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210s BC

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Decade

Millennia
1st millennium BC
Centuries
4th century BC 3rd century BC 2nd century BC
Decades
230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC
Years
219 BC 218 BC 217 BC 216 BC 215 BC 214 BC 213 BC 212 BC 211 BC 210 BC
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This article concerns the period219 BC – 210 BC.

Events

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Following the defection of one ofPtolemy IV's leading commanders,Egypt's Syrian territories are seriously threatened byAntiochus III, thus initiating theFourth Syrian War. When theSeleucid ruler captures the importanteastern Mediterranean sea ports ofSeleucia-in-Pieria,Tyre, andPtolemais, Ptolemy IV's advisor,Sosibius, and the Ptolemaic court enter into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaic army is reorganized and intensively drilled.
The former King ofSparta,Cleomenes III, escapes from his Egyptian prison and, after failing to raise a revolt inAlexandria, takes his own life.

Roman Republic

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TheRomans extend their area of domination around the head of theAdriatic Sea as far as the peninsula ofHistria by the conquest of peoples who dwell to the east of theVeneti. Thus, with the exception ofLiguria and the upper valley of thePo River, allItaly south of theAlps is brought within the Roman sphere.

Iberian Peninsula

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Hannibal layssiege to Saguntum^[1] thus initiating theSecond Punic War betweenCarthage and Rome. Saguntum is an independentIberian Peninsula city south of theEbro River. In the treaty between Rome and Carthage concluded in226 BC, the Ebro had been set as the northern limit of Carthaginian influence in the Iberian Peninsula. Saguntum is south of the Ebro, but the Romans have "friendship" with the city and regard the Carthaginian attack on it as an act of war. The siege of Saguntum lasts eight months, and in it Hannibal is severely wounded. The Romans, who send envoys to Carthage in protest, demand the surrender of Hannibal.

Greece

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The Roman Senate sends theconsul Lucius Aemilius Paullus toIllyria with an army. On discovering Rome's intent, the Illyrian leaderDemetrius of Pharos puts to death those Illyrians who oppose his rule, fortifiesDimale and goes toPharos. After a seven-day siege by the Roman fleet under Lucius Aemilius Paulus, Dimale is taken by direct assault. From Dimale, the Roman navy heads to Pharos, where the Roman forces rout the Illyrians. Demetrius flees toMacedonia, where he becomes a trusted councilor at the court of KingPhilip V.
The Cretan city ofKydonia joins theAetolian alliance.^[2]

China

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Qin Shi Huang orders his generals to capture present-dayGuangdong andGuangxi.

218 BC

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This section istranscluded from218 BC.(edit |history)

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Hispania

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Second Punic War

May/June –Hannibal sets out with around 40,000 men and 50 elephants fromNew Carthage (Cartagena, Spain) to the north of Spain and then crosses the Pyrenees where his army meets with stiff resistance from the Pyrenean tribes. This opposition and the desertion of some of his Spanish troops diminishes his numbers by half, but he reaches the riverRhône facing little resistance from the tribes of southernGaul.^[3]
A Roman army under the consulPublius Cornelius Scipio is transported by sea toMassilia (modern Marseille) to prevent Hannibal from advancing on Italy. Scipio himself returns to Italy to take command of the defences in northern Italy on learning Hannibal has already crossed the Rhône.
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, Publius' brother, takes over the command of the army at Massilia and invades Spain.
Fall ofSaguntum toHannibal ofCarthage (or 219)^[3]

Roman Republic

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Second Punic War

In response to the threat of Hannibal the Romans assemble three armies:

Theconsul prior,Publius Cornelius Scipio, raises twoRoman legions and two Latinalae for a total of 22,000 infantry and 2,200 cavalry. He is also assigned 60 warships and hundreds of transports. Scipio receives theIberian Peninsula as his area of operations (his imperium).^[4]
The consul posterior,Tiberius Sempronius Longus, also raises two Roman legions and two Latin alae for a total of 24,000 infantry and 2,400 cavalry. He gathers a fleet of 180 warships and hundreds of transports. Longus receivesSicily andAfrica as his area of operation (his imperium) and manages to carry out thecapture of Malta from the Carthaginians.^[5] He was to invade Africa and attackCarthage directly^[4] until theRoman Senate orders him to travel from Sicily to reinforce Scipio's troops.
Praetor Lucius Manlius Vulso also receives two legions and raises 10,000 allied infantry and 1,000 allied cavalry (for a total of 18,000 infantry and 1,600 cavalry) and is sent intoCisalpine Gaul to keep an eye on theCeltic tribes.^[4]

