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380s

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Decade

Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
3rd century 4th century 5th century
Decades
360s 370s 380s 390s 400s
Years
380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
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The380s decade ran from January 1, 380, to December 31, 389.

Events

February 27 –Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperorsGratian andValentinian II, declare their wish that allRoman citizens convert to trinitarianChristianity, in accordance with the patriarchs ofRome andAlexandria, implicitly rejecting theArianism of the patriarch ofConstantinople as heretical.
Battle of Thessalonica: TheGoths underFritigern defeat a Roman army inMacedonia. Theodosius I retreats toThessalonica and leaves Gratian in control of theWestern Roman Empire.
Rome's enemies (theGermans,Sarmatians andHuns) are taken into Imperial service; as a consequence, barbarian leaders begin to play an increasingly active role in theRoman Empire.
November 24 – Theodosius I makes hisadventus, or formal entry, into Constantinople.
QueenMavia, with herSaracen forces, defeats theRoman army in southernSyria.
EmperorTheodosius I isbaptized.^[1]

Europe

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TheVisigothic chieftainFritigern dies after ravaging theBalkans; his rivalAthanaric becomes king of the entire Gothic nation.

India

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The annexation of western provinces byChandragupta II gives him commerce withEurope andEgypt.

Pacific

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Easter Island, in the south Pacific Ocean, has been occupied byNeolithic seafarers underHotu Matu'a ("supreme chief"), who about this time begin to fortify the island.

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Arts and sciences

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Important works on mathematics and astronomy are written inSanskrit.

Religion

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Ticonius writes a commentary on theBible'sBook of Revelation.
Acathedral is built inTrier (Germany).
TheCouncil of Saragossa is held; Spanish andAquitanian bishops condemn the teachings ofPriscillianism.

381

This section istranscluded fromAD 381.(edit |history)

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Roman Empire

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EmperorGratian moves the capital toMediolanum (modern-dayMilan). Because of hisChristian beliefs, he eliminatesPontifex Maximus as Imperial title. Gratian also refuses therobe of office, insulting thepagan aristocrats ofRome.
TheGallic city ofCularo is renamedGratianopolis (laterGrenoble), in honor of Gratian having created abishopric.

Europe

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TheVisigothic chieftainAthanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the Eastern Roman capital ofConstantinople. He negotiates apeace treaty with emperorTheodosius I that makes his peoplefoederati as "one body within the imperial soldiery".^[2] Athanaric dies 2 weeks later^[3] after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all theGoths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in395.
TheSciri together with theHuns attack along Rome's lower Danubian frontier.^[4]

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Religion

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First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 383): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend theNicene Creed, and denounceArianism andApollinarism.^[5] Most trinitarian churches consider this anEcumenical council.
Council of Aquileia:Ambrose and the council depose theArian bishopsPalladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum.
Flavian succeeds Meletius asPatriarch of Antioch.
Timothy succeeds Peter II asPatriarch of Alexandria.
Nectarius succeedsGregory Nazianzus asArchbishop of Constantinople.
John Chrysostom becomes adeacon.

382

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Roman Empire

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October 3 – EmperorTheodosius I commands his generalSaturninus to conclude a peace treaty with theVisigoths, allowing them to settle south of theDanube. They are installed asfoederati inMoesia andThrace with the title of "Allies of the Roman People", in exchange for furnishing a contingent ofauxiliary troops to defend the borders.
EmperorGratian refuses thedivine attributes of the Imperial cult and removes theAltar of Victory from theSenate.

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Religion

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TheCouncil of Rome establishesBiblical canon in the Catholic Church.Pope Damasus I commissions a revision of theVetus Latina, eventually resulting in theVulgate ofJerome.
The same council adoptsTrinitarianism as doctrine, condemningApollinarism. Theodosius I orders the death of members of theManichaean monks.
The first sermons declaring the virginity ofMary are given byJohn Chrysostom.

383

This section istranscluded fromAD 383.(edit |history)

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Britannia

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Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the firstHigh King of Ireland.^[6]
Hadrian's Wall, the northern Roman frontier inBritain, is overrun by thePicts^{[citation needed]} and falls into ruin^{[dubious –discuss]}.
The Romans leave the region ofWales^{[citation needed]}.

