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32nd century BC

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(Redirected from3160s BC)
One hundred years, from 3200 BC to 3101 BC
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4th millennium BC
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  • 33rd century BC
  • 32nd century BC
  • 31st century BC
Decades
  • 3190s BC
  • 3180s BC
  • 3170s BC
  • 3160s BC
  • 3150s BC
  • 3140s BC
  • 3120s BC
  • 3110s BC
  • 3100s BC
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Births –Deaths
Establishments –Disestablishments

The32nd century BC was acentury lasting from the year 3200 BC to 3101 BC.

Events

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Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae, Europe's most complete Neolithic village.

Calendar epochs

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  • 3114 BC: According to the most widely accepted correlations between the Western calendar and the calendar systems ofpre-ColumbianMesoamerica, the mythical starting point of theMesoamerican Long Count calendar cycle occurs in this year.[5] The Long Count calendar, used and refined most notably by theMaya civilization but also attested in some other (earlier) Mesoamerican cultures, consisted of a series of interlocked cycles or periods of day-counts, which mapped out a linear sequence of days from a notional starting point. The system originated sometime in the Mid- to Late Preclassic period ofMesoamerican chronology, during the latter half of the 1st millennium BC.[6] The starting point of the most commonly used highest-order cycle[7]—theb'ak'tun-cycle consisting of thirteen b'ak'tuns of 144,000 days each—was projected back to an earlier, mythical date. This date is equivalent to 11 August 3114 BC in theproleptic Gregorian calendar (or 6 September in theproleptic Julian calendar), using the correlation known as the "Goodman-Martínez-Thompson (GMT) correlation". The GMT-correlation is worked out with the Long Count starting date equivalent to theJulian Day Number (JDN) equal to 584283, and is accepted by mostMayanist scholars as providing the best fit with the ethnohistorical data.[8] Two succeeding dates, the 12th and 13 August (Gregorian) have also been supported, with the 13th (JDN = 584285, the "astronomical" or "Lounsbury" correlation) attracting significant support as according better with astronomical observational data.[9] Although it is still contended which of these three dates forms the actual starting base of the Long Count, the correlation to one of this triad of dates is definitively accepted by almost all contemporary Mayanists. All other earlier or later correlation proposals are now discounted.[8] The end of the thirteenth baktun was either on December 21 or 23 of 2012 (supposed end of the world).
  • 3102 BC: According toPuranic sources,[a] Krishna's death marked the start ofKali Yuga, which is dated to 17/18 February 3102 BCE.[15][16] Lasting for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years),Kali Yuga began 5,126 years ago and has 426,874 years left as of 2025 CE.[17][18][19]Kali Yuga will end in the year 428,899 CE.[20][b]

Notes

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  1. ^TheBhagavata Purana (1.18.6),[10]Vishnu Purana (5.38.8),[11]Brahmanda Purana (2.3.74.241),[12]Vayu Purana (2.37.422),[13] andBrahma Purana (2.103.8)[14] state that the dayKrishna left the earth was the day that theDvapara Yuga ended and theKali Yuga began.
  2. ^Calculations excludeyear zero. 1 BCE to 1 CE is one year, not two.