September –Battle of the Rhône Crossing: A Carthaginian victory over theVolcae opens Hannibal's way into Italy.
September/October –Hannibal's crossing of the Alps: Hannibal takes around 38 North African war elephants across the Alps fromGaul intoCisalpine Gaul to invade Rome. Almost none of the elephants survive the harsh conditions. This leads to the Romans cancelling their invasion of Africa.
late November –Battle of Ticinus: Hannibal defeats Scipio.
December 22/23 –Battle of the Trebia: Hannibal defeats the combined Roman armies under Sempronius and Scipio.

Asia Minor

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The city ofSelge is besieged by Garsyeris, the general ofAchaeus, and eventually forced to surrender, althoughLogbasis, on the verge of negotiating a treacherous agreement, is killed by his fellow citizens.^[6]

Seleucid Empire

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Fourth Syrian War

Negotiations between the new Egyptian KingPtolemy IV and the Seleucid KingAntiochus III collapse, and Antiochus III renews his advance, overrunning Ptolemy's forward defences, and gaining territory inLebanon,Palestine andPhoenicia.

217 BC

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This section istranscluded from217 BC.(edit |history)

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Roman Republic

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Gaius Flaminius is re-electedconsul withGnaeus Servilius Geminus, in what is considered to be arebuke of the Senate's prosecution of thewar. Flaminius raises newlegions and marches north to meet theCarthaginian generalHannibal.
Hannibal advances to theArno River and then outmanoeuvres thearmy of Gaius Flaminius atArretium and reachesFaesulae (modernFiesole) andPerugia.
June 21 – On the northernshore ofLake Trasimene, inUmbria, Hannibal'stroops all but annihilate Gaius Flaminius' army in theBattle of Lake Trasimene, killing thousands (including Flaminius) and driving others to drown in the lake. Reinforcements of about 4,000 cavalry fromAriminum under thepraetor,Gaius Centenius, are intercepted before they arrive and are also destroyed. The Carthaginian troops then march on Rome.
Gaius Flaminius' supporters in theSenate begin to lose power to the more aristocratic factions as the Romans fear Hannibal is about to besiege their city. The Senate appointQuintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus asdictator.
Quintus Fabius Maximus begins his strategy of "delay". This involves avoiding a set battle with the Carthaginians and creating a "scorched earth" area around Hannibal's army. Manoeuvring among the hills, where Hannibal's cavalry is ineffective, Fabius cuts off his enemy's supplies and harasses Hannibal's forces incessantly. Fabius gains the nameCunctator (The Delayer) for this strategy.
Hannibal ravagesApulia andCampania; meanwhile the delaying tactics of Quintus Fabius Maximus' army allows only skirmishes to occur between the two armies.
Fabius' delaying policy becomes increasingly unpopular in Rome, and Fabius is compelled to return to Rome to defend his actions under the guise of observing some religious obligations. Marcus Minucius Rufus, the master of horse, is left in command and manages to catch the Carthaginians off guard near their camp inGeronium and inflicts severe losses on them in a large skirmish. This "victory" causes the Romans, disgruntled with Fabius, to elevate Minucius to the equal rank of dictator with Fabius.
Minucius takes command of half the army and camps separately from Fabius near Geronium. Hannibal, informed of this development, lays an elaborate trap, which draws out Minucius and his army and then Hannibal attacks it from all sides. The timely arrival of Fabius with the other half of the army enables Minucius to escape after a severe mauling. After the battle, Minucius turns over his army to Fabius and resumes the duties of Master of Horse.
Carthaginians defeat the Romans atLake Trasimene; at theTrebia River and at theTicinus River^[3]

Egypt

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June 22 –Egyptian nativehoplites underPtolemy IV crush theSeleucid army underAntiochus III in theBattle of Raphia nearGaza. The realization of their military importance leads to demands by native Egyptians for greater privileges and so to the development of racial difficulties which will weaken the Ptolemy dynasty in the future.
Although holding the initiative after theBattle of Raphia, Ptolemy IV, on his chief ministerSosibius' advice, negotiates a peace, and the Seleucid army withdraws fromCoele Syria. Antiochus III gives up all his conquests except the city ofSeleucia-in-Pieria.

