Quebec City's 400th anniversary, celebrated in 2008, commemorated the founding ofQuebec City in 1608 bySamuel de Champlain.[1] Quebec City is the oldestfrancophone city inNorth America.[2] Along with Acadia, the city represents the birthplace of French America.[3]
La Société du 400e de Québec, the organization responsible for planning the festivities, was chaired byDaniel Gélinas.[4]
Together, municipal, provincial and federal levels of theCanadian government invested approximately $155 million in the events and infrastructure created for the celebration.[5]
Celebrations took place all over the world. InCanada:Victoria,Vancouver,Edmonton,Calgary,Winnipeg,Regina,Toronto,Ottawa,Gatineau,Montreal,Fredericton,Halifax,Charlottetown,St. John's,Whitehorse,Yellowknife, andIqaluit; in theUnited States:Washington,Jamestown,New York,Atlanta,Boston,Chicago,Fort Lauderdale,Lafayette, andMiami;[6] inArgentina:Cordoba,[6] inFrance:Paris,Bordeaux,Lyon,Reims,La Rochelle, andBrouage (the birthplace of Samuel de Champlain);[7] inBelgium:the Flemish Region,Brussels,Wallonia, andNamur;[8] inItaly:Turin,Rome, andMilan;[8] in theUnited Kingdom:London.[8]
In 1908,Quebec City celebrated its 300th anniversary at a magnitude never before seen in the city.[9] ThePrince of Wales, the futureKing George V,[10] attended the celebrations, which were mainly focussed on the city's military history. One of the lasting legacies was the creation ofThe Battlefields Park in the heart of the city.[9] The site, approximately 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi), includes thePlains of Abraham, theMartello Towers and theParc des Braves.[11]
On December 1, 1998, after Quebec's second unsuccessful bid to host theWinter Olympics (for the 2002 and 2010 Games), the mayor of Quebec City,Jean-Paul L'Allier, suggested turning the city's efforts towards organizing a celebration in 2008 for the 400th anniversary of the founding of Quebec City.[12]
TheSociété du 400e anniversaire de Québec (SAAQ) was a non-profit organization responsible for planning the festivities and events during the 400th anniversary of the founding of Quebec City. Their mission included organizing and promoting events and activities, working with other groups and encouraging contributions to and raising funds for the project. Preparations for the celebration began in 2000, when the organization was formed.[13] Locals from Quebec City and regional organizations were invited to a town hall in 2001 to welcome proposals for the celebrations.[14] Between its creation and the end of January 2008, 11 directors left or were dismissed from the organization.[15] On January 2, 2008,Daniel Gélinas, the head of theQuebec City Summer Festival, became the president and chief executive officer of the Société du 400e. After his appointment, many officials were dismissed as part of an organizational restructuring.[15][16]
A total of 185 full-time employees were hired to cover planning and operational activities leading up to and during the event. They were overseen by a board of directors, as well as four commissioners from the three levels of government and theFirst Nations community. Approximately 1,500 volunteers devoted nearly 52,000 hours to helping the festivities run smoothly.[13]
Major provincial institutions also created their own programming for the occasion. The Museum of Civilization (now theCanadian Museum of History), theMusée National Des Beaux-Arts du Québec, theOpéra de Québec, and theOrchestre Symphonique de Québec celebrated the 400th anniversary of the city through themed history, art and/or music.[17] Over 2 million visitors participated in the various activities and shows that were offered.[13]
All three levels of government contributed funding for the events and new infrastructure planned for the celebrations. $140 million was spent on infrastructure: construction of thePromenade Samuel-de-Champlain, creation ofEspace 400e and redevelopment ofBassin Brown,Pointe-à-Carcy andBaie de Beauport.[13] Another $65 million went to theQuébec City Jean Lesage International Airport[18] to expand its terminal to better accommodate the visitors expected for the celebrations. The Société du 400e received $85 million to organize the festivities: $40 million from theGovernment of Canada, $40 million from theprovince of Quebec and $5 million fromQuebec City.[19]
Of the $40 million given to the Société by the federal government, $10 million was dedicated to promoting the festival; $9 million was allotted for the development of Espace 400e; $6.6 million to fund the festival from July 3–6 during the actual anniversary; $2.8 million was devoted to fund francophone activities; $2.6 million to create theMoulin à Images (Image Mill); $2.5 million for the opening showCoup d'envoi (The Kick-Off) on December 31, 2007; $1 million for the showLe Chemin qui marche (The Walking Road), and another $1 million for other shows.[20]
The organization had a goal of generating $5 million in revenue[21] through sponsorships, on-site concession and ticket sales, and the sales of official merchandise including food, clothing, household objects, dishes, books, and DVDs.[22] In the end, the Société raised $21 million, most of which was used to add more concerts to the festival schedule and extend the celebrations from the original closing date of October 2008 until the end of the year.[21][23] Despite receiving money from both provincial and federal levels of government the Société refused to financeCanada Day orSaint-Jean-Baptiste Daycelebrations as part of the 400th anniversary.[24]
Just asThe Battlefields Park was created for the300th anniversary of Quebec City, several major construction projects were undertaken for the 400th anniversary celebrations.
