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440s

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Decade

Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
4th century 5th century 6th century
Decades
420s 430s 440s 450s 460s
Years
440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The440s decade ran from January 1, 440, to December 31, 449.

Events

440

This section istranscluded fromAD 440.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), returns astriumphator back toRome, after several years' fighting theBurgundians andVisigoths inGaul. He is honoured by astatue erected by theSenate, and by order of EmperorValentinian III.^{[citation needed]}
TheHuns underAttila reappear in force, along the frontier of theWestern Roman Empire. They attackmerchants on the north bank of theDanube and cities inIllyricum, including (according toPriscus)Viminacium, city ofMoesia.^{[citation needed]}

Africa

AVandal fleet and their allies (Alans,Goths andMoors) set out fromCarthage forSicily, the principal supplier ofoil andgrain toItaly after the loss ofNorth Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiegePalermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of KingGenseric.

Asia

Northern and Southern dynasties:Northern China is unified by theNorthern Wei dynasty. The South is still under the control of the Song (orLiu Song) dynasty.
Acenter of Buddhist studies is established atNalanda inBihar on the plains of theGanges River (India).

Persia

TheHephthalites (White Huns) move south from theAltai Mountains region intoTransoxiana,Bactria,Khorasan and easternPersia.

By topic

Art

The Parting of Lot and Abraham, mosaic in the nave arcade,Church of Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome), is made.

Ancient Games

Chaturanga, Indian war game and an ancestor ofchess through the Persian game ofShatranj (orChatrang), evolves in theIndus Valley on the Indian subcontinent (approximate date).

Religion

August 18 –Pope Sixtus III dies after an 8-year reign in which he has resistedheresy and sponsored major construction programs in Rome. He is succeeded byLeo I as the 45thpope.
September 29 – Leo I begins to formulateOrthodoxy and condemnsEutychianism, an extreme form ofmonophysitism which holds that the human nature ofChrist is absorbed by His divine nature.
Winter – Leo I sends a letter to Valentinian III stating, "by theHoly Spirit's inspiration the emperor needs no human instruction and is incapable ofdoctrinal error".

441

This section istranscluded fromAD 441.(edit |history)

By place

Byzantium

Chrysaphius, chief minister, persuades EmperorTheodosius II atConstantinople to dismiss his sisterPulcheria, for her policy of exiling theJews, and destroying theirsynagogues.^[1]
Theodosius II sends the Eastern imperial fleet, under the command of the Romano-GothAreobindus, intoSicilian waters, taking theVandals by surprise.
Pulcheria leaves for the seaportHebdomon (Turkey), and becomes anun to supportNestorianism in theHoly Land (Palestine).
TheHuns, led byAttila, attackConstanţa (modernRomania), one of the few remaining Romanforts on the northern bank of theDanube, and designated as a securetrading post. On a crowdedmarket day, the Huns take the town by surprise and slaughter thegarrison.^[2]

Europe

GermanSaxons establish themselves at the mouth of theThames River. After a period of peace,Vortimer (son of kingVortigern), defeats theSaxons in four battles inKent (according to theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle).
KingHermeric dies after a two-year illness; he is succeeded by his sonRechila, who becomes sole ruler over theSuebic Kingdom of Galicia.
Rechila invadesBaetica and conquers the capitalSeville. TheRomans are driven from theIberian Peninsula with the exception of theLevante.^{[citation needed]}
November 8 – Thefirst Council of Orange is convened under the guidance ofHilary of Arles inOrange (France).

Persia

KingYazdegerd II ofPersia signs apeace treaty after a short war with theEastern Roman Empire. Theodosius II sends his commander,Anatolius, to conclude his terms and promise not to build any newfortifications along the border territories.

By topic

Religion

Domnus II succeeds his uncleJohn asPatriarch of Antioch.

442

This section istranscluded fromAD 442.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

Valentinian III forms amarriage proposal for his eldest daughterEudocia and Genseric's sonHuneric. He is already married to a Visigoth princess, and Genseric decides to free him of his obligations by accusing her of trying topoison him. He leaves her mutilated - her ears and nose are cut off - and sends her back to her fatherTheodoric I, inToulouse (Gaul).^{[citation needed]}
TheHuns, on a military campaign along theDanube and theGreat Morava, destroy the city ofNaissus (modernSerbia). They have masteredsiege technology and are able to capture fortified cities. TheRoman Senate agrees to payAttila atribute of 700 pounds ofgold per year.

