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5-Fluoro-AMT

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Psychedelic drug
Pharmaceutical compound
5-Fluoro-AMT
Clinical data
Other names5-Fluoro-α-methyltryptamine; 5-Fluoro-alpha-methyltryptamine; 5-Fluoro-αMT; 5-Fluoro-AMT; 5F-AMT; PAL-212; PAL-544
Routes of
administration
Oral[1]
Drug classSerotonin receptor agonist;Serotonin5-HT2A receptoragonist;Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent;Serotonergic psychedelic;Hallucinogen;Stimulant;Entactogen
ATC code
  • None
Identifiers
  • 1-(5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine
CAS Number
PubChemCID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC11H13FN2
Molar mass192.237 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • Fc1cc2c(cc1)[nH]cc2CC(N)C
  • InChI=1S/C11H13FN2/c1-7(13)4-8-6-14-11-3-2-9(12)5-10(8)11/h2-3,5-7,14H,4,13H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:CTGFDWBZMCPVED-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

5-Fluoro-αMT, also known as5-fluoro-α-methyltryptamine (5F-AMT) or by its developmental code namesPAL-212[2][3] andPAL-544,[4][5] is amonoaminergicdrug of thetryptamine andα-alkyltryptamine families related toα-methyltryptamine (αMT).[2][3][4] It is takenorally.[1][6]

The drug is known to act as aserotonin receptor agonist,[2][3]monoamine releasing agent,[2][3][4] andpotentmonoamine oxidase inhibitor.[7][8] It producespsychedelic- andstimulant-like effects in animals.[9][8][10][11] 5-Fluoro-AMT is also known to bepsychoactive in humans, though its effects have not been well-described.[1][6]

5-Fluoro-AMT was first described in thescientific literature by 1963.[11] There has been interest in 5-fluoro-AMT as a possible treatment forcocaine dependence.[4]

Use and effects

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5-Fluoro-AMT has been said to bepsychoactive in humans at a dose of 25 mgorally, although the qualitative nature of these effects has not been well-described.[1][6]Preclinical studies suggest that 5-fluoro-αMT may be apsychedelic,stimulant, and/orentactogen in humans.[2][3][4][9][8][10][11] However, 5-fluoro-AMT may be dangerous in humans due to its concomitantpotentmonoamine oxidase inhibition.[7][12]

William Leonard Pickard has described his experiences with 5-fluoro-AMT, which he hadsynthesized along with6-fluoro-AMT, in personal interviews.[6] According to Pickard, 5-fluoro-AMT had aduration of at minimum 9 hours and varied in length significantly.[6] The dose was 25 mg and above.[6] Pickard has said that 5-fluoro-AMT was not a "warm drug" but that he remained favorable to it.[6] Its effects includedtime dilation among others.[6] He said that it gave him the worst post-tripheadaches he'd experienced from any psychedelic and they lasted up to 24 hours.[6]

Pickard has said that 5-fluoro-AMT is lesspotent and long-lasting than 6-fluoro-AMT.[6] The related drug AMT was one of Pickard's favorite psychedelics, and he said that he took it more than 50 times and experienced no negativeside effects with it.[6]

Interactions

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See also:Psychedelic drug § Interactions, andTrip killer § Serotonergic psychedelic antidotes

Pharmacology

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Pharmacodynamics

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5-Fluoro-AMT has been found to act as a fairly balancedserotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA),[4][2] as aserotonin5-HT2A receptoragonist,[2][13] and as apotent and specificMAO-A inhibitor.[12][14][15][16][17] ItsEC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values in terms ofmonoamine release are 14 to 19 nM for serotonin, 78 to 126 nM fornorepinephrine, and 32 to 37 nM fordopamine in rat brainsynaptosomes.[4][2][3] The drug'sEC50 at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is 8.47 nM and itsEmaxTooltip maximal efficacy at the receptor is 107%.[3] TheIC50Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 5-fluoro-AMT forMAO-A is 180 to 450 nM.[7][8][12] This is similar to the potency of αMT,para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), and4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA).[7]

5-Fluoro-αMT induces thehead-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic-like effects, in rodents.[9][8][10] It is also known to reversereserpine-inducedbehavioral depression, suggesting that it hasantidepressant- orstimulant-like effects as well.[11] 5-Fluoro-AMT does not substitute forcocaine indrug discrimination tests but did substitute for cocaine inmonkeys.[4] It does not facilitateintracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rodents.[4]

Chemistry

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Analogues

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Analogues of 5-fluoro-AMT include5-fluorotryptamine,5-fluoro-DMT,5-fluoro-AET, andBK-5F-NM-AMT, as well as5-chloro-αMT,6-fluoro-AMT,7-chloro-AMT,7-methyl-αET,5-API (PAL-571), andflucindole, among others.

