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343 seats in theHouse of Commons 172 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 28,525,638[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 69.5% ( 7.2pp)19,597,674[2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by electoral district, shaded by winners' vote share Results by province and territory | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The2025 Canadian federal election was held on April 28 to elect members of theHouse of Commons to the45th Canadian Parliament. Governor GeneralMary Simon issued thewrits of election on March 23, 2025,[3] after Prime MinisterMark Carney advised her todissolve Parliament. This was the first election to use a new343-seat electoral map based on the2021 census. Key issues of the election campaign included thecost of living, housing, crime, andtariffs andthreats of annexation fromDonald Trump, thepresident of the United States.[4]
TheLiberal Party won a fourth term, emerging with aminority government for a third consecutive election;[5][6][7] it also marked the first time they won the popular votesince 2015, doing so with the highest vote share for any party in a federal electionsince 1984, and their own highest vote sharesince 1980.[8] The party's victory came after a substantial rebound in the polls, noted as being "one of the widest on record in any democracy".[9] The election also saw the highest turnoutsince 1993, with 69.5% of Canada's 28 million eligible voters casting a ballot.[10]
Both the Liberal Party and theConservative Party improved upon their vote share and seat countfrom 2021, while the other parties all lost ground; this was the most concentrated the popular vote had been in support of the top two partiessince 1958, with over 85% voting Liberal or Conservative.[11] Consequently, the election delivered theNew Democratic Party (NDP) their worst result in its history, as it received just over six percent of the popular vote and only won seven seats. As a result, the NDP lostofficial party status for the first time since 1993.[12] The concentration of support for the two major parties was identified by commentators as marking a polarization in Canadian politics and a shift towards atwo-party system.[13][14]
The result was a reversal of polling trends lasting from mid-2023 to January 2025, which had led to projections of the Conservatives winning in a landslide.[15] Carney'sreplacement ofJustin Trudeau asleader of the Liberal Party played a key role in the turnaround. With his extensive experience as a central banker and his perceived competence, Carney was seen as better equipped to handle thetrade war launched by the U.S. and other major economic issues.[16][17] Two sitting party leaders failed to win re-election to their parliamentary seats:Pierre Poilievre of the Conservative Party andJagmeet Singh of the NDP.[18][19] Poilievre had held his riding of Carleton since 2004, and his defeat was regarded as a significant setback for the Conservatives.
The2021 Canadian federal election, held on September 20, 2021, saw only minor changes from the preceding2019 election.[20] The incumbentLiberal Party, led by Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau, did not win the popular vote and failed to win enough seats to gain a parliamentary majority, winning only a plurality of seats and retaining its status as a minority government. TheConservative Party won the popular vote and continued as theOfficial Opposition.[21][c] In March 2022, the Liberals struck a deal with the fourth-placeNew Democratic Party (NDP), where the latter would provideconfidence and supply for the duration of the Parliament in exchange for certain policy concessions.[22] The agreement lasted until September 2024, when the NDP terminated the deal.[23]
One week after the 2021 election, on September 27,Annamie Paul resigned as theGreen Party leader, citing lack of party support.[24] Thesubsequent leadership election was won by former leaderElizabeth May, who ran on a "joint ticket" withJonathan Pedneault, proposing a co-leadership model; Pedneault was officially named the deputy leader, pending a change to the party's constitution to allow co-leadership.[25] May and Pedneault formally became co-leaders on February 4, 2025.[26]
On February 2, 2022, Conservative leaderErin O'Toole was removed as leader by a caucus vote.[27] Followinga leadership election,Pierre Poilievre was elected the new leader of the Conservative Party.[28]
Because of the decennial redrawing of riding boundaries, many MPs were running in districts that had changed.[29][30]
Despite low government approval ratings and a large polling lead for the opposition Conservatives – linked to an ongoing cost of living crisis – Trudeau had insisted he would lead the Liberals into the next general election, and attempt to win a fourth consecutive term. Despite his commitment to seek re-election, pressure on Trudeau to step aside had been mounting from the Liberal caucus afterby-election losses insafe Liberal seats.[31]
