLiuva I. He becomes ruler over theVisigoths inHispania Citerior (EasternSpain).^[16]
Mummolus, Gallo-Romanprefect, defeats the Lombards atEmbrun and expels them fromProvence (SouthernGaul).
TheAvar Khaganate attempts to expelKutrigurs who had fled theGöktürks, ordering them to go south of theSava River; those who leave generally fall under rule of the Turks.

Britain

Æthelric succeeds his brotherAdda as king ofBernicia (modernScotland). He rules from 568–572 (approximate date).
Battle of Wibbandun:Ceawlin of Wessex defeatsÆthelberht of Kent (according to theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle).

Asia

TheTurks andSassanids succeed in destroying theHepthalites on the eastern frontier (approximate date).
A Turkishkhan sends emissaries to theByzantine Empire (approximate date).

By topic

Religion

EmperorJustin II and his wifeSophia send theCross of Justin II ("Vatican Cross") toRome, to improve the relations with theByzantine Empire.^[17]
Paulinus I, patriarch ofAquileia, flees with the treasures of his church and transfers them to the island ofGrado.

569

This section istranscluded fromAD 569.(edit |history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

EmperorJustin II and his wifeSophia send arelic of the "True Cross" to theFrankish princessRadegund, who has founded amonastery atPoitiers.
TheGaramantian Kingdom (modernLibya) signs apeace treaty with theByzantine Empire. The capital city ofGarama is converted toChristianity.^[18]

Europe

September – TheLombards conquer Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) in northeastern Italy. Later in the year, the Lombards conquerMilan.
Gisulf I, nephew of Alboin, is appointed as the firstduke of Friuli (approximate date).

Arabia

Al-Mundhir III succeeds his fatherAl-Harith V and becomes king of theGhassanids.

By topic

Religion

TheNubian kingdom ofAlodia is converted to Christianity by Byzantinemissionaries (according toJohn of Ephesus).
John of Ephesus completes his"Biographies of Eastern Saints" (approximate date).
November 19 – In Poitiers the"Vexilla Regis" is first sung during theProcession.

Significant people

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Births

Transcluding articles:560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568, and569

560

Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Arabic leader (d.652)
Constantina, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
Eustace of Luxeuil,abbot (approximate date)
Isidore of Seville,archbishop and scholar^[19]
Richarius, Frankishhermit andmonk (approximate date)
Sophronius,patriarch of Jerusalem (d.638)
Tassilo I,duke of Bavaria (d.610)

561

Yang Lihua, empress ofNorthern Zhou (d.609)

563

Andreas of Caesarea,bishop and writer (d.637)
Chindasuinth, king of theVisigoths (d.653)

564

Hermenegild, Visigoth prince (approximate date)
Li Baiyao, Chinese official andhistorian (d.647)

565

Chen Yueyi, empress ofNorthern Zhou (approximate date)
Cuthwine, prince ofWessex (approximate date)
Gundoald, Bavarian nobleman (approximate date)
Marutha of Tikrit, Persiantheologian (d.649)
Mirin, Irishmonk andmissionary (approximate date)
Sisebut, king of theVisigoths (approximate date)
Witteric, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
Yuan Leshang, empress of Northern Zhou

566

Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle ofMuhammad (approximate date)
Li Yuan,Emperor Gaozu of theTang dynasty (d.635)
Xiao, empress of theSui dynasty (approximate date)
Yuchi Chifan, empress ofNorthern Zhou (d.595)

567

Ingund, wife ofHermenegild (or568)

568

Feng Deyi, chancellor of theTang dynasty (d.627)
Ingund, princess, spouse ofVisigoth princeHermenegild (d.584)
Liu Wenjing, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d.619)

569

Yángdi, emperor of theSui dynasty (d.618)^[20]

Muhammad, Prophet ofIslam

Deaths

Transcluding articles:560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568, and569

560

Aspasius of Auch,bishop of Éauze
Audoin, king of theLombards (approximate date)
Chen Chang, prince of theChen dynasty (b.537)
Clodoald,Merovingian prince (approximate date) (b.522)
Cynric, king ofWessex^[21]
Domitian of Huy, Frankishbishop andsaint
Glappa, king ofBernicia (approximate date)
Ming Di, emperor ofNorthern Zhou (b.534)
Thurisind, king of theGepids (approximate date)
Yang Yin, official ofNorthern Qi (b.511)^[22]

