Movatterモバイル変換

240s BC

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Decade

Millennium
1st millennium BC
Centuries
4th century BC 3rd century BC 2nd century BC
Decades
260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC
Years
249 BC 248 BC 247 BC 246 BC 245 BC 244 BC 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments
v t e

This article concerns the period249 BC – 240 BC.

Events

[edit]

TheBattle of Drepana involves the Romans, under the command of the Roman consulPublius Claudius Pulcher, attacking the Carthaginian fleet, under the command ofAdherbal, in the harbour ofDrepanum (modernTrapani,Sicily). The Romans are badly defeated and lose 93 of their 123 vessels.
Following the disastrous defeat of Roman forces at theBattle of Drepana,Publius Claudius Pulcher is fined 120,000 asses and his colleague,Lucius Junius Pullus, commits suicide.Aulus Atilius Calatinus is then elected dictator and leads an army into Sicily, becoming the first dictator to lead a Roman army outside Italy. The Roman forces atLilybaeum are relieved, andEryx, near Drapana, is seized. Its idol ofAstarte is transported to Rome, where it becomes theErycine Venus.

China

[edit]

The last remnants of theZhou dynasty, having rebelled against theState of Qin, are defeated by Prime MinisterLü Buwei.^[1]
The Qin general Meng Ao seizes the Taiyuan region from theState of Zhao.
King Kaolie of Chu annexes theState of Lu.

248 BC

[edit]

This section istranscluded from248 BC.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

China

[edit]

TheQin general Meng Ao captures theWei cities of Gaodu and Ji.
Meng Ao then annexes 37 towns and cities from theState of Zhao, conquering the cities of Yuci, Xincheng and Langmeng.^[2]

India

[edit]

TheMauryan kingAshoka is dedicated to the propagation ofBuddhism and begins establishing monuments marking several significant sites in the life ofGautama Buddha.

247 BC

[edit]

This section istranscluded from247 BC.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Carthage

[edit]

InNumidia Carthaginian generalHanno conquered the city ofTheveste (nicknamed:Hekatompylos) after which he negotiated a peace settlement with the Numidians endingCarthage's war with the Numidians. He was praised by both parties for the fairness of the treaty.^[3]
By this stage in thePunic War,Carthage has lost toRome all itsSicilian possessions exceptLilybaeum (nowMarsala) andDrepanum (nowTrapani). In the winter of 248/7,Hamilcar Barca takes over the chief command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily at a time when the island is almost completely in the hands of the Romans. Landing on the north-west of the island with a small mercenary force, he seizes a strong position on Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino, nearPalermo), and not only successfully defends himself against all attacks, but also carries his raids as far as the coast of southernItaly.

China

[edit]

General Wang He of theState of Qin takes the city of Shangdang from theState of Zhao and establishesTaiyuan Commandery.
After suffering an initial defeat toWei general Wuji in the Battle of Hewai, the armies of Qin, led by Meng Ao and Wang He, defeat a combined attempt by the other kingdoms of China to break through the strategicHangu Pass and invade the Qin heartland ofGuanzhong.^[4]
The 13-year-old Ying Zheng, later calledQin Shi Huang, succeeds his fatherZhuangxiang of Qin (Zichu) on the throne. Prime MinisterLü Buwei becomes theregent of the king.^[5]

246 BC

[edit]

This section istranscluded from246 BC.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Egypt

[edit]

Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son,Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in theNile Valley,Cyrene,Judea and the coast of southernSyria,Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of theAegean Sea. TheMacedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a smallmercenary army made up of Macedonians and other Greeks.

India

[edit]

The Ashokan pillar inLauriya,Nandangarh (from theMaurya period) is made.