Roman Empire

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January 19 –Arcadius is elevated to Emperor.^[7]
Roman troops inBritain proclaimMagnus Maximus Emperor. He crosses over to the continent and makesTrier his capital.^[8]Gaul, the Italian provinces andHispania proclaim loyalty to him.
August 25 – EmperorGratian, age 24, is assassinated atLugdunum (modern-dayLyon), leaving a young widowLaeta.Pannonia andAfrica maintain their allegiance to co-emperorValentinian II, now 12, whose mother,Justina, rules in his name.
EmperorTheodosius I cedesDacia andMacedonia to Valentinian II. They recognize Magnus Maximus asAugustus.
Theodosius I sendsFlavius Stilicho as anenvoy to the Persian court of KingShapur III atCtesiphon, to negotiate a peace settlement relating to the partition ofArmenia.

Asia

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Battle of Feishui:^[9] TheJin Dynasty defeats theFormer Qin dynasty inAnhui.
KingArdashir II dies after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Shapur III.^[10]

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Religion

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First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 381): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend theNicene Creed, and denounceArianism andApollinarism. Most trinitarianChristian churches consider this anEcumenical council.
By the order of Theodosius I,Eunomius of Cyzicus is banished toMoesia.

384

This section istranscluded fromAD 384.(edit |history)

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Roman Empire

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Magnus Maximus elevates his sonFlavius Victor to the rank ofAugustus.
Magnus Maximus returns to Britain, to aid the Roman army with the barbarian raids triggered by Maximus' withdrawal of troops to the continent.
TheForum of Theodosius ("Forum of the Bull") is built inConstantinople.
Quintus Aurelius Symmachus becomesurban prefect ofRome.
Anedict ofTheodosius I closespagan temples in theNile Valley (Egypt).
Stilicho marriesSerena, adopted niece of Theodosius I.

Persia

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KingShapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I.Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes avassal state of theRoman Empire andPersia. The friendly relations survive for 36 years.

Asia

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KingChimnyu ascends to the throne ofBaekje (Korea);^[11] he welcomes the Indian Buddhist monkMarananta into his palace, and later declaresBuddhism the official religion.
Gogugyang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom ofGoguryeo.^[11]

China

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TheBattle of Fei River -Former Qin forces are defeated by the numerically inferiorEastern Jin army, preserving the Jin state in the south and precipitating the destruction of Former Qin in the north.

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Religion

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December 17 –Pope Siricius succeedsDamasus I as the 38thpope. He takes the titlePontifex Maximus, after it is relinquished by the late emperorGratian.
Jerome, Christian prophet, writes his celebrated letter"De custodia virginitatis" (vow of virginity) toEustochium, daughter of the asceticPaula. He has by this time completed hisVulgate translation of theGospels.
Ambrosius refuses the request of EmpressJustina for a church inMilan, where she can worship according to herArian belief.
Asynod is held inBordeaux (France).
TheGallaeci orGallic womanEgeria concludes herChristian pilgrimage to theHoly Land at about this date; her narrative of it, theItinerarium Egeriae, may be the earliest surviving formal writing by a woman in western European culture.^[12]

385

This section istranscluded fromAD 385.(edit |history)

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Roman Empire

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The Romansynod exiles the prophetJerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesmanCicero. He departs forEgypt,Bethlehem, andJerusalem, accompanied by the Christian asceticPaula, who will edit Jerome's translation of theBible, which becomes the LatinVulgate.^[13]

Asia

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Jinsa of Baekje becomes the 16th king of the ancientKorean kingdom ofBaekje.^[14]

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Arts and Sciences

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Ammianus Marcellinus begins writing a history, in the style ofTacitus, covering the yearsAD 96–378.

