_label.svg)
5.1 surround sound ("five-point one") is the common name forsurround sound audio systems. 5.1 is the most commonly used layout inhome theatres.[1] It uses five full-bandwidth channels and onelow-frequency effects channel (the "point one").[2]Dolby Digital, DolbyPro Logic II,DTS, andSDDS all common 5.1 systems. 5.1 is also the standard surround sound audio component ofdigital broadcast and music.[3]
All 5.1 systems use the same speaker channels and configuration, having a front left (FL) and front right (FR), acenter channel (CNT), twosurround channels (surround left -SL and surround right -SR) and thelow-frequency effects (LFE) channel designed for asubwoofer.[4][5]
An early predecessor to five channel surround sound appeared with the 195320th Century Fox filmThe Robe. The studio felt the film needed a larger soundstage to match its widerCinemaScope presentation and released it with four-track magnetic stereo sound with left, right, center and mono surround channels.Dolby Stereo was introduced in the 1970s, which similarly featured a four channel soundtrack.[6]
A prototype for five-channel surround sound, then dubbed "quintaphonic sound", was used in the 1975 filmTommy, however, it had no dedicated subwoofer channel and used only two surround speakers in the rear corners of the auditorium thus causing the same problems with audience coverage uniformity that had been fixed inFantasound (1939) by using surround arrays.[7] There was an early Dolby application of optical matrix encoding in 1976 (released on the filmLogan's Run), but it did not use split surrounds, and thus was not true 5.1.
The 1977 release ofStar Wars featured a six-track stereo mix developed by Dolby called "baby boom" that consolidated vocals to the center channel, while the left-center and right-center channels were used to enhance deep bass effects.[6] Dolby first used split surrounds with 70 mm film during the postproduction ofApocalypse Now (1979), which directorFrancis Ford Coppola and editorWalter Murch used to create a more immersive soundscape for the film's helicopter sequences.[8][9] Because of the lengthy production ofApocalypse Now,Superman (1978) was the first film released with split surrounds. Instead of the five screen channels and single surround channel of theTodd-AO format,Dolby Stereo 70 mm Six Track provided three screen channels, two high-passed surround channels, and a monophonic low-frequency channel. The name 5.1 was given in aSociety of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) Committee on Digital Sound on Film in 1987 byTomlinson Holman.
The first system with digital 5.1 surround sound wasDolby Digital in 1992 withBatman Returns, followed byDTS inJurassic Park in 1993, andSDDS withLast Action Hero in 1993.Kodak and Optical Radiation Corporation introducedCinema Digital Sound (CDS) in 1990 withDick Tracy, but it had no analog backup and after failing on opening day it was phased out shortly thereafter.
Tomlinson Holman built a four-channel panner in 1982 forReturn of the Jedi using parts from his earlier Apt/Holman preamplifier. It was extended to 5.1 by Sound Workshop (with proper credit) and SSL in its 5000 Series (with no credit). The console included ABCDEF channels: respectively, A left, B right, C centre, D left rear, E right rear, F bass.
When digital sound was applied to 35 mm release prints, withBatman Returns in 1992, the 5.1 layout was adopted. The ability to provide 5.1 sound had been one of the key reasons for using 70 mm for prestige screenings. The provision of 5.1 digital sound on 35 mm significantly reduced the use of the more expensive 70 mm format.
5.1 digital surround, in the forms of Dolby Digital AC-3 and DTS, started appearing on several mid-1990sLaserDisc releases, among the earliest beingClear and Present Danger andJurassic Park (the latter having both AC3 and DTS versions). Many DVD releases have Dolby Digital tracks up to 5.1 channels, due to the implementation of Dolby Digital in the development of the DVD format. In addition, some DVDs have DTS tracks, with most being 5.1 channel mixes (a few releases, however, have 6.1 "matrixed" or even discrete 6.1 tracks).Blu-ray anddigital cinema both have eight-channel capability which can be used to provide either 5.1 or7.1 surround sound. 7.1 is an extension of 5.1 that uses four surround zones: two at the sides and two at the back.
The order of channels in a 5.1 file is different across file formats. The order inWAV files is (not complete) front left, front right, center,low-frequency effects, surround left and surround right.[10]
In music, the main goal of 5.1 surround sound is a proper localization and equability of all acoustic sources for a center-positioned audience. Therefore, ideally five matched speakers should be used.
For playback theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommends the following configuration (ITU-R BS 775):[11][5]