BK-5F-NM-AMT, theN-methyl and β-ketoderivative of 5-fluoro-AMT, is aserotonin–dopamine releasing agent (SDRA) analogously to 5-fluoro-AMT.[18] In contrast to 5-fluoro-AMT and many other tryptamines however, BK-5F-NM-AMT is inactive as anagonist ofserotonin receptors including the5-HT1,5-HT2, and5-HT3 receptors and is inactive as amonoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).[18]

History

[edit]

5-Fluoro-AMT was first described in thescientific literature, by Asher Kalir andStephen Szara, by 1963, and was described as showingantidepressant- orstimulant-like effects in rodents.[11] It was first tried in humans by 1984.[1] The drug'spsychedelic-like effects in animals were described by 1995.[10] 5-Fluoro-AMT'smonoamine release andserotonin receptor agonism were shown by 2014, along with support for it having stimulant-like effects in monkeys.[2][3][4] The drug was investigated as a possible candidate for treatment ofcocaine dependence and these findings were published in 2014.[4]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdeMcKenna DJ, Towers GH (1984)."Biochemistry and pharmacology of tryptamines and beta-carbolines. A minireview".J Psychoactive Drugs.16 (4):347–358.doi:10.1080/02791072.1984.10472305.PMID 6394730.
  2. ^abcdefghiBlough BE, Landavazo A, Decker AM, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Rothman RB (October 2014)."Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes".Psychopharmacology (Berl).231 (21):4135–4144.doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3557-7.PMC 4194234.PMID 24800892.
  3. ^abcdefghBlough BE, Landavazo A, Partilla JS, Decker AM, Page KM, Baumann MH, Rothman RB (October 2014)."Alpha-ethyltryptamines as dual dopamine-serotonin releasers".Bioorg Med Chem Lett.24 (19):4754–4758.doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.062.PMC 4211607.PMID 25193229.
  4. ^abcdefghijkBanks ML, Bauer CT, Blough BE, Rothman RB, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Negus SS (June 2014)."Abuse-related effects of dual dopamine/serotonin releasers with varying potency to release norepinephrine in male rats and rhesus monkeys".Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology.22 (3):274–284.doi:10.1037/a0036595.PMC 4067459.PMID 24796848.
  5. ^"5-Fluoro-AMT".Isomer Design. 11 November 2024. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  6. ^abcdefghijk"Unusual Analogues: Drugs Used by Gordon Todd Skinner".thislandpress.com. This Land Press. Archived fromthe original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved8 April 2016.
  7. ^abcdReyes-Parada M, Iturriaga-Vasquez P, Cassels BK (2019)."Amphetamine Derivatives as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors".Front Pharmacol.10 1590.doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01590.PMC 6989591.PMID 32038257.
  8. ^abcdeNakagawasai O, Arai Y, Satoh SE, Satoh N, Neda M, Hozumi M, Oka R, Hiraga H, Tadano T (January 2004). "Monoamine oxidase and head-twitch response in mice. Mechanisms of alpha-methylated substrate derivatives".Neurotoxicology.25 (1–2):223–232.Bibcode:2004NeuTx..25..223N.doi:10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00101-3.PMID 14697897.
  9. ^abcHalberstadt AL, Geyer MA (2018). "Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior".Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 36. pp. 159–199.doi:10.1007/7854_2016_466.ISBN 978-3-662-55878-2.PMC 5787039.PMID 28224459.
  10. ^abcdTadano T, Neda M, Hozumi M, Yonezawa A, Arai Y, Fujita T, Kinemuchi H, Kisara K (February 1995). "alpha-Methylated tryptamine derivatives induce a 5-HT receptor-mediated head-twitch response in mice".Neuropharmacology.34 (2):229–234.doi:10.1016/0028-3908(94)00119-d.PMID 7617148.
  11. ^abcdeKalir A, Szara S (November 1963)."Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Fluorinated Tryptamine Derivatives".J Med Chem.6 (6):716–719.doi:10.1021/jm00342a019.PMID 14184932.
  12. ^abcWagmann L, Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Maurer HH, Meyer MR (April 2017)."In vitro monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of alpha-methyltryptamine analog new psychoactive substances for assessing possible toxic risks"(PDF).Toxicol Lett.272:84–93.doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.007.PMID 28302559.
  13. ^Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Tadano T, Kisara K, Ohizumi Y (March 1998)."Effect of gamma-mangostin through the inhibition of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine2A receptors in 5-fluoro-alpha-methyltryptamine-induced head-twitch responses of mice".British Journal of Pharmacology.123 (5):855–862.doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701695.PMC 1565246.PMID 9535013.
  14. ^Kinemuchi H, Arai Y (October 1986). "Selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase A and B by two substrate-analogues, 5-fluoro-alpha-methyltryptamine and p-chloro-beta-methylphenethylamine".Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology.54 (1):125–8.doi:10.1016/0028-3908(91)90057-i.PMID 3797802.S2CID 34761939.
  15. ^Kim SK, Toyoshima Y, Arai Y, Kinemuchi H, Tadano T, Oyama K, et al. (April 1991). "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by two substrate-analogues, with different preferences for 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons".Neuropharmacology.30 (4):329–35.doi:10.1016/0028-3908(91)90057-i.PMID 1852266.S2CID 34761939.
  16. ^Corne SJ, Pickering RW (1967). "A possible correlation between drug-induced hallucinations in man and a behavioural response in mice".Psychopharmacologia.11 (1):65–78.doi:10.1007/bf00401509.PMID 5302272.S2CID 3148623.
  17. ^Yamamoto T, Ueki S (January 1981). "The role of central serotonergic mechanisms on head-twitch and backward locomotion induced by hallucinogenic drugs".Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior.14 (1):89–95.doi:10.1016/0091-3057(81)90108-8.PMID 6258178.S2CID 45561708.
  18. ^abWO 2022061242, Baggott M, "Advantageous tryptamine compositions for mental disorders or enhancement", published 2023 March 24, assigned toTactogen 

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