Religion

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TheSerapeum of Alexandria, one of the largest Greek temples in Egypt, is destroyed by a Christian mob. The precise date is disputed, with 391 sometimes given as the moment of final destruction.^[15]
Theophilus becomesPatriarch of Alexandria.^[16]
Pope Siricius issues theDirecta Decretal, proclaiming the primacy ofRome and the priestly obligation ofcelibacy.^[17]
Priscillian, Spanishbishop, is accused ofManichaeism andmagic, and beheaded atTrier . He becomes the first person in the history ofChristianity to be executed forheresy.^[18]

Sport in the Roman Empire

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Aurelios Zopyros becomes the last reported athlete at theAncient Olympic Games. He is a victor in "junior boxing" (pankration).^[19]

386

This section istranscluded fromAD 386.(edit |history)

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Roman Empire

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EmperorTheodosius I signs apeace treaty with KingShapur III; they divideArmenia into two kingdoms (vassal states). The treaty establishes friendly relations between theRoman Empire andPersia for the next 36 years.
TheGreuthungi cross theDanube to raid the Romangarrisons on the northern frontier. They are met midstream by a well-armed fleet, and theirrafts anddugouts sink. Those not drowned are slaughtered.
Magnus Maximus invadesItaly; he destroysNovara for supporting his rivalValentinian II.
Theodosius I begins to rebuild the present-dayBasilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.
Acolumn is constructed atConstantinople in honour of Theodosius I. Reliefs depict the emperor's victory over the barbarians in theBalkan.

Asia

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TheNorthern Wei Dynasty begins inChina.^[20] TheTuoba clan of theXianbei tribe (proto-Mongol people) is politically separated from the Chinese dynasties established inJiankang (modernNanjing). The Northern Wei rulers are ardent supporters ofBuddhism. PrinceDao Wu Di, age 15, becomes the first emperor (seeNorthern dynasties).

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Religion

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Saint Ambrose defends the rights of theCatholic Church with respect to those of the State.
John Chrysostom becomes apresbyter; he also writes eightHomilies entitled"Adversus Iudaeos" ("Against theJews").
Augustine converts to Christianity. He ends his marriage plans after hearing a sermon on the life ofSaint Anthony.
The fight in the Roman Empire against anti-pagan laws becomes increasingly futile.
Sumela Monastery is established in Asia Minor.

387

This section istranscluded fromAD 387.(edit |history)

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Roman Empire

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Spring – EmperorTheodosius I increases thetaxes inAntioch. A peasant uprising leads to ariot, and public buildings are set afire. Theodosius sends imperial troops to quell the disturbance, and closes thepublic baths andtheatres.
Magnus Maximus, usurping emperor of the West, invadesItaly. EmperorValentinian II, age 16, is forced out ofRome. He flees with his motherJustina and sisters toThessaloniki (Thrace).^[21]
Winter – The widowed emperor Theodosius I takes Valentinian II under his protection, and marries his sisterFlavia Galla.

Persia

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Peace of Acilisene: KingShapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I.Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes avassal state of theRoman Empire andPersia.

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Art and Science

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Oribase, Greek doctor, publishes a treatise onparalysis and bleedings.

Religion

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Augustine isbaptized onEaster Vigil bySaint Ambrose,Bishop of Milan.

388

This section istranscluded fromAD 388.(edit |history)

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Roman Empire

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Battle of the Save: EmperorTheodosius I defeatsMagnus Maximus nearEmona (modernSlovenia). Theodosius is in command of an army includingGoths,Huns andAlans.Valentinian II, now 17, is restored asRoman Emperor.^[22]
Frankish invasion of 388: RebelliousFranks led byMarcomer,Sunno andGenobaud invade theRoman Empire with plunder and threatenColonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne). A part of the invaders are destroyed by theRomans in thecharcoal forest (present-dayBelgium). The Roman generalQuintines pursues the invaders on Frankish soil and is ambushed. His army is surrounded and defeated by the Franks.
August 28 – Magnus Maximus surrenders atAquileia, and is executed. Theodosius I devotes himself togluttony andvoluptuous living. Maximus' sonFlavius Victor is executed atTrier, by Valentinian'smagister militumArbogast.

Persia

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KingShapur III dies after a reign in which he has partitionedArmenia with theRoman Empire. He is succeeded by his sonBahram IV, who becomes the twelfthSassanid king ofPersia.