Seleucid Empire

[edit]

Antiochus II leavesBerenice in order to live again with his former wifeLaodice and his sonSeleucus. However, Laodice poisons him and proclaims her son as King Seleucus II Callinicus, while her supporters inAntioch kill Berenice and her children who have taken refuge at Daphne, near Antioch, inSyria.
Berenice's brother,Ptolemy III, sets about to avenge his sister's murder by invading Syria which begins theThird Syrian War (also known as theLaodicean War). Ptolemy III's navy, perhaps with the aid of rebels in the cities, advances against Seleucus II's forces as far asThrace, across theHellespont, and also captures some islands off theAnatolian coast.
Ptolemy III wins major victories over Seleucus II in Syria and Anatolia and briefly occupies Antioch. These victories are marred by the loss of theCyclades toAntigonus II Gonatas in theBattle of Andros.
Seleucus II Callinicus' mother, Laodice attempts to take control over the Seleucid Empire by insisting that Seleucus II make his younger brother,Antiochus Hierax, co-regent and give him all the Seleucid territory inAnatolia. Antiochus promptly declares independence and begins fighting a war with his brother.
In order to secure theBactrian KingDiodotus' friendship, Seleucus II Callinicus arranges the marriage of one of his sisters to King Diodotus.

Roman Republic

[edit]

WithHamilcar Barca wearing theRomans down inSicily, the Romans, by private subscription, build another fleet with the aim of regaining command of the sea.
In Rome, the number ofpraetors is increased from one to two. The second praetor is appointed to relieve the backlog of judicial business and to give the Republic a magistrate with Imperium who can field an army in an emergency when both consuls are away fighting a war.

China

[edit]

TheZhengguo Canal, approximately one hundred miles long, is built across the current-day province ofShaanxi inChina, greatly adding to the agricultural productivity of the area and to the military potency of theQin dynasty.
The Qin general Meng Ao crushes a revolt in Jinyang.^[6]

245 BC

[edit]

This section istranscluded from245 BC.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Egypt

[edit]

Babylon andSusa fall to thePtolemaic armies ofPtolemy III.
Following a long engagement, Ptolemy III marriesBerenice II, the daughter ofMagas, king ofCyrene; thereby reuniting Egypt andCyrenaica.

Greece

[edit]

After the death of his nephew, Alexander of Corinth,Antigonus II givesNicaea, Alexander's widow, to his sonDemetrius in marriage. Through this action, Antigonus II regainsCorinth which has been independent while under the rule of Alexander of Corinth.
Aratus of Sicyon is elected general (strategos) of theAchaean League.

China

[edit]

TheQin general Pao Gong captures theWei city of Juan.^[7]
TheZhao generalLian Po captures the Wei city of Fanyang.^[8]

244 BC

[edit]

This section istranscluded from244 BC.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Greece

[edit]

Agis IV succeeds his father,Eudamidas II, asEurypontid king ofSparta.
The war inAsia Minor and theAegean Sea intensifies as theAchaean League allies itself toPtolemy III Euergetes ofEgypt, whileSeleucus II secures two allies in theBlack Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far asBactria and the borders ofIndia in their attacks on theSeleucid Empire.
By defeating the Egyptian fleet atAndros,Antigonus II is able to maintain his control over the Aegean Sea.

Carthage

[edit]

Hamilcar Barca transfers his army to the slopes of Mount Eryx (Monte San Giuliano), from which he is able to lend support to the besieged garrison in the neighbouring town ofDrepanum (Trapani).

China

[edit]

TheQin general Meng Ao annexes 13 cities from theState of Han.
The Qin envoy Gan Luo persuadesKing Daoxiang of Zhao to cede five cities.
TheState of Zhao annexes dozens of cities from theState of Yan.

243 BC

[edit]

This section istranscluded from243 BC.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Egypt

[edit]

Ptolemy III returns fromSyria due to a revolt inEgypt. As a result,Seleucus II is able to regain control of his kingdom with the Egyptians being pushed out ofMesopotamia and part of NorthernSyria.
Ptolemy III returns from his conquests of Seleucid territory with a large amount of treasure and works of art, including many statues of Egyptian gods carried off toPersia byCambyses. He restores the statues to the Egyptian temples and earns the title of Euergetes ("Benefactor").

