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260s BC

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1st millennium BC
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This article concerns the period269 BC – 260 BC.

Events

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269 BC

This section istranscluded from269 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Sicily
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  • TheMamertines, a body ofCampanian mercenaries who have been employed byAgathocles, the former tyrant ofSyracuse, capture the stronghold ofMessana (Messina in north-easternSicily), from which they harass the Syracusans. The Syracusan military leader,Hieron, defeats them in a pitched battle at theLonganus River nearMylae, butCarthaginian forces intervene to prevent him from capturing Messana. His grateful countrymen then choose Hieron as their king and tyrant, to be known as Hieron II.

268 BC

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This section istranscluded from268 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Roman Republic
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  • TheRomandenarius coin is minted for the first time.
  • The Romans found a colony atMalventum which they, for superstitious reasons, callBeneventum (sincemale meansbad andbene meansgood inLatin).
  • The Romans found a colony atAriminum.
Greece
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  • Chremonides, anAthenian statesman and general, issues the Decree of Chremonides, creating an alliance betweenSparta, Athens, andPtolemy II ofEgypt. The origins of this alliance lay in the continuing desire of many Greek states, notably Athens and Sparta, for a restoration of their former independence, along with the desire of Ptolemy II to create troubles for his rivalAntigonus II, King ofMacedonia. Ptolemy II's ambitions in theAegean Sea are threatened by Antigonus Gonatas' fleet, so he carefully builds up a coalition of the rest of the Greeks against Macedonians. He especially cultivates Athens by supplying the city with grain.
India
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267 BC

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This section istranscluded from267 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Greece
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266 BC

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This section istranscluded from266 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Roman Republic
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Asia Minor
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India
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265 BC

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This section istranscluded from265 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Greece
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Italy
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China
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By topic

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Arts & sciences
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264 BC

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This section istranscluded from264 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Greece
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  • Abantidas, the son ofPaseas, becomestyrant of the Greek city-state ofSicyon after murdering Cleinias. He either banishes or puts to death Cleinias' friends and relations. Cleinias' young son,Aratus, narrowly escapes death.
Roman Republic
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  • Start of war between the Romans and the Carthaginians-First Punic War[2]
  • Thetyrant ofSyracuse,Hiero II, once more attacks theMamertines. They ally themselves with a nearby Carthaginian fleet and hold off the Syracusans. However, when the Carthaginians do not leave, the Mamertines appeal to Rome for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although initially reluctant to assist, lest it encourage other mercenary groups to mutiny, Rome is unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further overSicily and encroach onItaly. Rome therefore enters into an alliance with the Mamertines. By this action, theFirst Punic War begins and will embroilRome in a conflict withCarthage that will continue for 23 years.
  • The RomanconsulAppius Claudius Caudex and his two legions are deployed to Sicily, the first time a Roman army has gone into action outside the Italian peninsula.
  • Appius Claudius Caudex leads his forces toMessina, and as the Mamertines have convinced the Carthaginians to withdraw, he meets with only minimal resistance. The Mamertines hand the city over to Appius Claudius, but the Carthaginians return to set up a blockade. The Syracusans, meanwhile, are also stationed outside the city.
  • Appius Claudius leads his troops outside the city of Messina to defeat the Syracusans in battle forcing Hiero to retreat back to Syracuse. The next day Claudius defeats the Carthaginians.
  • The temple toVertumnus is built on theAventine Hill inRome.
  • Three pairs ofgladiators face off in the first recorded gladiatorial combat, held at the funeral games in honour of aristocrat Junius Brutus Pera in the Forum Boarium.
China
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  • GeneralBai Qi of theState of Qin attacks theState of Han and captures the city of Jing, defeating its large garrison. He then captures various other towns and cities.[3]
  • TheConfucian philosopherXunzi visits the State of Qin. He writes of his and others' admiration for the government officials of Qin, whom he says are serious and sincere, free from the tendency to form cliques. The Qin officials are disciplined by ameritocracy of rather harsh methods imposed by theLegalist philosophy.

263 BC

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This section istranscluded from263 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Roman Republic
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Greece
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Asia Minor
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  • Eumenes I succeeds his unclePhiletaerus on the throne ofPergamum. As Philetaerus is a eunuch, he adopts his nephew Eumenes (the son of Philetaerus' brother also named Eumenes) as his successor.
China
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262 BC