Greece

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Philip V of Macedon, continuing his war with theAetolian League lays siege toPhthiotic Thebes, captures it and sells the inhabitants into slavery.
Learning of Hannibal's victory over the Romans atLake Trasimene and seeing a chance to recover hisIllyrian kingdom from the Romans,Demetrius of Pharos immediately advises Philip V to make peace with the Aetolians, and turn his attentions toward Illyria and Italy. Philip, at once begins negotiations with the Aetolians. At a conference on the coast nearNaupactus, Philip meets the Aetolian leaders and a peace treaty is concluded, ending the three-year-long "Social War".

Spain

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Publius Cornelius Scipio is sent with reinforcements by Rome toSpain asproconsul. In a naval battle on theEbro River atTarraco, the Carthaginian generalHasdrubal's fleet is largely destroyed by a daring surprise Roman attack led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brotherGnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. As a result, the Romans are able to strengthen their hold on the Ebro River region.

216 BC

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Roman Republic

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The Carthaginian general,Hannibal, moves his forces southward through Italy and seizes the large army supply depot atCannae on theAufidus River.^[7]
August 2 – TheBattle of Cannae (east ofNaples) ends in victory for Hannibal^[3] whose 50,000-man army defeats aRoman force of 86,000 led byconsuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus (who is killed in the battle) andGaius Terentius Varro.^[8] 50,000-70,000 Roman troops are killed, making this perhaps the deadliest one-day battle in all history.
A loan of money and supplies for the Roman army inSicily is sought and obtained fromHiero II of Syracuse.^[9]
The Roman historianQuintus Fabius Pictor is sent toDelphi inGreece to consult theOracle for advice about what Rome should do after its defeat in the Battle of Cannae.^[10]
Following Hannibal's victory, many regions begin to defect from Rome, while others are conquered by Hannibal's forces. InApulia,Lucania,Samnium and inBruttium, Hannibal finds many supporters.^[11]
The city ofCapua switches sides to join Hannibal and the Carthaginian army winters there.^[10]
After the defeat at Cannae, Roman general,Marcus Claudius Marcellus, commands the remnants of the Roman army atCanusium and saves the city ofNola and southernCampania from occupation by Hannibal.^[10]
A Roman force of 25,000 led byLucius Postumius Albinus is ambushed by Gauls nearLitana and almost completely wiped out.^[12]

Spain

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Hasdrubal is ordered by the Carthaginian government to march to Italy.^[13]
Roman forces in Spain led byGnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus andPublius Cornelius Scipio successfully thwart Hasdrubal's attempt to march to Italy.^[14]

Syracuse

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TheCarthaginian fleet ravages the territory ofThe Kingdom of Syracuse.^[15]

Greece

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Philip V of Macedon, still resenting Rome's interference inIllyrian politics, seizes his opportunity to invade Illyria. Ambassadors from Philip V visit Hannibal at his headquarters in Italy. These actions mark the beginning of theFirst Macedonian War between Rome and Macedonia.

Egypt

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A revolt of the Egyptian peasants is put down byPtolemy IV.

215 BC

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This section istranscluded from215 BC.(edit |history)

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Sardinia

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ACarthaginian invasion fleet bound forSardinia is delayed by bad weather giving theRomans the time to organize an intervention; the Roman generalTitus Manlius Torquatus, one of it original conquerors, is sent to Sardinia with an army.
Battle of Decimomannu, the Romans led by Torquatus defeat a combined Sardinian/Carthaginian army ending the Sardinian rebellion and driving off the Carthaginians.
On its return journey the Carthaginian invasion fleet is harassed by Roman squadrons operating from Sicily.

Spain

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The Carthaginian general,Hannibal, is denied any reinforcements from Spain for his forces now based in Italy by the activities of theRoman generalPublius Cornelius Scipio and his brotherGnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, who, in a battle atDertosa near theEbro River effectively stop the Carthaginian general,Hasdrubal's attempt to break through to Italy.