Greece

[edit]

Without a declaration of hostilities, Greek statesman,Aratus of Sicyon, who has gradually built up theAchaean League into a major power inGreece, makes a surprise attack onCorinth and forces the withdrawal of theMacedonian occupation troops.Megara,Troezen, andEpidaurus also desert the Macedonian KingAntigonus II.
Drawing upon the tradition of theSpartan lawgiver,Lycurgus, the youngEurypontid king ofSparta,Agis IV, seeks to reform a system that distributes the land and wealth unequally and burden the poor with debt. He proposes the cancellation of debts and the division of the Spartan homeland into separate lots for each of its citizens. Full citizenship is to be extended to manyperioeci (voteless freemen) and foreigners. In addition to pursuing these reforms, Agis seeks the restoration of the Lycurgan system of military training. Agis is supported by his wealthy mother and grandmother (who surrender their property), by his uncle Agesilaus, and by Lysander, who is anephor (magistrate with the duty of limiting the power of the king).

China

[edit]

TheQin general Meng Ao sacks theWei cities of Shizhang and Yougui.
TheZhao generalLi Mu takes the cities of Wusui and Fancheng from theState of Yan.

242 BC

[edit]

This section istranscluded from242 BC.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Roman Republic

[edit]

TheRoman consul and commander,Gaius Lutatius Catulus, blockades theSicilian cities ofLilybaeum andDrepanum with a fleet of 200 ships.

Egypt

[edit]

The destruction of theEgyptian fleet by theMacedonians ends the naval supremacy of thePtolemies but does not force them to relinquish their territories inSyria and theAegean Sea.

China

[edit]

TheQin general Meng Ao annexes 20 towns and cities from theState of Wei, conquering the cities of Suanzao, Yan, Xu, Changping, Yongqiu and Shanyang. He then establishes the Dongjun Commandery.
TheZhao general Pang Nuan defeats the army of theState of Yan and kills its general Chu Xin.^[9]

241 BC

[edit]

This section istranscluded from241 BC.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Greece

[edit]

TheEurypontid King ofSparta,Agis IV, is called away from Sparta whenAratus of Sicyon, temporarily Sparta's ally, requests Agis' aid in his war against theAetolians. Upon his return, Agis finds that his supporters are discontented with the rule of his uncle, Agesilaus, and are disillusioned by the delay in implementing Agis IV's reforms. As a result, theAgiad king of Sparta,Leonidas II, gains power, supported by mercenaries. Rather than engage in a war with Leonidas, Agis takes sanctuary in a temple, but is enticed out, summarily tried and then executed, along with his mother and grandmother.
Archidamus V, son of the Spartan King, Eudamidas II, and grandson ofArchidamus IV, flees toMessenia after the murder of his brother Agis IV.
As general of theAchaean League,Aratus of Sicyon defeats the Aetolians at Pellene and then pursues a policy of establishing democracies in thePeloponnese.

Roman Republic

[edit]

March 10 –Battle of the Aegates: TheCarthaginian fleet sent to relieve theRoman blockade of theSicilian cities ofLilybaeum andDrepanum is totally defeated near theAegates Islands off western Sicily by the Roman fleet led byRoman consul and commanderGaius Lutatius Catulus. The result is a decisive Roman victory which forces an end to the protractedFirst Punic War, to Rome's distinct advantage.
The Romans capture Sicily^[10]
The Carthaginians underHamilcar Barca are forced to accept severe peace terms and agree to evacuate Sicily. As part ofthe treaty with Rome, Carthage agrees to abandon all its claims on Sicily, to refrain from sailing her warships in Italian waters and to pay an indemnity of 3,200talents. However, the Carthaginian army is allowed to return home with its arms. Rome is now the dominant power in the WesternMediterranean basin.
TheFalisci people ofFalerii Veteres revolt against Rome, but is crushed in six days. Falerii Veteres is destroyed and the people resettled to the less defensibleFalerii Novi.