Located at the Bassin Louise of thePort of Quebec,Espace 400e was the focal point of the festivities celebrating the 400th anniversary of Quebec City where there were various activities, exhibitions, and performances held from June 3 to October 19, 2008.[35] The former Old Port of Quebec Interpretation Centre, aParks Canada heritage site, was expanded for this celebration through a $24 million investment.[36]
During the summer, various activities took place on the site.[35] Quebec historianBernard Arcand organized 34 lectures on the history ofQuebec City.[35] Various artists, includingIma,Marco Calliari,Les Zapartistes,We Are Wolves,Jérôme Minière,Tokyo Police Club,Maurane, andPhilippe Lafontaine, performed at the "Grande Place", a temporary outdoor stage erected near Bassin Louise.[35][37] There were also two thousand performances by variousstreet artists and daily children's activities organized byLa Boîte à Science, a science centre,[38] andRêves en Stock, Quebec City theatre.[35]First Nations members also organized cultural activities.[35]
Some of the main exhibits included Passagers/Passengers, an interactive installation created byPatrice Sauvé that represented those who have passed through or lived inQuebec City throughout its history,[19] Le Moulin à Images (The Image Mill), an architectural mega projection byRobert Lepage that projected images of the city's history ontoBunge grain silos every night,[39] and the Ephemeral Gardens, which consisted of eleven themed gardens designed and created by artists fromQuebec and the rest ofCanada, as well asFrance, theUnited States, and theUnited Kingdom.[35]
TheHuron-Wendat Nation based inWendake, a Huron territory withinQuebec City, was the host nation for Quebec City's 400th anniversary celebrations.[40]Chief Max Gros-Louis participated in various shows including theCoup d'envoi (The Kickoff) on December 31, 2007.[41][42]The Wyandot people (also known as Wendats) celebrated the official opening of the Hôtel-Musée de Wendake, both a hotel and museum featuringFirst Nations artwork, on March 7, 2008.[42][43] TheAssembly of First Nations was held at Wendake in 2008. Various presentations and lectures on indigenous culture took place at Espace 400e.[42] Finally, throughout the summer of 2008, a public performance based on Wendat culture and mythology, Kiugwe (The Great Meeting), took place at Wendake.[42]
France formed its own committee for Quebec City's 400th anniversary celebrations, chaired byJean-Pierre Raffarin, thePrime Minister of France from 2002 to 2005.[44] The celebrations were seen by France as a "global" event, and the country committed to contributing at least $12 million to the event.[45]
France's contributions included a $2.4 million renovation of the mezzanine and ground floor of theMusée de l'Amérique française (now the Musée de l'Amérique francophone),[45] and an exhibit entitled "Le musée du quai Branly à Québec. Regards sur la diversité culturelle", at the Canadian Museum of Civilization (now theCanadian Museum of History).[46]
Events were also organized in countries other than France, and many Canadian municipalities outside of Quebec participated as well.Great Britain participated in the Ephemeral Gardens, a seasonal exhibit ofthemed gardens atEspace 400e,[47] and theBritish Library held a public conference entitled "Québec, Louisiana and the Heritage of French North America", with speakers from Canadian, American, French and British universities.[48]Ireland participated in the cultural events held at Espace 400e, and inRendez-vous navalde Québec, an exhibit ofnaval ships held at thePort of Quebec.[49] The involvement of theUnited States included an exhibition ofschoonerLois McClure at the Port of Quebec,[50] as well as the "Québec: Old World Charm, New World Excitement" exhibit featured at theSmithsonian Institution in 2007.[51] InCanada, various events were held inCalgary,Toronto, andOttawa,[52] while inEdmonton, a free concert in honour of the 400th anniversary took place on June 23, 2008 at theWinspear Centre,[53] featuringChorale Saint-Jean and theEdmonton Symphony Orchestra as they performed "Je te retrouve" byFrance Levasseur-Ouimet.[54]
The year 2008 began with an opening ceremony for the anniversary celebrations. The show, entitledCoup d'Envoi (Kick-Off), was directed byDenis Bouchard[55] and was performed outdoors atPlace d'Youville from 11:15 p.m. on New Year's Eve until midnight.[56] The celebration organizers described the stage as the biggest one ever assembled,[57] measuring 60 metres (180 ft) wide by 7.6 metres (25 ft) high with many levels.[56] Numerous pyrotechnic and laser effects were used, and images were projected on the snow as blown by a snow cannon.[56] The show touched on issues like the longevity of the French language, the harsh climate, the intermingling of different peoples, and the battles the city had weathered.[56]