Roman Republic

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TheRoman law,Lex Oppia, is instituted by Gaius Oppius, atribune of theplebs during theconsulship ofQuintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus andTiberius Sempronius Gracchus. TheLex Oppia is the first of a series ofsumptuary laws introduced in Rome. It not only restricts women's wealth, but also their displaying it.
The Roman general,Marcus Claudius Marcellus, again repulses an attack by Hannibal on the city ofNola.
Hannibal's forces occupy the cities ofHeraclea andThurii. However, Hannibal is unable to prevent the Romans from besiegingCapua.

Greece

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Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal negotiate an alliance under which they pledge mutual support and defence. Specifically, they agree to support each other against Rome, and that Hannibal shall have the right to make peace with Rome, but that any peace would include Philip and that Rome would be forced to give up control ofCorcyra,Apollonia,Epidamnus,Pharos,Dimale,Parthini andAtintania and to restore toDemetrius of Pharos all his lands currently controlled by Rome.

Seleucid Empire

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TheSeleucid king,Antiochus III, crosses theTaurus Mountains, uniting his forces withAttalus ofPergamum and, in one campaign, deprives his rebel general,Achaeus, of all his dominions and takesSardis (with the exception of the citadel).

214 BC

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This section istranscluded from214 BC.(edit |history)

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Carthage

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Carthage persuadesSyracuse to revolt againstRome and ally itself with Carthage instead.

Roman Republic

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Roman legions led byTiberius Sempronius Gracchus defeatHanno's Carthaginian forces in a battle nearBeneventum, thus denyingHannibal much needed reinforcements.
The Roman general,Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who is inSicily at the time of the revolt ofSyracuse, leads an army which stormsLeontini and besieges Syracuse. With the help ofArchimedes' ideas and inventions, the Syracusans repel his attacks by sea.
Thecensors Publius Furius Philus andMarcus Atilius Regulus condemn and degrade (i.e. cause to lose rank in Roman society and politics) two groups of Romans of high rank, includingsenators andequestrians. The first group are those Roman officers captured by Hannibal's forces in theBattle of Cannae who have come as Carthaginian hostages to Rome to plead for their ransom (and those of their fellow prisoners), and who then refuse to return to Carthaginian captivity when the Senate refuses to ransom any prisoners. The second group are those Romans who have advocated surrender to Carthage after the Battle of Cannae, or who have made plans to flee Rome and offer their services inGreece,Egypt, orAsia Minor.
Romans retakeSamnium^[3]

Greece

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Philip V of Macedon attempts an invasion ofIllyria by sea with a fleet of 120 craft. He capturesOricum and, sailing up the Aous (modernVjosë) river, he besiegesApollonia.
Upon receiving word fromOricum of Philip V's actions in Illyria, Romanpropraetor Marcus Valerius Laevinus crosses theAdriatic with his fleet and army. Landing at Oricum, Laevinus is able to retake the town with little fighting.
Laevinus sends 2,000 men under the command of Quintus Naevius Crista, toApollonia. Catching Philip's forces by surprise, Quintus Naevius Crista attacks and routs their camp. Philip V is able to escape back to Macedonia, after burning his fleet and leaving many thousands of his men dead or as prisoners of the Romans.

China

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Panyu (present-dayGuangzhou, or Canton) is established as a city.
Qin Shi Huang orders general Ren Xiao (任囂), commanding 200,000 troops, to conquer the kingdoms in present-day northernVietnam.
Qin Shi Huang orders the construction ofLingqu, the oldest contour canal.
TheQin armies underMeng Tian campaign against theXiongnu and other northern peoples and expand their territories along the north basin of theYellow River. They subjugate the Luliang region, drive back the Xiongnu tribes to the northwest of theOrdos Plateau, and seize Gaoque, Mt. Tao and Beijia.^[16]

213 BC

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This section istranscluded from213 BC.(edit |history)

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Seleucid Empire

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Inalliance withAttalus I ofPergamum,Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king ofAnatolia,Achaeus, in his capital,Sardis, after a siege of two years. Antiochus III then has Achaeus executed.

Roman Republic

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Casilinum andArpi are recovered by theRomans fromHannibal.