Carthage

[edit]

A mercenary army of some 20,000 is transported from Sicily to Carthaginian territory, by Carthaginian commander,Gisco. Upon arrival in Carthaginian territory, the mercenaries submit a demand toHanno the Great for payment of their contracts. Hanno attempts, unsuccessfully, to convince the mercenaries to accept smaller payments due to Carthage's impoverished post-war conditions. Negotiations break down. The mercenaries take up arms, march onTunis, occupy it, and threaten Carthage directly.
Given their strong position, the mercenaries inflate their demands and request payment for the non-mercenaryLibyan conscripts in the army as well. Gesco is sent to negotiate with the mercenaries at Tunis. Negotiations break down, Gisco is captured, and theMercenary War commences.

Pergamum

[edit]

Attalus I Soter succeeds his uncle,Eumenes I, to the throne ofPergamum. He defeats theGalatians at theBattle of the Caecus River.

Egypt

[edit]

Peace is finally reached betweenPtolemy III andSeleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep theOrontes River region inSyria andAntioch as well asEphesus inAsia Minor andThrace andCilicia.

China

[edit]

Five of the seven major warring states:Chu,Zhao,Wei,Yan, andHan, form an alliance to fight the rising power ofQin.King Kaolie of Chu is named the leader of the alliance, andLord Chunshen the military commander, with Pang Nuan of Zhao also serving as a general. The coalition penetrates as far as the Qin town of Zui, west of the strategicHangu Pass and in the Qin heartland ofGuanzhong, but they are defeated. Afterwards, Chu moves its capital east toShouchun, further away from the threat of Qin. Qin counterattacks, sacking the Wei city of Chaoge.

240 BC

[edit]

This section istranscluded from240 BC.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Carthage

[edit]

Two ofCarthage'smercenary commanders –Spendius andMathos – convince theLibyan conscripts of the mercenary army occupying the Carthaginian city ofTunis to accept their leadership. They persuade the native Libyans that Carthage will take revenge against them for their part in the conflict once the foreign mercenaries are paid and sent home. They then convince the combined mercenary armies to revolt against Carthage and convince the various native Libyan towns and cities to back the revolt. Spendius and Mathos then take the Carthaginian commander Gesco as a hostage. What has started as an argument over pay owed to soldiers by the Carthaginian Government, explodes into a full-scale revolt, known as theMercenary War.
The Libyan forces loyal to the mercenaries besiege the towns ofUtica andHippacritae, which refuse to defect to the mercenaries.
Hanno the Great is given command of the Carthaginian forces. However, the mercenaries defeat the Carthaginian armies in theBattle of Utica.
Carthage decides to giveHamilcar Barca joint command with Hanno the Great. Hamilcar Barca is able to end the siege of Utica by the mercenaries. He is then placed in complete command of the Carthaginian forces and defeats the mercenaries in theBattle of the Bagradas River.
After theNumidian mercenary leader Narawas defects to Hamilcar Barca, Numidian reinforcements (about 2,000 men) help him defeat the mercenaries again. Hamilcar pardons his captured prisoners, accepting into his army anyone who will fight for Carthage, and exiling anyone who will not.

Roman Republic

[edit]

Rome takes over full control ofSicily and stations a legion there.

China

[edit]

TheQin general Meng Ao takes theZhao cities of Long, Hu and Qingdu but then dies en route to theWei city of Ji. This is then captured by Meng Ao's son Meng Wu.^[11]

By topic

[edit]

Literature

[edit]

The firstLatin tragedy byLivius Andronicus,Achilles, is first produced.

Astronomy

[edit]

May 25 – Chineseastronomers make the first recorded observation ofHalley's Comet.^[12]
TheHellenistic period MathematicianEratosthenes estimates the Earth's circumference to be 252,000stadia, a figure between 2%-20% off modern measurements.

