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490s BC

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Decade

Millennium
1st millennium BC
Centuries
6th century BC 5th century BC 4th century BC
Decades
510s BC 500s BC 490s BC 480s BC 470s BC
Years
499 BC 498 BC 497 BC 496 BC 495 BC 494 BC 493 BC 492 BC 491 BC 490 BC
Categories
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This article concerns the period499 BC – 490 BC.

Events

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After a failed attack on the rebellious island ofNaxos inc.501 BC (on behalf of thePersians),Aristagoras, tyrant ofMiletus, to save himself from thewrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement ofHistiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras induces the Ionian cities ofAsia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating theIonian Revolt and beginning theGreco-Persian Wars betweenGreece and Persia.^[1]^[2] The pro-Persian tyrant ofMytilene is stoned to death.
Miltiades the Younger, the ruler of theThracian Chersonese, which has been under Persiansuzerainty since approximately514 BC, joins the Ionian revolt. He seizes the islands ofLemnos andImbros from the Persians.
Aristagoras seeks help with the revolt against the Persians fromCleomenes I, king ofSparta, but the Spartans are unwilling to respond.

498 BC

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Greece

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Alexander I succeeds his fatherAmyntas I as king ofMacedonia.
Athens andEretria respond to theIonian plea for help againstPersia and send troops. AnAthenian andEretrian fleet transports Athenian troops toEphesus. There they are joined by a force of Ionians and march uponSardis, the capital ofArtaphernes (thesatrap ofLydia and brother toDarius I ofPersia). Artaphernes, who has sent most of his troops to besiegeMiletus, is taken by surprise. However, Artaphernes is able to retreat to the citadel andhold it. Although the Greeks are unable to take the citadel, theypillage the town and set fires that burn Sardis to the ground.
Retreating to the coast, the Greek forces are met by the Persians under Artaphernes and defeated in theBattle of Ephesus.
Kaunos andCaria, followed byByzantium and towns in theHellespont also revolt against the Persians.Cyprus also joins the rebellion, asOnesilus removes his pro-Persian brother, Gorgos, from the throne ofSalamis.

Sicily

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After the assassination ofCleander, tyrant ofGela, power is transferred to his brother,Hippocrates, who subdues theSicels and conquers the Chalcidian cities ofCallipoli,Leontini,Naxos andZancle (now known asMessina). He also captures theSyracusan city ofCamarina, but is prevented from capturing Syracuse itself whenCorinth andCorcyra interferes in the war.

By topic

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Literature

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The Greek poetPindar composes his earliest survivingepinikion (Pythian ode 10).

497 BC

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This section istranscluded from497 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Greece

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Artybius ends therebellion inCyprus.^[3]
The Persians launch an expedition on theHellespont and laterCaria.^[4]

496 BC

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This section istranscluded from496 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Greece

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Hipparchos, son ofCharmos (a relative of the 6th century BC tyrantPeisistratus), wins thearchonship ofAthens as leader of the peace party which argues that resistance against the Persians is useless.

Tisicrates ofKroton wins thestadion race at the 71stOlympic Games.

Roman Republic

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The formerEtruscan King of Rome,Tarquinius Superbus, who had been exiled by the Romans in 509 BC, and his allyOctavius Mamilius, ofTusculum, together with theLatins are defeated by theRoman Republic army in theBattle of Lake Regillus, nearFrascati. The outcome of this battle establishes Roman supremacy over the Latins.

China

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King Goujian of Yue defeats and mortally injuresKing Helü of Wu

495 BC

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This section istranscluded from495 BC.(edit |history)

Roman Republic

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Atemple is built on theCircus Maximus, between the Aventine andPalatine hills, inRome, in honour of thegod Mercury and was dedicated on 15 May.^[5]
The number ofRoman tribes is increased to 21.
Additional colonists were sent to the colony atSignia.
TheVolsci launch an invasion against Rome, but are defeated, and in retaliation Rome plundersSuessa Pometia.^[6]
Roman troopsdefeat an invading force ofSabines.
Roman troops defeat an army of theAurunci near the town ofAricia.^[7]
The beginning of discord between the plebs and patricians leading to thefirst secession of the plebs.^[8]

China

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King Fuchai of Wu ascends to the throne after his father,King Helü of Wu, reigning as the last king of Wu until473 BC.