Sicily

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Archimedes's war machines repel theRoman army that is invadingSyracuse.

China

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EmperorQin Shi Huang and Prime MinisterLi Si order allConfucian writings destroyed in theburning of books and burying of scholars.

212 BC

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This section istranscluded from212 BC.(edit |history)

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Illyria

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After being stopped twice by theRomans in his attempts to invadeIllyria by sea, and constrained by the Roman commanderMarcus Valerius Laevinus' fleet in theAdriatic,Philip V of Macedon keeps his activities in Illyria land based. Keeping clear of the coast, he takesDassaretis,Atintani andParthini, and the town ofDimale.^[17]

Thrace

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Tylis is destroyed by theThracians.

Carthage

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Syphax, king of the westernNumidian tribe, theMasaesyli, concludes an alliance with the Romans and they send military advisers to help Syphax train his soldiers. He then attacks the eastern Numidians (theMassylii) ruled byGala, who is an ally of the Carthaginians. TheCarthaginian generalHasdrubal travels to northern Africa fromSpain to stamp out the uprising by the Numidians.

Spain

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The Roman generalsPublius Cornelius Scipio and his elder brother,Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, captureSaguntum (modernSagunto) from the Carthaginians.

Seleucid Empire

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Antiochus III leaves for a campaign inAsia, where he will reach as far asIndia and mostly manage to recover the areas conquered earlier byAlexander the Great.
Having recovered the central part ofAnatolia from the usurperAchaeus,Antiochus III turns his forces to recover the outlying provinces to the north and east of theSeleucid kingdom.
Antiochus III gives his sister Antiochia in marriage to KingXerxes of Armenia, who acknowledges Antiochus III'ssuzerainty and pays himtribute.

Roman Republic

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Publius Licinius Crassus Dives is elected "pontifex maximus" over more distinguished candidates, despite never having held any major offices. He will hold this position until his death.
TheRoman soldiers billeted inTarentum so alienate the citizens of the city that conspirators admit the Carthaginian generalHannibal to the city. The conspirators then defeat the Roman contingent in it. Hannibal keeps control of his troops so that looting is limited to Roman houses. The citadel in Tarentum remains under Roman control, which denies Hannibal the use of the harbour.
The Romanconsuls,Appius Claudius Pulcher andQuintus Fulvius Flaccus, besiegeCapua with eightlegions.Hanno moves toBeneventum to try to help the inhabitants of Capua, but he is defeated by the Romans.
The Capuans then send an appeal for help to Hannibal. In response, Hannibal sends 2,000Numidian cavalry as reinforcements to Capua. The combined Carthaginian forces defeat the Roman force led by Flaccus and Pulcher, the latter of whom will soon die of wounds he has sustained.
TheBattle of the Silarus is fought between Hannibal's army and a Roman force led bypraetor Marcus Centenius Penula. The Carthaginians are victorious, effectively destroying Centenius Penula's army.
TheBattle of Herdonia is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and Roman forces who are laying siege to Herdonia led by praetor Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, brother of the consul, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Roman army is destroyed, leavingApulia free of Romans for the year.
After a two year siege, Roman general,Marcus Claudius Marcellus, gradually forces his way intoSyracuse and takes it in the face of strong Carthaginian reinforcements and despite the use of engines of war designed by the Greek mathematician and scientistArchimedes (such as theClaw of Archimedes).
Although Marcellus wishes to spare the lives of the Syracusans, he is unable to prevent the sack of the city by his soldiers, which includes the killing ofArchimedes. Marcellus carries off the art treasures of Syracuse to Rome, the first recorded instance of a practice which is to become common.

211 BC

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This section istranscluded from211 BC.(edit |history)

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Seleucid Empire

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Antiochus III's sister arranges for the removal ofArmenia'sking Xerxes, whom she has recently married. Antiochus III then divides the country into twosatrapies.

Carthage

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Spring–Hannibal invades Italy.^[18]
TheCarthaginian generalHasdrubal Barca returns toSpain after his victory over the rebelliousNumidians. He then manages to turn the tide against theRomans in Spain, with the Roman generalsPublius Cornelius Scipio and his brotherGnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus killed inseparate battles—Publius on the upper Baetis (Guadalquivir) and Gnaeus in thehinterland ofCarthago Nova (Cartagena). The Carthaginians recover all their territory south of theEbro.

