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280s

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Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
2nd century 3rd century 4th century
Decades
260s 270s 280s 290s 300s
Years
280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The280's decade ran from January 1, 280, to December 31, 289.

Events

280

This section istranscluded fromAD 280.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Roman usurper Proculus starts a rebellion atLugdunum (Lyon,France), and proclaims himself emperor.^[1]
EmperorProbus drives theAlans off toAsia Minor and suppresses the revolt inGaul; Proculus is executed.^[1]
TheGermans destroy theRoman fleet on theRhine;Bonosus is proclaimed emperor atColonia Agrippina (Cologne).
Probus defeats the army under Bonosus. Bonosus sees no way out andhangs himself. His family is treated withhonours.^[2]
Julius Saturninus, governor ofSyria, is inAlexandria, charged with the defense of the East. He is declared emperor and withdraws toApamea. Probus besieges the city and puts him to death.^[3]
Roman territory is under constant threat of raids fromFranks. The cities in Gaul are reinforced withdefensive walls.^[4]

Europe

TheThuringii, aGermanic tribe, appears in theHarz Mountains (Thuringia) of centralGermania.

China

Emperor Wu of theJin dynasty completes the unification of China, which was previously divided between three contending powers during theThree Kingdoms period. The Jin dynasty's capital ofLuoyang becomes a thriving centre of commerce as foreign diplomats and traders travel there.^[5]

Persia

KingBahram II of theSassanid Empire (Persia) sends envoys to seek peaceful relations withRome.

India

TheGupta Empire (India) is founded (approximate date).

281

This section istranscluded fromAD 281.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

EmperorProbus returns toRome, where he celebrates histriumph over theVandals and theusurpers (Bonosus,Julius Saturninus andProculus).

282

This section istranscluded fromAD 282.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

EmperorProbus travels towardsSirmium (Serbia). He tries to employ his troops in peaceful projects, such asdraining the swamps inPannonia.
The praetorian prefectMarcus Aurelius Carus usurps power inRaetia. Probus attempts to organise a campaign against Carus but is murdered by his discontented troops inSirmium.
Carus defeats theQuadi andSarmatians on theDanube; for his victories he is given the titleGermanicus Maximus.
Carus appoints his sonsCarinus^[6] andNumerian asCaesar.

China

A new city is constructed inFuzhou, slightly south of the original city Ye (the main street of the city has remained unchanged since that time).

By topic

Religion

The PatriarchTheonas of Alexandria becomes one of the first bishops to use the title Pope.

283

This section istranscluded fromAD 283.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Spring: EmperorCarus makes his sonCarinus theAugustus in the west.^{[citation needed]}
Exploiting the Persian civil war, Carus leaves Carinus in charge of much of the Roman Empire and, accompanied by his younger son Numerian, invades theSassanid Empire. They sackSeleucia andCtesiphon, the capital of thePersian kingdom, and they press on beyond theTigris. For his victories, Carus receives the title ofPersicus Maximus.^{[citation needed]}
The officer Diocles, the future EmperorDiocletian, distinguishes himself in the war against the Persians.^{[citation needed]}
Carinus campaigns with success in Britain and on the Rhine frontier.^{[citation needed]}
Summer: Carus dies in mysterious circumstances during the war against the Persians. Various sources claim he died of illness, was struck by lightning or was killed in combat.^{[citation needed]}
Carinus andNumerian succeed their father Carus. Numerian, who had accompanied his father into the Persian Empire, leads the army back to Roman territory.^{[citation needed]}
ThecorrectorAurelius Julianus usurps power in Pannonia but is defeated by Carinus.^{[citation needed]}

Persian Empire

The King of KingsBahram II fights a civil war against his brotherHormizd, the king of Sakastan.^[7]

By topic

Religion

December 17 – PopeCaius succeedsEutychian as the 28th pope ofRome.^[8]

284

This section istranscluded fromAD 284.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

EmperorNumerian travels throughBithynia (Asia Minor) on his way home toRome. Suffering from aninflammation of the eyes, he travels in a closedlitter in which soldiers find his decaying corpse.
November 17 –Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome^[9]
November 20 – The commander of Numerian'sdomestici (household troops),Diocles, is chosen to be the new emperor. In a military assembly outsideNicomedia (modernİzmit, Turkey), Diocles claims that the praetorian prefect (and rival for the throne) Arrius Aper murdered Numerian, and he personally stabs and kills the prefect on the spot. The new emperor changes his name to the Latinised 'Diocletian'. Building on existing trends, Diocletian presents his rule as that of a god-likedominus or autocrat.
Sabinus Julianus, the praetorian prefect of EmperorCarinus, exploits the instability and usurps the throne in northern Italy.

Persian Empire

King of KingsBahram II installsMirian III, of the House of Mihran, on the throne of theKingdom of Iberia. Mirian would rule the kingdom until his death in c. 361.