494 BC

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This section istranscluded from494 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Persian empire

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Having successfully captured several of the revoltingGreek city-states, thePersians underArtaphernes lay siege toMiletus. The decisiveBattle of Lade is fought at the island of Lade, near Miletus' port. Although out-numbered, the Greek fleet appears to be winning the battle until the ships fromSamos andLesbos retreat. The sudden defection turns the tide of battle, and the remaining Greek fleet is completely destroyed. Miletus surrenders shortly thereafter, and theIonian Revolt comes to an end.^[9]
The Persian leadersArtaphernes andMardonius grant a degree of autonomy to the Ionian cities. They abstain from financial reprisals and merely exact former levels of tribute. The Persians abolish the Greek tyrannies inIonia and permit democracies.
The Persians burn down theTemple of Apollo atDidyma.^[10]

Greece

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The Phoenician allies of the Persians retaliate fiercely against the Greeks, whom they perceive as pirates, unleashing savage reprisals..
TheThracians andScythians driveMiltiades the Younger from theChersonesos. Miltiades loads five boats with his treasures and makes for Athens. One of the boats, captained by Miltiades' eldest son,Metiochos is captured. Metiochos is taken as a lifelong prisoner to Persia.^[11]
TheSpartan king,Cleomenes I inflicts a severe defeat onArgos atSepeia nearTiryns (approximate date).^[12]

Roman republic

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The Senate appointsManius Valerius Maximus to the office of dictator to deal with a series of military threats, and a popular uprising.
The dictator Valeriusdefeats theSabines, and is awarded a triumph plus the honour of acurule chair in thecircus maximus.
The Roman consulAulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus defeats theVolsci, and aRoman colony is planted atVelitrae.
The Roman consulTitus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus defeats theAequi at the request of Rome'sLatin allies.
At the end of the military campaigns, the plebs retire to theSacred Mountain outsideRome in theSecession of the Plebs. To end the secession, the plebeians gain acceptance from the patricians that they may choose two leaders to whom they give the title ofTribunes. The office of the tribunate is thereby established.
Theaediles, magistrates of ancient Rome who are in charge of the temple and cult ofCeres, are first established. They are two officials of the plebeians, created at the same time as the tribunes, whose sanctity they share.

493 BC

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This section istranscluded from493 BC.(edit |history)

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Persian Empire

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APhoenician-mannedPersian fleet restores Persian control ofCyprus.

Greece

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The Athenian people electThemistocles asarchon, the chief judicial and civilian executive officer inAthens. He favours resistance against the Persians.
Themistocles starts the construction of a fortified naval base atPiraeus, the port town ofAthens.
Among the refugees arriving fromIonia after the collapse of theIonian Revolt is a chief namedMiltiades, who has a fine reputation as a soldier. Themistocles makes him a general in the Athenian army.

Roman Republic

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Thesecession of the plebs concludes.
TheRoman army, led byPostumus Cominius Auruncus defeats theVolsci and the Romans capture the towns ofLongula,Pollusca andCorioli.Gaius Marcius distinguishes himself in the battle for Corioli, and earns the cognomen Coriolanus.
During his second consulate, theRoman consul Spurius Cassius Vecellinus concludes a treaty with theLatin League, theFoedus Cassianum, confirming Roman primacy inLatium.

By topic

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Literature

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The Athenian poetPhrynicus produces a tragedy on theFall ofMiletus.^[13] The Athenian authorities ban the play from further production on the grounds of impiety.

492 BC

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This section istranscluded from492 BC.(edit |history)

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Greece

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The first expedition of KingDarius I ofPersia againstGreece commences under the leadership of his son-in-law and general,Mardonius. Darius sends Mardonius to succeed hissatrap (governor) inIonia,Artaphernes, with a special commission to attackAthens andEretria.
The Persians under Mardonius subdue and captureThrace andMacedonia.
Mardonius loses some 300 ships in a storm offMount Athos, which forces him to abandon his plans to attack Athens and Eretria.
Tisicrates wins thestadion race for a second time at the 72ndOlympic Games.^[14]

Sicily

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WhenCamarina, a Syracusan colony, rebels,Hippocrates, thetyrant ofGela, intervenes to wage war againstSyracuse. After defeating the Syracusan army at theHeloros River, he besieges the city. However, he is persuaded by the intervention of forces from the Greek mainland city ofCorinth to retreat in exchange for the possession of Camarina.