Roman Republic

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With the capture ofSyracuse, the Romans are able to pacify all ofSicily.
The Romansbesiege thetown ofCapua (which is allied withHannibal). The town eventually falls to the Romans and itscitizens are punished by them. The town's nobility areput to the sword, its territory isconfiscated and its municipal organisation is dissolved.
Hannibal marches northwards on the city of Rome in a belated and unsuccessful effort to capture the city.
Rome faces the burdens of inflation and the danger of famine, caused by the disturbed conditions in Italy and Sicily and the withdrawal of so many men fromfarming. The situation is only relieved by an urgent appeal by the Romans to the King ofEgypt,Ptolemy IV, from whom grain is purchased at three times the usual price.

Greece

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The Roman commanderMarcus Valerius Laevinus explores the possibility of an alliance with theAetolian League as the Aetolians are once again ready to consider taking up arms against their traditional enemy,Macedonia. A treaty is signed to counterPhilip V of Macedon who is allied to Hannibal. Under the treaty, the Aetolians are to conduct operations on land, the Romans at sea. Also, Rome will keep any slaves and other booty taken and Aetolia will receive control of any territory acquired.

Parthia

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Arsaces II succeeds his fatherArsaces I as King ofParthia.

210 BC

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This section istranscluded from210 BC.(edit |history)

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Roman Republic

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Following the death of his father,Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle,Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of theCarthaginians, the youngPublius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of theRoman troops inSpain. His appointment reflects theRoman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of thepropraetor,Gaius Claudius Nero, thencommander inSpain north of theEbro.
Thefamine and inflation facing Rome is eased with the pacification, by the Romans, ofSicily.
The Carthaginian generalHannibal proves his superiority in tactics by inflicting a severe defeat atHerdonia inApulia upon aproconsular army, slaying theconsul Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus.
The Roman generalMarcus Claudius Marcellus is elected consul for the fourth time and takes Salapia inApulia, which has revolted and joined forces with Hannibal.
TheSpanish language evolves from Vulgar Latin, which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War.

Egypt

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Arsinoe III, wife and sister of KingPtolemy IV gives birth to the futurePtolemy V Epiphanes. Thereafter, she is sequestered in the palace, while Ptolemy's depraved male and female favourites ruin both the king and his government ofEgypt. AlthoughArsinoe III disapproves of the sordid state of the court, she is unable to exert any influence.

Greece

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After allying withHannibal,Philip V of Macedon attacks the Roman positions inIllyria, but fails to takeCorcyra orApollonia, which are protected by the Roman fleet. Rome's command of the sea prevents his lending any effective aid to his Carthaginian ally in Italy. TheAetolians,Sparta and KingAttalus ofPergamum join the Romans in the war against Philip V. Thiscoalition is so strong that Philip V has to stop attacking Roman territory.

China

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Qin Er Shi becomesEmperor of theQin dynasty ofChina. His advisorsZhao Gao and Prime MinisterLi Si forge a decree by the late EmperorQin Shi Huang that orders the execution of Qin Er Shi's elder brotherFusu and Fusu's ally, the generalMeng Tian.^[19]
TheTerracotta Army in themausoleum of EmperorShihuangdi,Lintong,Shaanxi, is made (Qin dynasty) (approximate date).

Births

Transcluding articles:219 BC,218 BC,217 BC,216 BC,215 BC,214 BC,213 BC,212 BC,211 BC, and210 BC

217 BC

Xin Zhui, aHan dynasty noblewoman

216 BC

Liu Pi, Chinese prince and general of theHan Dynasty (d.154 BC)

215 BC

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, king of the Seleucid Empire (d.164 BC) (approximate date)

210 BC

Hui, emperor of theHan dynasty (d.188 BC)
Ptolemy V Epiphanes, king ofEgypt (d.180 BC)^[20]
Zhang Yan, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (d.163 BC)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:219 BC,218 BC,217 BC,216 BC,215 BC,214 BC,213 BC,212 BC,211 BC, and210 BC

219 BC

Cleomenes III,Spartan king from235 BC to222 BC, who reorganized Sparta's political structure and struggled unsuccessfully to destroy theAchaean League.