On December 16, 2024, the government was plunged into apolitical crisis when finance ministerChrystia Freeland abruptly resigned, only hours before she was set to present the government's fall economic statement.[32] The resignation was seen as a clear rebuke of the prime minister from one of his most loyal allies, and sent shockwaves throughout Canadian politics.[33] Trudeau, who had already faced down a caucus revolt in October, was faced with renewed questions about his leadership.[34] By December 22, 21 Liberal MPs had publicly called for Trudeau to step down.[35] On January 6, 2025, Trudeau announced his intention to resign as prime minister after the party elected his successor.[36] The ensuing leadership election was won byMark Carney, formergovernor of the Bank of Canada andgovernor of the Bank of England.[37] Carney was sworn in as prime minister on March 14, becoming the first prime minister to have never held elected public office prior to their appointment.[38][39]
The crisis occurred against the backdrop ofDonald Trump's victory in the2024 United States presidential election and his threats to impose sweeping tariffs on Canada. Disagreements over how to handle this threat were seen as being a contributor to the Trudeau ministry's collapse.[40][41] However, theTrump administration's conduct soon sparked a political revival for the Liberals, with the ensuingtrade war, along with the President's threats toannex Canada, greatly reducing the Liberals' polling gap with the Conservatives.[42] By the time Carney was sworn in as prime minister, the polling gap had been eliminated altogether and the Liberals were in the lead, putting them in striking distance of a majority government. The scale of their political turnaround was described by analysts as having "little precedent" in Canadian history.[43]
Under thefixed-date provisions of theCanada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election, the election was scheduled to take place on October 20, 2025.[44] However, elections can occur before the scheduled date if thegovernor general dissolves Parliament on the recommendation of the prime minister, either for asnap election or after the government loses a vote on asupply bill or a specificmotion of no confidence.[45]
On March 20, 2024, the government introduced theElectoral Participation Act, which included an amendment to theCanada Elections Act that would have changed the fixed election date to October 27, 2025, to avoid conflicting withDiwali, as well asmunicipal elections in Alberta.[46][47] The bill died on theorder paper when the Parliament of Canada wasprorogued by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau after he announced his resignation.[48]
On March 23, 2025, after a request from Prime Minister Mark Carney, the Governor General dissolved parliament and called an election for April 28, 2025.[49] The date fixed for the return of the writs by the Chief Electoral Officer was 19 May 2025.[3]
The table below lists parties represented in theHouse of Commons after the2021 federal election and their current standings.Kevin Vuong, despite being elected as a Liberal, was disavowed by the party too late to alter his affiliation on the ballot and served out his term as anindependent.[50]
| Name | Ideology | Position | Leader(s) | 2021 result | Standing before election | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes (%) | Seats | ||||||
| Liberal | Liberalism Social liberalism | Centre to centre-left | Mark Carney | 32.62% | 160 / 338 | 152 / 338 | |
| Conservative | Conservatism Economic liberalism | Centre-right toright-wing | Pierre Poilievre | 33.74% | 119 / 338 | 120 / 338 | |
| Bloc Québécois | Quebec nationalism Quebec sovereigntism Social democracy | Centre-left | Yves-François Blanchet | 7.64% | 32 / 338 | 33 / 338 | |
| New Democratic | Social democracy | Centre-left toleft-wing | Jagmeet Singh | 17.82% | 25 / 338 | 24 / 338 | |
| Green | Green politics | Elizabeth May & Jonathan Pedneault | 2.33% | 2 / 338 | 2 / 338 | ||
| Independents | N/A | 0.19% | 0 / 338 | 3 / 338 | |||
| Vacant | N/A | 4 / 338 | |||||
Canada'selectoral system, a "first-past-the-post" system, is formally referred to as a single-member plurality system. Voters select a representative nominated for theirelectoral district (sometimes referred to as ariding), and the candidate with more votes than any other candidate is elected to a seat in the 343-member House of Commons and represents that riding as itsmember of parliament (MP). The party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons usually forms government, with that party's leader becomingprime minister. The largest party by seat count that is not the government or part of a governing coalition becomes the Official Opposition. That party receives more finances and privileges than the other opposition parties.[51][52]
An absolutemajority of the votes cast in the last election is not needed to form government and is rarely achieved. Additionally, the government party does not need to obtain a majority of the seats in the House of Commons; under the current multi-party system, it is common for the government party to lack a majority. However, to pass bills domestically, the governing party must have support of a majority of MPs. Without majority support, the governmentcan be defeated, then a new party is named government or an election has to be held.[45]