Rome

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Following the conclusion of thesecession of the plebs, a famine strikes Rome. The consuls avert the crisis by obtaining grain fromEtruria.
War with theVolsci isaverted because a pestilence affects the Volsci. Rome sends additional colonists toVelitrae and establishes a newcolony inNorba.

491 BC

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This section istranscluded from491 BC.(edit |history)

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Greece

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Darius I sends envoys to all Greek cities, demanding "earth and water for vassalage" whichAthens andSparta refuse.^[15]
The Greek city ofAegina, fearing the loss of trade, submits toPersia. TheSpartan king,Cleomenes I tries to punish Aegina for its submission to the Persians, but the other Spartan king,Demaratus, thwarts him.
Cleomenes I engineers the deposing of Spartan co-ruler Demaratus (and his replacement by Cleomenes’ cousinLeotychidas) by bribing theoracle atDelphi to announce that this action was divine will. The two Spartan kings successfully capture the Persian collaborators in Aegina.

Sicily

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Hippocrates,tyrant ofGela, loses his life in a battle against theSiculi, the native Sicilian people. He is succeeded as Tyrant of Gela byGelo, who had been his commander of cavalry.^[16]

Roman Republic

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During this year there was afamine in Rome. GeneralGais Marcius Coriolanus suggested that people should not receive grains unless they agree to abolish the Office ofTribune. Because of this, the Tribunes had him exiled. In response, Coriolanus takes refuge with the leader of theVolsci, eventually leading the Volscian army in a war against Rome. It was only due to entreaties from his mother and wife that he abandoned his war against Rome.^[17]
On theVia Latina, a main road leading out of Rome, theTemple of Fortuna Muliebras was finished.^[18]^[19]

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Art

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The construction of arelief begins in theApadana, a ceremonial complex atPersepolis. The relief picturesDarius I andXerxes I receivingtribute and is now displayed in theOriental Institute of theUniversity of Chicago.^[20]^[21]

490 BC

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This section istranscluded from490 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Greece

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Darius I sends an expedition, underArtaphernes andDatis the Mede, across theAegean to attack the Athenians and the Eretrians.Hippias, the aged ex-tyrant of Athens, is on one of the Persian ships in the hope of being restored to power in Athens.
When the Ionian Greeks inAsia Minor rebelled againstPersia in499 BC,Eretria joinedAthens in sending aid to the rebels. As a result, Darius makes a point of punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. The city is sacked and burned and its inhabitants are enslaved. He intends the same fate for Athens.
September 12 – TheBattle of Marathon takes place as a Persian army of more than 20,000 men is advised by Hippias to land in the Bay ofMarathon, where they meet the Athenians supported by thePlataeans. The Persians are repulsed by 11,500 Greeks under the leadership ofCallimachus andMiltiades. Some 6,400 Persians are killed at a cost of 192 Athenian dead. Callimachus, the war-archon of Athens, is killed in the battle. After the battle, the Persians return home.
Before the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians send a runner,Pheidippides, to seek help fromSparta. However, the Spartans delay sending troops to Marathon because religious requirements (theCarneia) mean they must wait for the full moon.
The Greek historianHerodotus, the main source for theGreco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who runs fromAthens toSparta asking for help, and then runs back, a distance of over 240 kilometres^[22] each way.^[23] After the battle, he runs back to Athens to spread the news and raise the spirits. It is claimed that his last words before collapsing and dying in Athens are "Chairete, nikomen" ("Rejoice, we are victorious").
Hippias dies atLemnos on the journey back toSardis after the Persian defeat.
Cleomenes I is forced to fleeSparta when his plot againstDemaratus is discovered, but the Spartans allow him to return when he begins gathering an army in the surrounding territories. However, by this time he has become insane, and the Spartans put him in prison. Shortly after, he commits suicide. He is succeeded as King of Sparta by a member of theAgiad house, his half-brother,Leonidas.

Europe

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Carthaginian navigatorHimilco is the first known explorer from the Mediterranean Sea to reach the northwestern shores of Europe (approximate date).

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Architecture

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The Athenians begin the building of a temple toAthena Parthenos (approximate date).
Stelae are once again allowed in Athenian cemeteries, having been banned since510 BC.