217 BC

Arsaces I, King ofParthia
Gaius Flaminius,Roman consul and general
Pinnes (also Pinneus or Pineus), son ofAgron, king ofIllyria, and Agron's first wife Triteuta

216 BC

August 2
- Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Romanconsul and general (killed in theBattle of Cannae)^[9]
- Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, Roman consul 217 BC (killed in the Battle of Cannae)^[21]
- Marcus Minucius Rufus, Roman consul 221 BC, Master of the Horse 217 BC (killed in the Battle of Cannae)^[21]
Gelo, son of Hiero II^[22]
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman consul 232 BC and priest (augur)

215 BC

Apollonius of Rhodes, Greek author (b.295 BC)
Hiero II,tyrant ofSyracuse from270 BC (b. c.308 BC)
Hieronymus, grandson ofHiero II of Syracuse and tyrant (assassinated) (b. c.231 BC)
Emperor Kōrei of Japan, according to legend.

214 BC

Demetrius of Pharos, Illyrian ruler
Hieronymus, tyrant ofSyracuse (b.231 BC)

213 BC

Aratus of Sicyon, Greek statesman, general and advocate of Greek unity, who, for many years, has been the leader of theAchaean League (b.271 BC)
Achaeus,Seleucid general and later separatist ruler of most ofAnatolia until his defeat and execution by the Seleucid kingAntiochus III

212 BC

Archimedes of Syracuse,Greek mathematician and scientist, who has calculated formulae for the areas and volumes of spheres, cylinders, parabolas and other plane and solid figures. He has also founded the science ofhydrostatics, including the principle of the upthrust on a floating body which has led to his cry, "Eureka". Thirdly, he has invented siege-engines for use against theRomans and theArchimedean screw to raise water (b. c.287 BC)
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Romanconsul from 215 to 213 BC
Xerxes of Armenia (assassinated by his wife Antiochia)

211 BC

Arsaces I, king ofParthia from250 BC and son of Phriapites, a chief of the seminomadicParni tribe from theCaspian steppes
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, Roman general, statesman and brother of Publius Cornelius Scipio
Manius Pomponius Matho, Roman general, consul and maternal grandfather ofScipio Africanus
Publius Cornelius Scipio, Roman general, consul and proconsul during theSecond Punic War

210 BC

Qin Shi Huang, first emperor ofChina (b.259 BC)
Fusu, son and heir apparent of Qin Shi Huang
Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus, Roman consul and general
Meng Tian, Chinese general of theQin dynasty
Meng Yi, Chinese official of the Qin dynasty
Tiberius Sempronius Longus, Roman consul and general
Bashu Guafu Qing, Chinese businesswoman (b.259 BC)
Xu Fu, Chinese alchemist and explorer (b. 255 BC, disappeared at sea)

References

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^Gavin De Beer,Hannibal: Challenging Rome's Supremacy, 1969, Viking Press, 319 pages
^C. Michael Hogan,Cydonia, The Modern Antiquarian, January 23, 2008
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eLeGlay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann (2001).A History of Rome (Second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 77.ISBN 0-631-21858-0.
^^a ^b ^cGoldsworthy, Adrian (2006).The Fall of Carthage. London: Orion Books Ltd. p. 151.ISBN 978-0-3043-6642-2.
^Castillo, Dennis Angelo (2006).The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 20–26.ISBN 9780313323294.
^Polybius.Histories.
^Polybius,3:107.2–3 The Histories
^Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,22.44–51
^^a ^bLivy,Ab Urbe Condita,23.21
^^a ^b ^cLivy,Ab Urbe Condita,22.57
^Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,22.61
^Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,23.24
^Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,23.27
^Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,23.29
^Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,22.56
^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: The First Emperor, Section: Meng Tian.
^Eckstein, Arthur M. (2008).Rome Enters the Greek East From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Blackwell Publishing. p. 87.ISBN 978-1-4051-6072-8.
^Stambaugh, John E. (1988).The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 24.ISBN 0-8018-3574-7.
^Qian, Sima.Records of the Grand Historian, Section: The First Emperor, Section: Meng Tian.
^"Ptolemy V Epiphanes | Macedonian king of Egypt".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved30 March 2020.
^^a ^bLivy,Ab Urbe Condita,22.49
^Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,23.30

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