Births

Transcluding articles:249 BC,248 BC,247 BC,246 BC,245 BC,244 BC,243 BC,242 BC,241 BC, and240 BC

247 BC

Hannibal Barca, Carthaginian military commander (d. c.183 BC)

246 BC

Arsinoe III, queen ofEgypt from220 BC, daughter ofPtolemy III andBerenice II (d.204 BC)

245 BC

Hasdrubal Barca, Carthaginian general and Younger brother ofHannibal (d.207 BC)

243 BC

Mago Barca, Carthaginian general and brother ofHannibal (d.203 BC)
Prusias I Cholus (the Lame), king ofBithynia (approximate date)
Seleucus III Ceraunus, king of theSeleucid Kingdom (d.223 BC)

242 BC

Antiochus III the Great, Seleucid king of Hellenistic Syria (d.187 BC)^[13]

241 BC

Antiochus III the Great, younger son ofSeleucus II Callinicus, the 6th ruler of theSeleucid Empire (d.187 BC)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:249 BC,248 BC,247 BC,246 BC,245 BC,244 BC,243 BC,242 BC,241 BC, and240 BC

249 BC

King Hui of Zhou, last Zhou claimant to the throne of China, is executed.^[1]

247 BC

Alexander of Corinth, Macedonian Greek governor andtyrant
Moggaliputta-Tissa, IndianBuddhist monk and philosopher
Zhuangxiang of Qin, Chinese king of theQin State (b.281 BC)

246 BC

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, king ofEgypt from 285 BC, second king of the Ptolemaic dynasty, who has extended his power by skillful diplomacy, developed agriculture and commerce, and madeAlexandria a leading centre of the arts and sciences (b.308 BC)
Antiochus II Theos, king of theSeleucid dominions in theMiddle East from261 BC. He has spent much of his reign at war withEgypt, recovering much of the territory inAnatolia lost in earlier wars between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties (b. c.287 BC)
Berenice, daughter ofPtolemy II Philadelphus andArsinoe, wife of theSeleucid rulerAntiochus II Theos, supplanting his first wife,Laodice, whose children she has persuaded him to bar from the succession to the throne in favour of her own.

245 BC

Apollonius of Rhodes, Greek poet, grammarian, and author of theArgonautica, an epic in four books on the voyage of theArgonauts (b. c.295 BC)

244 BC

Eudamidas II, king ofSparta

243 BC

Persaeus, GreekStoic philosopher and friend ofZeno of Citium
Xinling, Chinese statesman and general (Warring States Period)

242 BC

Maharani Devi, Mauryan empress and wife ofAshoka (approximate date)

241 BC

Agis IV,Eurypontid King ofSparta who has failed in his attempt to reform Sparta's economic and political structure (b. c.265 BC)
Agesistrata, Spartan Queen Consort
Arcesilaus, Greek philosopher, who has become the sixth head of the Greek Academy founded by Plato (b. c.316 BC)
Eumenes I, ruler ofPergamum from263 BC, liberator of the city from the overlordship of theSeleucids
Tiberius Coruncanius, Romanconsul and military commander for the battles againstPyrrhus of Epirus

240 BC

Aratus, Greek poet fromSoli inCilicia, best remembered for his poem on astronomyPhaenomena (b. c.315 BC)
Aristomachos the Elder, Greek tyrant fromArgos
Asandhimitra, Mauryan empress and wife ofAshoka
Callimachus, Greek poet and librarian
Posidippus, Greekepigrammatic poet
Zou Yan, Chinesephilosopher (b.305 BC)
Meng Ao,Qin general

References

[edit]

^^a ^bSchinz (1996), p. 80.
^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Basic Annals of Qin.
^Polybius, 1.73.1;Diodorus, 24.10.1-2.
^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Basic Annals of Qin.
^Donn, Lin. Donn, Don.Ancient China, p. 49 (2003). Social Studies School Service. Social Studies.ISBN 1-56004-163-3,ISBN 978-1-56004-163-4.
^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: The First Emperor.
^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Basic Annals of Qin.
^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Lian Po.
^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: The First Emperor.
^Stambaugh, John E. (1988).The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 23.ISBN 0-8018-3574-7.
^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: The First Emperor.
^Records of the Grand Historian.
^Volkmann, Hans (February 13, 2024)."Antiochus III the Great". Encyclopædia Britannica. RetrievedFebruary 26, 2024.

Bibliography

[edit]

Schinz, Alfred (1996). Axel Menges (ed.).The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China.Stuttgart,London: Daehan Printing & Publishing Co.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=240s_BC&oldid=1181671778"

Category:

240s BC

Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