Africa

End of theVandal War (439-442): EmperorValentinian III signs apeace treaty with KingGenseric, and recognises theVandal Kingdom. He grants him sovereignty over most ofAfrica. Genseric gives backSicily andMauretania (Algeria andMorocco). This marks the end of the Vandalmigrations; they settle inNorth Africa, withCarthage as their capital.

By topic

Religion

TheMonastery of St. Shenouda the Archimandrite (White Monastery) nearSohag (Egypt) is built.^[3]

443

This section istranscluded fromAD 443.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

TheBurgundians sign apeace treaty withRome, agreeing to serve asfoederati in theRoman army. They begin to move from theUpper Rhine andFlavius Aetius, commander-in-chief (magister militum), gives them land in theGeneva area (Maxima Sequanorum).
Period ofcivil war and famine inBritain, caused by rival kingdoms andPictish invasions; the situation aggravates tensions betweenPelagian andRoman factions. Pro-Roman citizensmigrate towardsGaul.

By topic

Religion

Gunabhadra, IndianBuddhist monk, is an invited honored guest by emperorWen of Liu Song (Liu Song dynasty). He translates theLankavatara Sutra fromSanskrit into theChinese language.

444

This section istranscluded fromAD 444.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), settles theAlans aroundValence andOrléans, to contain unrest inBrittany.
Eudocia, eldest daughter of EmperorValentinian III, is betrothed toHuneric, son ofVandal KingGenseric (hostage inItaly).
Attila the Hun establishes his residence along theTisza River (modernHungary), and plans the coming campaign in theBalkans.
TheIrish city ofArmagh is founded by Saint Patrick the Great.

By topic

Religion

Pope Leo I extinguishes theGallican vicariate.
Dioscorus I becomesPatriarch of Alexandria.

445

This section istranscluded fromAD 445.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

EmperorValentinian III issues an imperialedict againstManichaeism. Heavy penalties are decreed against those who do not denounce thereligion, and retain Manichaean books.^[4]
Petronius Maximus, prominentaristocrat, is given the title ofPatrician. He becomes the most honored of all non-imperialRomans, and political rival ofFlavius Aetius.^[5]
Bleda, co-ruler of theHuns, dies in ahunting accident.^[6] He is possibly murdered at the instigation of his younger brotherAttila, with whom he has ruled since434. Now about 39, Attila takes thethrone for himself, and becomes king of theHunnic Empire.

By topic

Religion

Domnus II,Patriarch of Antioch, summons asynod ofSyrian bishops to confirm the deposition of Athanasius of Perrha.
Ireland: TheDiocese of Armagh is created.

446

This section istranscluded fromAD 446.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

BishopGermanus of Auxerre visitsRavenna, seeking to soften imperial hostility towards theBagaudae. On his arrival at the capital, empress-motherGalla Placidia sends him a silverdish with a choice selection of prepared dainties—allvegetarian, out of respect for the bishop's strictdiet. Germanus petitions theSenate for leniency for the citizens ofArmorica (Brittany).^[7]
TheBritons andAnglo-Saxon mercenaries, under KingVortigern, appeal toFlavius Aetius (magister militum ofGaul) for military assistance in their struggle against thePicts andIrish. Aetius has enough problems withAttila the Hun and is unable to send any help (according toGroans of the Britons).
TheCor Tewdws (College of Theodosius),Llantwit Major (Wales), is supposedly burned down byIrish pirates.

China

Three Disasters of Wu: TheNorthern Wei dynasty begins persecutingBuddhists, having heretofore encouraged them. The drain of manpower andtax money totemples andmonasteries has threatened the secular government, and the reaction is fierce:monks andnuns are murdered, temples andicons destroyed. All men under age 50 are prohibited from joining anymonastic order in a program that will continue until450, helping theConfucianist philosophy of theHan dynasty to gain dominance overBuddhism.

By topic

Religion

A localsynod is held byTuribius of Astorga.
Flavian becomespatriarch of Constantinople.