Korea

Yurye becomes king of the Korean kingdom ofSilla.^[10]

By topic

Religion

Rufinus succeedsDometius asBishop of Byzantium.

285

This section istranscluded fromAD 285.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Spring – EmperorCarinus marches fromBritain to northern Italy, and defeats the army of usurperSabinus Julianus atVerona.^[11]
Summer –Battle of the Margus: EmperorDiocletian defeats the forces of Carinus in the valley of theMargus (Serbia). Numerous soldiers desert Carinus during the battle. Carinus then flees to the Pannonian fort of Cornacum, but he is soon slain by his officers.
July 21 orJuly 25 – Diocletian appoints his fellow-officerMaximian to the office ofcaesar, or junior co-emperor.
Carausius, naval commander atBononia (modern-dayBoulogne), is given the task of clearing theEnglish Channel ofFrankish andSaxon pirates.
Maximian is sent to pacifyGaul, where theBagaudae, a band of peasants, are revolting against theRoman Empire.

286

This section istranscluded fromAD 286.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

Winter/Spring: TheCaesarMaximian defeats the Bagaudae rebellion in Gaul. He then defeats a Germanic invasion into Gaul, defeating an army ofBurgundians andAlemanni and another army of Chaibones andHeruli.
EmperorDiocletian campaigns successfully againstSarmatian raids. The future emperorConstantius defeats the 'Bosporian Sarmatians'.
April 1 – Diocletian rewards Maximian by elevating him to co-emperor, giving him the titleAugustus.
Summer:Carausius, commander of theClassis Britannica, is accused ofpiracy by Maximian and is sentenced to death. He responds by declaring himself emperor ofBritain and Northwestern Gaul. His forces consist of the newly builtRoman fleet and threelegions in Britain. TheCarausian Revolt is supported by Gaulish merchant ships andFrankish mercenaries.

Asia

Tuoba Chuo succeeds his brotherTuoba Xilu as chieftain of theTuoba clan.
Chaekgye becomes king of the Korean kingdom ofBaekje.^[12]

287

This section istranscluded fromAD 287.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

On the same day that he is madeconsul,Maximian launches a campaign against an invasion of Gaul by theAlemanni. After defeating this invasion, he then invades Alemannia itself, entering across the Upper Rhine and returning to Roman territory via the Upper Danube.
Around this time, the future emperorConstantius defeats and captures a Germanic king, the latter having prepared an ambush against the Romans.
Diocletian signs a peace treaty with KingBahram II ofPersia, and installs the pro-Roman ArsacidTiridates III as king over the western portion ofArmenia.
Diocletian re-organizes theMesopotamian frontier, and fortifies various locations including the city ofCircesium (modernBusayrah) on theEuphrates. Around this time, he begins the construction of theStrata Diocletiana. Throughout his reign, similar fortification efforts are conducted on the other frontiers as well, with fortifications constructed or restored behind, on and beyond the borders. Conscription and the number of legions increase, although the legions themselves are reformed into smaller and more flexible units. At some point in time, Diocletian may have also established the late Roman military system ofComitatenses (field army units) andLimitanei (border units), but some scholars date this development to the reign ofConstantine I (r. 306–337).
September – The firstIndiction begins.

288

This section istranscluded fromAD 288.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

EmperorDiocletian launches a campaign into Germanic territory from the province ofRaetia (Switzerland).^[13]
Around this time, an army loyal toMaximian, probably led by the future emperorConstantius, defeats the usurperCarausius or hisFrankish allies in northernGaul. In this or the following year, Carausius withdraws his military forces and administrative presence from Gaul, confining himself toRoman Britain.
Maximian makes an alliance with the Frankish king Gennobaudes.
Far from Carausius' fleet, in the rivers of Gaul, Maximian builds a fleet to contest control of theNorth Sea and re-take Britain.
Around this time, Constantius marries Maximian's stepdaughter,Theodora, and it may also be around this time that the generalGalerius marries Diocletian's daughterGaleria Valeria.

289

This section istranscluded fromAD 289.(edit |history)

By place

Roman Empire

In this or the following year, EmperorDiocletian campaigns with success against theSarmatians. The future emperorGalerius may have distinguished himself during this campaign.^[14]
In this or the following year,Maximian attempts to reconquerBritain from the usurperCarausius but is defeated at sea.^[15]

Significant people

This section is empty. You can help byadding to it.(March 2016)

Births

Transcluding articles:280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288, and289

280

Saint George, Roman soldier andChristian martyr (approximate date)
Yao Yizhong, Chinese general and warlord (d.352)

281

Cai Mo (orDaoming), Chinese official and politician (d.356)
Theodore Stratelates, Roman general and martyr (d.319)

283

Eusebius of Vercelli, Christian bishop and saint (d.371)
Ge Hong, Chinese scholar and philosopher (d.343)

284

Fu Hong (orPu Hong), Chinese general and prince (d.350)
Huai of Jin, Chinese emperor of theJin Dynasty (d.313)