The show was made up of seven "movements". The opening number was performed by traditional Quebec music groups Les Batinses andLa Bottine souriante, accompanied by 400 "toe-tappers."[55] Afterwards, singersClaire Pelletier,Florence K, andJessica Vigneault performed several songs related to Quebec City.[55] This was followed by arap song about streets in Quebec City named after Catholic saints.Gregory Charles who was performing at theCapitol de Québec theatre that night, left his concert briefly to walk through Place d'Youville, and to singRobert Charlebois' "Si j'avais les ailes d'un ange" (If I Had the Wings of an Angel).[58]Fire eaters and acrobats took to the stage next, followed by comedianStéphane Rousseau. AtPalais Montcalm,Bruno Pelletier, accompanied by the Chœur de Québec andLes Violons du Roy, performed "400 ans de rêves" (400 Years of Dreams), a song created especially for this occasion by songwriter Marc Chabot and composer Jean-Fernand Girard.[55] The countdown to the New Year was accompanied by fireworks.Pascale Picard closed the show.
Some media reports criticized the organizers for waiting too long to reveal the content of the show, since the official line-up was not announced until several weeks before the show was to take place.[59]
There was a considerably larger crowd than the organizers anticipated. They anticipated 15,000 people, the capacity of Place D'Youville; however, over 50,000 people wanted to attend.[60] This meant that many people had problems accessing the site and thousands of spectators were forced to gather in front of theNational Assembly of Quebec instead.[61] Despite the great turnout, several criticisms made of the show included: some disorganization, a few minutes' delay in the New Year's countdown, a lack of real security and crowd control, faulty sound and visual systems, questionable musical choices for the show, and a lack of a clear link between the various performances.[62][63][64] Presented as a success by organizers and mayorRégis Labeaume,[65] the show was also enjoyed by numerous participants.[66] Daniel Gélinas became president and chief executive officer of the Société du 400e shortly after the Coup d'Envoi event took place.[62] Despite the criticism, the event was carried out within the allotted $2.5 million budget.[67]
In early January 2008, artistic director Nancy Bernier led 150 artists from Quebec City in creatingParcours 400 ans chrono (400-Year Journey), a large artistic installation stretching across 0.9 km (0.56 mi) of the city during the evenings of January 5 and 6. Spectators could stroll around 13 different stations that told the history of Quebec organized by theme at various locations, including theNational Assembly of Quebec, Parc de l'Esplanade,Porte Kent,Porte Saint-Jean, theMaison Dauphine, the former pub Le d'Auteuil, and the Artillery Park Heritage Site. One station featured actors reciting the poetry of local poets, another displayed statements historical figures had made about Quebec City. At another station, fire-eaters performed beside projected images of historical fires that had ravaged Quebec City, while another highlighted events from the war in Quebec City, and a third used projections onto packed snow to showcase the scientific and technological achievements of Quebecers. There was also an ice slide towards Artillery Park, leading to a dance floor and an ice bar. The event kept within its $800,000 budget.[67][68]
Approximately 20,000 people took part in the event, after waiting up to three hours to participate.[69]
Amilitary parade organized by theCanadian Forces marking the anniversary took place on 3 July. It took place in chronological order, beginning with a contingent from theFirst Nations and ending with contemporary troops. The parade was in the following order:[70]
Special events related to the 400th anniversary were also incorporated into major events held in Quebec City in 2008, including theQuebec Winter Carnival, theQuebec International Air Show,Red Bull Crashed Ice, theQuebec City Summer Festival, theMen's World Hockey Championships, theEucharist Congress, theWinter Triathlon, and theFrancophonie Summit.[71] Free performances were scheduled featuringCeline Dion,Paul McCartney, theCirque du Soleil, and various Quebec artists.[72]