447

This section istranscluded fromAD 447.(edit |history)

By place

Byzantium

November 6 – TheWalls of Constantinople are severely damaged by an earthquake, which destroys large parts of the structure, including 57towers. The population is threatened by a plague. EmperorTheodosius II ordersConstantine,praetorian prefect of the East, to supervise the repairs. He employs the city'sdemoi ("Circus factions") in the work, and rebuilds the walls within 60 days.
TheHuns, led byAttila, cross theDanube, and invade theBalkans as far asThermopylae (Greece). During the invasion,Serdica (modernSofia) is destroyed. For disobeying the terms of the treaty made in442, Attila triples his demand fortribute to 2,100 pounds (ca. 700 kg) ofgold per year; and theransom for each Roman prisoner to 12solidi.
Theodosius II sends anembassy to Attila;Priscus of Panium, envoy for theEastern Roman Empire. Priscus records one of the few eyewitness accounts of the Hun kingdom.
Battle of the Utus: Attila defeats theRoman army near the riverUtus (Vit, Bulgaria). The Huns are forced to abandon the siege ofConstantinople. They march north and plunder the defenseless Balkan provinces (includingThrace,Scythia,Moesia,Dacia andIllyricum).
Winter – Theodosius II chooses a policy to protect Constantinople against the Huns. He removesAspar andAreobindus (magister militum) from their military commands.^[8]

Europe

Vortigern,king of the Britons, receives theSaxon leadersHengist and Horsa "as friends" and grants the brothers theIsle of Thanet, most easterly point ofKent (England).

By topic

Arts and Sciences

The first entry in theAnnales Cambriæ refers to this year.

Religion

Germanus,bishop of Auxerre, makes his second visit toBritain. He spiritually combats the revivedPelagian threat and expels theIrish fromPowys (Wales).
TheSynod of Toledo (Spain) tries to add thefilioque clause to theNicene Creed. TheEastern Orthodox Church refuses to go along with this idea.

448

This section istranscluded fromAD 448.(edit |history)

By place

Byzantium

EmperorTheodosius II sends anembassy toAttila the Hun;Anatolius, an Eastern Roman general (magister militum) responsible for the security of the Eastern frontier, achieves apeace treaty with theHuns, in exchange for an annualtribute of 950 kilograms (2,100 lb) ofgold per year.
Attila demands in the treaty theevacuation of the territory running fromSingidunum (Belgrade, inSerbia) 500 kilometres (300 mi) east along theDanube toNovae (Svishtov, inBulgaria). This depopulatedbuffer zone deprives theRomans of their natural defensive advantages.^[9]
Theodosius II orders all non-Christian books burned.

Europe

Flavius Aetius suppresses theBagaudae inArmorica (Gaul), and defeats theSalian Franks under KingChlodio nearArras (Belgica Secunda); the invaders are stopped around a river-crossing nearVicus Helena.
Rechiar succeeds his fatherRechila asking of the Suebi inGalicia (NorthernSpain). He marries a daughter of theVisigoth kingTheodoric I and converts toCatholicism.

China

Kou Qianzhi, ChineseDaoist reformer, dies after having converted emperorTaiwu of Northern Wei and having established Daoism as the country's dominantreligion. His death presages a revival ofBuddhism as China's dominant faith.

By topic

Religion

Eutyches is accused ofheresy at asynod held inConstantinople.

449

This section istranscluded fromAD 449.(edit |history)

By place

Europe

EmperorValentinian III sends anembassy toAttila the Hun. The purpose of the meeting is a long-running dispute overspoils of war during theDanube offensive (441–442). Attila claims his lost property, but Valentinian andFlavius Aetius (magister militum) refuse this request.^[10]
Flavius Orestes, Romanaristocrat, is sent to Attila's court and becomes a high-ranking secretary (notarius). He is the father of the future emperorRomulus Augustulus.
Traditional date –Vortigern, supposedking of the Britons, invitesHengist and Horsa, by tradition chieftains of theJutes, to form amilitary alliance against thePicts andScoti, so contributing to theAnglo-Saxon settlement of Britain (according toBede).

By topic

Religion

August 3 – TheSecond Council of Ephesus opens, chaired byDioscorus,patriarch of Alexandria.Flavian,patriarch of Constantinople, andDomnus II,patriarch of Antioch, are deposed onAugust 8.
October – A Romansynod repudiates all the decisions of the Second Council ofEphesus.
Anatolius becomes patriarch ofConstantinople.
Maximus II becomes patriarch ofAntioch.