285

St. Sylvester, Italian bishop (d.335)

288

Li Ban, Chinese emperor ofCheng Han (d.334)
Wen Jiao (orTaizhen), Chinese politician (d.329)

289

Flavia Maxima Fausta, Roman empress (d.326)^[16]
Yu Liang (orYuangui), Chinese politician (d.340)^[17]

Deaths

Transcluding articles:280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288, and289

280

Bonosus, Roman general andusurper^[2]
Cen Hun, Chinese official and politician
Julius Saturninus, Roman usurper
Kang Senghui, Chinese monk and translator
Lu Jing, Chinese general and writer (b.250)
Maharaja Sri-Gupta of theGupta Empire
Yu Zhong (orShifang), Chinese general
Zhang Ti (orJuxian), Chinese chancellor

281

Proculus, Roman general andusurper

282

Huangfu Mi (orShi'an), Chinese historian (b.215)
Jia Chong, Chinese politician and statesman (b.217)
Marcus Aurelius Probus, Roman emperor (b.232)
Xue Ying (orDaoyan), Chinese politician and poet

283

December 7 –Etychian, bishop ofRome
Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (b.224)
Shan Tao, Chinese scholar and politician (b.205)
Sima You (orDayou), Chinese prince (b.248)
Sima Zhou (orZijiang), Chinese prince (b.227)

284

November 20 –Numerian, Roman emperor (b.254)
Lucius Flavius Aper, Roman general andpraetorian prefect
Sun Hao, Chinese emperor of theEastern Wu state (b.243)

285

Marcus Aurelius Carinus, Roman consul and emperor
Du Yu (orYuankai), Chinese general and politician (b.222)
Sabinus Julianus, Romanusurper (approximate date)

286

Crispin and Crispinian, Romancobblers and martyrs^[18]
Domnina of Anazarbus, Christian martyr and saint
Mark and Marcellian, Christian martyrs (approximate date)
Tuoba Xilu, chieftain of theTuoba clan (modernMongolia)

287

Justa and Rufina, Christian martyrs
Maurice (orMauritius), Christian martyr
Quentin, Christian missionary and martyr
Valerius and Rufinus, Christian martyrs
Victoricus, Fuscian, and Gentian, Christian martyrs

288

Maximilian of Lorch, Christian missionary and martyr
Sebastian, Roman soldier and Christian martyr
Teng Xiu, Chinese general and governor

289

Alexander of Rome, Christian martyr^[19]
Kyriaki the Great, Christian martyr^[20]
Xun Xu (orGongzeng), Chinese official^[21]

References

^^a ^bSellars, Ian J. (2013).The Monetary System of the Romans: A description of the Roman coinage from early times to the reform of Anastasius. Ian J. Sellars. p. 374.
^^a ^bVulic, Vladimir (25 December 2021)."Emperor Probus".Roman Empire. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^Balty, Jean (1988)."Apamea in Syria in the Second and Third Centuries AD".Journal of Roman Studies.78:91–104.doi:10.2307/301452.JSTOR 301452.
^Hornblower, Simon (9 November 2023)."Ancient Rome".Britannica. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^Lotha, Gloria (9 August 2020)."Wudi".Britannica. Retrieved11 November 2023.
^Jones, A.H.M; Martindale, J.R.; Morris, J. (March 2, 1971).The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 1, AD 260-395. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press. p. 977.
^Yarshater, Ehsan; Fisher, William Bayne, eds. (1968). "Iran under the Sasanians".The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 128.ISBN 978-0-52106-935-9.
^Thomas, P. C. (1992),A Compact History of the Popes, Mumbai: Bombay Society of St Paul, p. 19,ISBN 978-8-17109-142-3
^Cousin, Jean."Diocletian". Encyclopædia Britannica. RetrievedFebruary 23, 2024.
^"List of Rulers of Korea".www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved21 April 2019.
^"Carinus (283-285 A.D.) – Roman Emperors – An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families". Retrieved2022-12-12.
^"List of Rulers of Korea".www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved20 April 2019.
^Southern, Pt (December 16, 2003).The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. United Kingdom:Taylor & Francis. p. 143.ISBN 9781134553815.
^Charles Odahl,Constantine and the Christian Empire ISBN 0415174856Archived
^Panegyrici Latini 8(5)12.2; Barnes,Constantine and Eusebius, 7, 288
^Flavia Maxima Fausta (289 - 326),Geni
^According to Yu Liang's biography in Book of Jin, he was 52 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died. (咸康六年薨，时年五十二。) Jin Shu, vol.73. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be 289.
^"Saints Crispin and Crispinian | Christian saint".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved21 March 2019.
^https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/O/bo22340843.html. Eastern Christian Texts. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
^Megas, G.A. (1958). Greek Calendar Customs. Press and Information Department, Prime Minister's Office. p. 140.
^(十一月，丙辰，尚書令濟北成侯荀勗卒。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 82.

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