561

March 4 –Pope Pelagius I^[23]
November 29 –Chlothar I, king of theFranks
Chram, Frankish prince and son of Chlothar I
Fei Di, emperor ofNorthern Qi (b.545)
Xiao Zhao Di, emperor of Northern Qi (b.535)

562

Dowager Cao,concubine of Xuan Di
Dowager Gong, empress mother of Xuan Di
Procopius, Byzantinehistorian (approximate date)
Xuan Di, emperor of theLiang Dynasty (b.519)

563

January –Cutzinas, Berber chieftain
Hou Andu, general of theChen dynasty (b.520)
Wang, empress of theLiang dynasty

564

Gao Bainian,crown prince ofNorthern Qi (b.556)
Laisrén mac Nad Froích, Irishmonk andsaint
Petroc, Celtic prince and saint (approximate date)
Tudwal, Breton monk and saint (approximate date)

565

November 14 –Justinian I, emperor of theByzantine Empire
Audoin, king of theLombards (approximate date)
Belisarius, Byzantine general ("Last of the Romans")
Diarmait mac Cerbaill,High King (approximate date)
Dorotheus of Gaza, monk andabbot (approximate date)
Procopius, Byzantine historian (approximate date)
Samson of Dol,bishop andsaint (approximate date)

566

Domnall Ilchelgach,High King of Ireland
Forggus mac Muirchertaig, High King
Justin, Byzantine aristocrat and general
Pulakeshin I, king of theChalukya dynasty (India)
Wen Di, emperor of theChen dynasty (b.522)

567

June 5 –Theodosius I,patriarch of Alexandria
Athanagild, king of theVisigoths^[24]
Charibert I, king of theFranks^[13]
Cissa, king of theSouth Saxons
Cunimund, king of theGepids

568

Adda, king ofBernicia (approximate date)
Galswintha, queen consort of Neustria, married toChilperic I (b.540)

569

Ainmuire mac Sétnai,High King of Ireland
Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, king of theGhassanids
Peter IV,Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria
Wu Cheng Di, emperor ofNorthern Qi (b.537)

References

^Frye Ancient Iran
^Arlen Chase and Diane Chase 2008. "What the Hieroglyphs Don't Tell You": Archaeology and History at Caracol, Belize. Mayab 20: 103-108
^P. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire:"A New History of Rome and the Barbarians", p. 283
^"Lake Geneva 'may face tsunami risk'".Daily Telegraph. 28 October 2012. Retrieved28 October 2012.
^"Des chercheurs reconstituent le tsunami du lac Léman de l’an 563"Archived September 5, 2017, at theWayback Machine,Le Monde, 28 October 2012
^Photos of Tulum Archeological Site
^Rovagnati 2003, p. 30
^Jarnut 1995, p. 22.
^Martindale 1992,s.v. Baduarius (2), p. 64–65.
^Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992) p. 753–754
^Wickham, Chris (2005).Framing the Early Middle Ages. p. 175.
^Connor, Steve (2014-07-07). "Our explosive past is written in the Antarctic ice".i. London. p. 17.
^^a ^bCharibert I, Edward James,The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, ed. Oliver Nicholson, (Oxford University Press, 2018), 317.
^Isidore, chapter 46; translated by Donini and Ford, p. 22
^Traditional date as given in William J. Langer, ed.An Encyclopedia of World History
^John of Biclaro,Chronicle 10. Translated byKenneth Baxter Wolf,Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain, second edition (Liverpool: University Press, 1990), p. 60
^McClanan, p. 167
^John of Biclar, Chronicle 3,Chronica Minora 2, p. 212
^Catholic EncyclopediaSt. Isidore of Seville
^"Yangdi | emperor of Sui dynasty".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved14 July 2021.
^"Cynric | king of Wessex".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved30 May 2019.
^Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol. 3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four. BRILL. 18 September 2014. p. 1855.ISBN 978-90-04-27185-2.
^"Pelagius I | pope".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved7 May 2019.
^McKitterick, Rosamond; Fouracre, Paul; Reuter, Timothy; Abulafia, David; Luscombe, David Edward; Allmand, C. T.; Riley-Smith, Jonathan; Jones, Michael (1995).The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, C.500-c.700. Cambridge University Press. p. 183.ISBN 9780521362917.

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