Citations

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  1. ^P. Tallet, D. Laisnay:Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene, in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381–395,available online
  2. ^Gasser, Aleksander (March 2003)."World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia". Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived fromthe original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved2015-03-30.
  3. ^Mark, Joshua J."Writing".World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved9 August 2021.
  4. ^"The Incredible Age of the Find".South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. 2013. Archived fromthe original on 2015-06-24. Retrieved2015-08-03.
  5. ^See Finley (2002), Houston (1989, pp. 49–51), Miller and Taube (1993, pp. 50–52), Schele and Freidel (1990, pp. 430et seq.), Voss (2006, p.138), Wagner (2006, pp. 281–283). Note that Houston 1989 mistakenly writes "3113 BC" (when "-3113" is meant), and Miller and Taube 1993's mention of "2 August" is a (presumed) erratum.
  6. ^Miller and Taube (1993, p. 50), Schele and Freidel (1990)
  7. ^Most commonly used in the Classic periodMaya inscriptions; some otherMaya calendar inscriptions of this period note even longer cycles, while later Postclassic-era inscriptions in Maya cities of northernYucatán generally used an abbreviated form known as the Short Count. See Miller and Taube (1993, p. 50); Voss (2006, p. 138).
  8. ^abSee survey by Finley (2002).
  9. ^After a modified proposal championed byFloyd Lounsbury; sources that have used this 584285 correlation include Houston (1989, p. 51), and in particular Schele and Freidel (1990, pp. 430et seq.). See also commentary by Finley (2002), who although making an assessment that the "[584285 correlation] is now more popular with Mayanists", expresses a personal preference for the 584283 correlation.
  10. ^"Skanda I, Ch. 18: Curse of the Brahmana, Sloka 6".Bhagavata Purana. Vol. Part I.Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. 1950. p. 137.On the very day, and at the very moment the Lord [Krishna] left the earth, on that very day this Kali, the source of irreligiousness, (in this world), entered here.
  11. ^Wilson, H. H. (1895)."Book V, Ch. 38: Arjuna burns the dead, etc., Sloka 8".The Vishnu Purana. S.P.C.K. Press. p. 61.The Parijata tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari [Krishna] departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age descended.
  12. ^"Ch. 74, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 241".The Brahmanda Purana. Vol. Part III.Motilal Banarsidass. 1958. p. 950.Kali Yuga began on the day when Krsna passed on to heaven. Understand how it is calculated.
  13. ^"Ch. 37, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 422".The Vayu Purana. Vol. Part II.Motilal Banarsidass. 1988. p. 824.ISBN 81-208-0455-4.Kali Yuga had started on the very day when Krsna passed away.
  14. ^"Ch. 103, Episode of Krsna concluded, Sloka 8".Brahma Purana. Vol. Part II.Motilal Banarsidass. 1955. p. 515.It was on the day on which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age, with time for its body set in.
  15. ^Matchett, Freda; Yano, Michio (2003)."Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas / Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy". InFlood, Gavin (ed.).The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism.Blackwell Publishing. pp. 139–140, 390.ISBN 0631215352.
  16. ^Burgess 1935, p. 19: The instant at which the [kali yuga] Age is made to commence is midnight on the meridian of Ujjayini, at the end of the 588,465th and beginning of the 588,466th day (civil reckoning) of the Julian Period, or between the 17th and 18th of February 1612 J.P., or 3102 B.C. [4713 BCE = 0JP; 4713 BCE - 1612 + 1 (noyear zero) = 3102 BCE.]
  17. ^Godwin, Joscelyn (2011).Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations.Inner Traditions. pp. 300–301.ISBN 9781594778575.
  18. ^Merriam-Webster (1999)."Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions". InDoniger, Wendy; Hawley, John Stratton (eds.).Merriam-Webster.Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. pp. 445 (Hinduism),1159 (Yuga).ISBN 0877790442.
    * HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity: ... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk." The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years ... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa (eon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.
    * YUGA: Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called ... after throws of an Indian game of dice) make up a mahayuga ("great yuga") ... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final AVATAR, KALKI, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.
  19. ^Gupta, S. V. (2010)."Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements". In Hull, Robert;Osgood, Richard M. Jr.; Parisi, Jurgen; Warlimont, Hans (eds.).Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Springer Series in Materials Science: 122.Springer. pp. 6–8.ISBN 9783642007378.Paraphrased: Deva day equals solar year. Deva lifespan (36,000 solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years), and is divided into 10 charnas consisting of four Yugas: Satya Yuga (4 charnas of 1,728,000 solar years), Treta Yuga (3 charnas of 1,296,000 solar years), Dvapara Yuga (2 charnas of 864,000 solar years), and Kali Yuga (1 charna of 432,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.
  20. ^Godwin 2011, p. 301: The Hindu astronomers agree that the [Dvapara Yuga ended and] Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently [Kali Yuga] is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.

References

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32nd centuryBC
34th centuryBC ← 33rd centuryBC ← ↔ → 31st centuryBC → 30th centuryBC
3200s BC3209 BC3208 BC3207 BC3206 BC3205 BC3204 BC3203 BC3202 BC3201 BC3200 BC
3190s BC3199 BC3198 BC3197 BC3196 BC3195 BC3194 BC3193 BC3192 BC3191 BC3190 BC
3180s BC3189 BC3188 BC3187 BC3186 BC3185 BC3184 BC3183 BC3182 BC3181 BC3180 BC
3170s BC3179 BC3178 BC3177 BC3176 BC3175 BC3174 BC3173 BC3172 BC3171 BC3170 BC
3160s BC3169 BC3168 BC3167 BC3166 BC3165 BC3164 BC3163 BC3162 BC3161 BC3160 BC
3150s BC3159 BC3158 BC3157 BC3156 BC3155 BC3154 BC3153 BC3152 BC3151 BC3150 BC
3140s BC3149 BC3148 BC3147 BC3146 BC3145 BC3144 BC3143 BC3142 BC3141 BC3140 BC
3130s BC3139 BC3138 BC3137 BC3136 BC3135 BC3134 BC3133 BC3132 BC3131 BC3130 BC
3120s BC3129 BC3128 BC3127 BC3126 BC3125 BC3124 BC3123 BC3122 BC3121 BC3120 BC
3110s BC3119 BC3118 BC3117 BC3116 BC3115 BC3114 BC3113 BC3112 BC3111 BC3110 BC
3100s BC3109 BC3108 BC3107 BC3106 BC3105 BC3104 BC3103 BC3102 BC3101 BC3100 BC
3090s BC3099 BC3098 BC3097 BC3096 BC3095 BC3094 BC3093 BC3092 BC3091 BC3090 BC
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