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This section istranscluded from262 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Greece
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Roman Republic
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  • Rome besieges the city ofAgrigentum which is held byCarthage under the command ofHannibal Gisco. Rome's siege involves both consular armies – a total of four Roman legions – and takes several months to resolve. The garrison of Agrigentum manages to call for reinforcements and a Carthaginian relief force commanded byHanno comes to the rescue and destroys the Roman supply base at Erbessus. Nevertheless, after a few skirmishes, thebattle of Agrigentum is fought and won by Rome, and the city falls. Gisco manages to escape to Carthage in the late stages of the battle.
  • After the loss of Agrigentum, the Carthaginians retire to organise their fleet. In the meantime, the Romans sack Agrigentum and enslave its Greek inhabitants. The Romans are now determined to drive the Carthaginians out of Sicily.
Seleucid Empire
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  • Seleucid kingAntiochus I's eldest son Seleucus, who has ruled in the east of the kingdom as viceroy for a number of years, is put to death by his father on the charge of rebellion.
  • Antiochus I tries to break the growing power ofPergamum by force of arms.Eumenes I, the new ruler of Pergamum, liberates his city from the overlordship of the Seleucids by defeating the army of Antiochus I nearSardis (the capital ofLydia), and thereby establishing an independent city-state.
  • Antiochus I dies and is succeeded by his second sonAntiochus II Theos.

261 BC

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This section istranscluded from261 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Roman Republic
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Seleucid Empire
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India
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China
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  • The armies of theState of Qin andState of Zhao contest control of the area aroundChangping. After suffering defeats to general Wang He of Qin and the superior Qin army, generalLian Po of Zhao refuses to give battle, resulting in a stalemate.[7]

260 BC

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This section istranscluded from260 BC.(edit |history)

By place

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Sicily
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  • TheRoman advance continues westward fromAgrigentum with their forces relieving the besieged cities ofSegesta and Macella. These cities have sided with the Roman cause, and have come underCarthaginian attack for doing so.
  • Hannibal Gisco returns to fight inSicily as the admiral in charge of the Carthaginian fleet in theStrait of Messina. With the Romans about to launch their first ever navy, Carthage is determined that this innovation be thwarted. Gisco defeats part of the Roman fleet and captures the RomanconsulGnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina in an encounter nearLipari; the consul's nickname Asina (which meansdonkey) is earned in this encounter. However, this Carthaginian victory is of limited practical value as the bulk of the Roman fleet continues to manoeuvre in the surrounding waters.
  • Confident in Carthage's superiority at sea, Hannibal Gisco deploys his ships for theBattle of Mylae in the traditional long line arrangement. Although inexperienced in sea battles, the Romans, led by consulGaius Duilius Nepos, heavily defeat the Carthaginian fleet, mainly due to the innovative use of land tactics in naval warfare (including the use of the grappling irons and thecorvus boarding bridge).
  • Having lost the confidence of his peers, Hannibal Gisco is subsequently executed for incompetence shortly afterwards, together with other defeated Punic generals.
  • In the north of Sicily, the Romans, with their northern sea flank secured by their naval victory in the Battle of Mylae, advance toward Thermae. They are defeated there by the Carthaginians underHamilcar.
Egypt
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China
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  • Frustrated with the stalemate and encouraged by Qin spies,King Xiaocheng of Zhao replaces generalLian Po with the less cautiousZhao Kuo. Hearing of this, KingZhaoxiang of Qin secretly sends the famous generalBai Qi to take control of the Qin army.
  • The Qin army under Bai Qi destroys the army of Zhao, establishing Qin's military superiority over all otherChinese states during theWarring States period. The battle takes place near modern-dayGaoping inShanxi and hundreds of thousands of soldiers from Zhao are executed after the battle.[8]

Births

Transcluding articles:269 BC,268 BC,267 BC,266 BC,265 BC,264 BC,263 BC,262 BC,261 BC, and260 BC

269 BC

268 BC

267 BC

266 BC

265 BC

263 BC

262 BC

  • Apollonius of Perga (Pergaeus), Greek astronomer and mathematician specialising in geometry and noted for his writings on conic sections (d. c.190 BC)

260 BC

Deaths

Transcluding articles:269 BC,268 BC,267 BC,266 BC,265 BC,264 BC,263 BC,262 BC,261 BC, and260 BC

267 BC

266 BC

265 BC

263 BC

262 BC

261 BC

260 BC

References

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  1. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Basic Annals of Qin, Section: Li Mu.
  2. ^Stambaugh, John E. (1988).The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 23.ISBN 0-8018-3574-7.
  3. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Basic Annals of Qin, Section: Bai Qi.
  4. ^Pliny the Elder.Naturalis historia.VII:60, 214.
  5. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Basic Annals of Qin, Section: Bai Qi.
  6. ^The Freedom of the Greeks in the Early Hellenistic Period (337-262 BC). A Study in Ruler-City Relations, Shane Wallace
  7. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Lian Po.
  8. ^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Bai Qi, Section: Lian Po.
  9. ^"Antiochus I Soter". Encyclopædia Britannica. February 13, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 25, 2024.
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