.svg)
This was the first election contested under the new electoral districts established in the 2022 redistribution. Consequently, media outlets tend to report seat gains and losses as compared tonotional results. These are the results if all votes cast in 2021 were unchanged but regrouped by new electoral district boundaries, as published byElections Canada.[53]
| Party | MPs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 actual result | 2021 notional result | Change | ||
| Liberal | 160 | 157 |  3 | |
| Conservative | 119 | 126 | 7 | |
| Bloc Québécois | 32 | 34 | 2 | |
| New Democratic | 25 | 24 | 1 | |
| Green | 2 | 2 |  | |
| Total seats | 338 | 343 | 5 | |
| Party | MPs retiring | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 election[d] | At dissolution | ||
| Liberal | 40 | 38 | |
| Conservative | 13 | 12 | |
| New Democratic | 4 | 4 | |
| Bloc Québécois | 4 | 4 | |
| Independent | 0 | 3 | |
| Total | 60 | 60 | |
SixtyMPs announced that they would not run in the 2025 federal election. One MP lost their party nomination race to run again. One MP had their candidacy revoked by their party and was barred from running under its banner. Four MPs announced their intention not to stand again but later resigned from Parliament before the election.[54][55][56][57][58] Five further MPs initially announced their intention to stand down before later changing their minds.[59][60][61][62][63][64]
.jpg)
When nominations were closed on April 7, Elections Canada announced that 1,959 candidates would be running for election.[114] No party fielded full slates of candidates in all 343 ridings, though the Bloc Québécois, which only runs candidates in Quebec, covered all 78 Quebec constituencies. The Liberals, Conservatives and NDP were all one short,[115] respectively inPonoka—Didsbury,[116]Québec Centre[117] andSouth Shore—St. Margarets.[118] In Ponoka—Didsbury, Zarnab Zafar was not identified as a Liberal allegedly because of "a clerical error with Elections Canada" and is under no affiliation, but the Liberals endorsed her. In Québec Centre, there was said to be "an issue with paperwork" causing the Conservative candidate's nomination to be rejected after the deadline for candidate registrations.[119] The NDP candidate in South Shore—St. Margarets withdrew for personal reasons,[115] and an independent candidate in the riding was endorsed by the NDP afterward.[118]
TheLongest Ballot Committee targeted Poilievre'sCarleton riding, which had 83 independents nominated, therefore there were a total of 91 candidates running in the riding.[120] When asked why they did not do similar efforts in the constituencies of other party leaders, the organizers said it was a matter of limited resources.[121]
| Candidates | Ridings | Party | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lib | Con | NDP | PPC | Green | Ind | BQ | MLP | CHP | Rhino | Comm | Oth | Totals | ||
| 3 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 45 | |||||||||
| 4 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 27 | 21 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 240 | ||
| 5 | 113 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 85 | 78 | 9 | 20 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 17 | 565 |
| 6 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 84 | 81 | 34 | 35 | 5 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 24 | 570 |
| 7 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 32 | 33 | 19 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 18 | 259 |
| 8 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 104 |
| 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 54 |
| 10 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 20 |
| 11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 | ||
| 91 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 83 | 1 | 3 | 91 | |||||
| Total | 343 | 342 | 342 | 342 | 247 | 232 | 177 | 78 | 35 | 32 | 29 | 24 | 79 | 1,959 |
| Party | English | French | Translation of French (unofficial) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| █ Liberal | "Canada Strong" | "Un Canada fort" | "A strong Canada" | |
| █ Conservative | "Canada First – for a Change" | "Le Canada d'abord – pour faire changement" | "Canada First – to make a Change" | |
| █ Bloc Québécois | — | "Je choisis le Québec" | "I choose Québec" | |
| █ New Democratic | "In it for you" | "Du cœur au ventre" | "From the heart to the stomach" (literal); "To be brave" | |
| █ Green | "Change. Vote for it." | "Votez pour du changement" | "Vote for change" |
| Party | Full platform |
|---|---|
| █ Liberal | Canada Strong[128] |
| █ Conservative | Canada First. For a Change[129] |
| █ Bloc Québécois | Choisir le Québec[130] |
| █ New Democratic | Made for People. Built for Canada.[131] |
| █ Green | Change. Vote For It.[132] |
| Type | Liberal | Conservative | Bloc Québécois | New Democratic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Media | ||||
| Public figures | ||||
| Unions and business associations |
|
|