Significant people

Attila the Hun, King of the Huns

Births

Transcluding articles:440,441,AD 442,443,444,445,446,447,448, and449

440

Bodhidharma, semi-legendaryBuddhist monk (approximate date)
Euric,Visigothic king and son ofTheodoric I (d.484)
Gaudentius, son ofFlavius Aetius (approximate date)
Qi Wudi, Chinese emperor of theSouthern Qi dynasty (d.493)
Tonantius Ferreolus,Gallo-Roman senator andprefect of Gaul
Vakhtang I, king ofIberia (modernGeorgia) (approximate date)
Wen Cheng Di, emperor of theNorthern Wei dynasty (d.465)

441

Shen Yue, Chinesehistorian and statesman (d.513)

442

Feng, Chinese empress andregent of theNorthern Wei dynasty (d.490)^[11]
Isidore of Miletus, Byzantinearchitect andmathematician (d.537)^{[citation needed]}
Placidia, Roman empress and daughter ofValentinian III (approximate date)

444

Xiao Ni, prince ofSouthern Qi (d.492)

448

Cyriacus of Athens, Greekanchorite andsaint (d.557)

449

February 25 –Liu Ziye, emperor of theLiu Song dynasty (d.466)
Eugendus,abbot ofCondat Abbey (approximate date)
Kavadh I, king of thePersian Empire (d.531)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:440,441,AD 442,443,444,445,446,447,448, and449

440

February 17 –Mesrob,Armenian monk andlinguist (b.362)
August 18 –Pope Sixtus III^[12] (b.390)
Amalgaid mac Fiachrae, king ofConnacht (Ireland)
Yuan Qigui, empress and wife ofWen of Liu Song (b.405)^[13]

441

Hermeric, king of theSuebi
John,Patriarch of Antioch

442

Veh Mihr Shapur,Sasanian military officer and Marzban ofArmenia^[14]

443

Zong Bing, Chinese artist and musician^[15]

444

Bricius,bishop of Tours
Cyril of Alexandria,patriarch andtheologian^[16]
Juqu Wuhui, prince ofNorthern Liang

445

Arsenius the Great,Desert Father
KingBleda of theHuns (approximate date)
Fan Ye, Chinesehistorian (b.398)
Nath Í mac Fiachrach,High King of Ireland

446

February 19 –Leontius of Trier, Bishop ofTrier
Mac Cairthinn mac Coelboth,king of Leinster (Ireland)
Proclus,patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)

447

Areobindus, Roman general (magister militum)
Juqu Mujian, prince of the Chinese stateNorthern Liang
Secundinus (or Seachnaill),patron saint

448

Kou Qianzhi, Chinese high official andDaoist (b.365)
Rechila,king of the Suebi (approximate date)
Saint Germanus,bishop of Auxerre (approximate date)

449

August 11 –Flavian,patriarch of Constantinople
Eucherius,bishop of Lyon (approximate date)
Hilary,bishop of Arles (b.403)

References

^Elton, Hugh (2018)."The Early Fifth Century, 395–455".The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–194.doi:10.1017/9781139030236.ISBN 978-0-521-89931-4.
^The End of Empire. Christopher Kelly, 2009.ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2
^"The Monastery of St. Shenouda The Archimandrite - Coptic Society".StShenouda.org.
^"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Manichaeism".www.newadvent.org. Retrieved2024-06-13.
^Cavazzi, Franco (2021-12-17)."Emperor Petronius Maximus | The Roman Empire". Retrieved2024-06-13.
^"Bleda | Hun leader | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2024-06-14.
^The End of Empire (p. 227). Christopher Kelly, 2009.ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2
^The End of Empire (p. 144). Christopher Kelly, 2009.ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2
^The End of Empire. Christopher Kelly, 2009.ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2
^The End of Empire. Christopher Kelly, 2009.ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2
^Book of Wei,vol. 13.
^Hughes, Philip (1 January 1979).History of the Church: Volume 2: The Church In The World The Church Created: Augustine To Aquinas. A&C Black. p. 447.ISBN 978-0-7220-7982-9.
^Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue (26 March 2015).Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E. Routledge. p. 377.ISBN 978-1-317-47591-0.
^Grousset, René (1947).Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 (in French). Paris: Payot.
^Kechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping, eds. (2014).Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide. Parts 3 & 4. Netherlands:Brill Publishers.
^"What Happened in 444 AD".OnThisDay.com. Retrieved2021-04-23.

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