| 415 Records | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Parent company | Sony BMG |
| Founded | 1978 (1978) |
| Founder | Howie Klein, Chris Knab, Butch Bridges |
| Defunct | 1989 (1989) |
| Status | Defunct |
| Distributor | Columbia |
| Genre | New wave,post-punk,alternative rock |
| Country of origin | U.S. |
| Location | San Francisco, California |
415 Records was a San Francisco record label created in 1978. The label focused its efforts on localpunk rock andnew wave music acts of the late 1970s through the late 1980s, includingThe Offs,The Nuns,The Units,Romeo Void, andWire Train. Its name, pronounced four-one-five (not four-fifteen), was a play on both the telephone area code for the San Francisco area and the California penal code section for disturbing the peace (indeed, in some promotional material, the phrase "disturbing the peace" was written underneath the 415 logo).[1] The label had a productive partnership withColumbia Records from 1981 until shortly before it was sold in 1989 toSandy Pearlman, who retitled the labelPopular Metaphysics.[1]
415 Records was founded in San Francisco in 1978 by entrepreneursHowie Klein, Chris Knab, and Butch Bridges. Klein was a writer and entertainment promoter, Knab owned an eclectic record store in the Noe Valley section of San FranciscoAquarius Records, and Bridges was a music collector and retailer. Klein and Knab had become friends when Klein did some photography for his friendHarvey Milk, whose camera store was close to Knab's Aquarius Records on Castro Street. They worked together on various radio shows around the Bay Area, including an alternative radio show onKSAN, and they started recording and promoting local musicians out of Knab's record store.[2]
Klein ran the label from a tiny office on 16th Street inthe Mission, a district of San Francisco, where he kept a pushpin-covered United States map on his wall, bearing a sign that read, "All Bands on Tour All the Time." Klein used his own late-night weekend radio shows to showcase his artist's records and he promoted them all over the country to nightclubs, record stores, and a newly blossoming array of other alternative radio stations. His artists were part of the 1980s San Francisco rock underground, though Klein leaned more toward the accessible, fun, new wave bands than thethrash metal andhard-core punk bands who were also part of that scene.[3] 415 was the first North American record label to focus on punk and new wave music and they featured mostly musicians from the San Francisco region, though the label eventually also included artists from other areas. The British labelStiff Records had done similarly two years earlier; marketing England's emergent 1970spub rock scene as punk and new wave and releasing their first record in August 1976.[4]
415 Records enjoyed early and sustained support fromBill Graham and fromDavid Rubinson, owner ofThe Automatt recording studio on Folsom Street. Bill Graham managed many top-name acts through his management and promotion agency,Bill Graham Presents, and from the start of the label he booked 415's artists as opening acts for major headlining bands to help them gain broader exposure.[1] Queenie Taylor, long an employee of Bill Graham Presents, purchased Butch Bridges' share of 415 Records in 1979.[1]
Rubinson discounted fees for 415 label bands to record at San Francisco'sThe Automatt studios; sometimes recording them on speculation, such that the studio would share in the profits from those record sales.[1]David Kahne, operating out of a closet-sized office upstairs at The Automatt,[3] worked as 415's A&R director, performing artist development and in-house production and engineering there for 415 until 1982, when he left Automatt and went to work inLos Angeles as Vice President of A&R forColumbia Records.[1] Even so, he continued to produce records for artists on the 415 label.[1]
415's first release was a 1978 single byThe Offs, entitledEveryone's a Bigot, with0° on the B-side (cat#911-39, 1978).[5][6] Subsequent early releases included 7-inch EPs bySVT (cat#S0005, 1979),The Nuns (cat#SUB01, 1979),[5] andPearl Harbor and the ExplosionsDrivin' (uncatalogued, 1979).[7][8] Later records included a 7-inch byThe Mutants (cat#34859, 1980), an album byThe Units (cat#A0003, 1980), a 12-inch33+1⁄3 rpm album byRomeo Void (cat# 415A-0007, 1981), a mini-album byNew Math (cat#A0008, 1981), and various other releases for many other bands.[5]
In 1981, 415 released Romeo Void's successful first LP,It's a Condition and then they built on that success by signing a co-branding contract withColumbia Records that gave Columbia first rights of refusal to produce, manufacture, and promote their artists' recordings. Many other independent labels would form similar alliances with major labels over the coming decades. 415 retained (nearly) full artistic control over which artists to sign, all recording, and the selection of songs and artwork. Columbia co-branded albums forRomeo Void,Translator,Wire Train,Until December and theRed Rockers under this arrangement; while outside the Columbia deal, Monkey Rhythm, thePop-O-Pies, andThe Uptones all recorded albums that were released and promoted independently by 415 Records. Like many other independent labels, 415 had struggled to reach a national market, but by partnering with Columbia's knowledge and its established connections with radio, television, and retailers, they were able to bring their records to a much broader audience.[1]
Following Kahne's departure in 1982, local musician and producerDaniel Levitin began working in the A&R department and in 1984, he became Director of A&R, serving as staff engineer and handling in-house production as well as development of new artists.[1] In the early 1980s, Queenie Taylor had begun managing Wolfgang's nightclub in San Francisco, and later, in the early 1990s, Slim's nightclub, owned byBoz Scaggs. Christopher Knab sold his share of the label in 1985 and he moved toSeattle,Washington to manage theUniversity of Washington's alternative radio station KCMU, nowKEXP 90.3 fm. Klein joinedSire Records in 1987 and he was named general manager ofReprise Records in 1989.[1]
Five artists that Levitin was supervising at 415 were turned down by Columbia for the 415/Columbia partnership: The Stir-Ups, The Big Race, The Scene, The Afflicted and Rhythm Riot. With Howie's blessing, Levitin completed the production for the latter two and sold the distribution rights to a different independent label, San Francisco's Infrasonic Records.
In 1989, Howie Klein was named general manager ofReprise Records inBurbank, California and Levitin stayed to help run the label after Klein left.[1] Three months later,Sandy Pearlman and Steve Schenck bought 415. By this time, Al Teller, who had been president of Columbia Records when the 415 partnership began, was now president ofMCA Records. Pearlman changed the record label's name toPopular Metaphysics and formed a co-branding alliance with MCA,[1] ending the 415 label.
Although closely associated with punk rock and new wave, 415 Records hosted a diverse group of artists, including:[5]
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