In its May 2022 report, theLeaders' Debates Commission recommended various improvements for future debates, and that it remain a permanent publicly funded entity to organize leaders' debates.[172][173] In October 2024, the Leaders' Debate Commission announced that the English-language debate would be hosted byTVO'sSteve Paikin, while the French-language debate would be hosted byIci RDI'sPatrice Roy.[174]TVA Nouvelles had announced plans to host its own French-language debate with the Bloc, Conservative, Liberal, and NDP leaders, but cancelled the event after the Liberal Party withdrew.[175][176]
On April 1, 2025, the commission announced that it had invited the leaders of the Bloc Québécois, Conservative Party, Green Party, Liberal Party, and New Democratic Party to the debates. Invitations were issued on the basis of meeting at least two of three conditions: having at least one sitting MP, recording at least 4% support in national opinion polling, and endorsing candidates in at least 90 percent of ridings.[177] The Green Party's invitation was rescinded on April 16 as it ultimately ran candidates in 232 ridings (less than 70 percent) despite earlier submitting to the Commission that it would run candidates in every riding.[178][179] The People's Party was not invited, as it did not meet the criteria of either holding a seat in Parliament or polling at least 4%.[177][112][f]
On April 15, the leaders of the Bloc Québécois and the NDP suggested rescheduling the French language debate because of the debate coinciding with the finalhockey game of theMontreal Canadiens' regular season, after it became clear the game would decide whether the Canadiens would make theplayoffs. The Commission declined to reschedule the debate to a different day, but agreed to move the start time two hours earlier to 6:00 pmEDT.[181]
A post-debate news scrum after the French language debate was dominated by the far-rightRebel News and other right-wing media outlets, leading to complaints from other journalists at the event.[182] Michel Cormier, the commission's executive director, responded that he was "unaware" thatRebel News and another organization associated withRebel founderEzra Levant were registered as third-party advertisers with Elections Canada.[183][184] In an interview,David Cochrane ofCBC News asked Cormier about the fairness of the distribution of questions among outlets and the type of questions asked. Cormier responded, "There's only so much we can do to control free speech."[185] During the English language debate the next day,CTV News andThe Globe and Mail reported a disturbance between Levant and journalists from other outlets, and aGlobal News reporter suggested thatRebel staff tried to interfere with the live broadcast of the debate.[182] Cormier abruptly cancelled the planned news scrum, citing security concerns, asMontreal Police secured the venue.[184][186]
| Date | Organizers | Location | Language | Moderator | P Participant R Rescinded invitation | Source | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carney | Poilievre | Blanchet | Singh | Pedneault[g] | ||||||
| April 16, 2025 | Leaders' Debates Commission | Maison de Radio-Canada,Montreal | French | Patrice Roy | P | P | P | P | R[h] | [174][112][177] |
| April 17, 2025 | English | Steve Paikin | P | P | P | P | R[h] | [112][177] | ||
| Opinion polling for Canadian federal elections |
|---|
| 2011 |
| Opinion polls •By constituency |
| 2015 |
| Opinion polls •By constituency |
| 2019 |
| Opinion polls •By constituency |
| 2021 |
| Opinion polls •By constituency |
| 2025 |
| Opinion polls •By constituency |
The Liberals maintained their status as being the largest party in the House of Commons and won the popular vote for the first time since the 2015 election, after having lost the popular vote in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections.
| Party | Party leader | Candidates | Seats | Popular vote | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Dissol. | 2025 | Change from 2021 | % seats | Votes | Vote change | % | pp change | % where running | ||||
| Liberal | Mark Carney | 342[i] | 160 | 152 | 169 | 9 | 49.27% | 8,595,488 | 3,038,859 | 43.76% | 11.14pp | 43.91% | |
| Conservative | Pierre Poilievre | 342[j] | 119 | 120 | 144 | 25 | 41.98% | 8,113,484 | 2,366,074 | 41.31% | 7.57pp | 41.43% | |
| Bloc Québécois | Yves-François Blanchet | 78 | 32 | 33 | 22 | 10 | 6.41% | 1,236,349 | 65,276 | 6.29% | 1.35pp | 27.65% | |
| New Democratic | Jagmeet Singh | 342[k] | 25 | 24 | 7 | 18 | 2.04% | 1,234,673 | 1,801,675 | 6.29% | 11.53pp | 6.30% | |
| Green | Elizabeth May & Jonathan Pedneault | 232 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.29% | 238,892 | 158,096 | 1.22% | 1.11pp | 1.75% | |
| People's | Maxime Bernier | 247 | – | – | – | | – | 136,977 | 704,016 | 0.70% | 4.24pp | 0.94% | |
| Independent and No Affiliation | 177[l] | – | 3 | – | | – | 39,498 | 7,017 | 0.20% | 0.01pp | 0.31% | ||
| Christian Heritage | Rodney L. Taylor | 32 | – | – | – | | – | 10,065 | 1,080 | 0.05% | | 0.46% | |
| Rhinoceros | Chinook B. Blais-Leduc | 29 | – | – | – | | – | 7,063 | 978 | 0.04% | | 0.41% | |
| United | Grant S. Abraham | 16 | New | – | – | New | – | 6,061 | New | 0.03% | New | 0.57% | |
| Libertarian | Jacques Y. Boudreau | 16 | – | – | – | | – | 5,561 | 796 | 0.03% | | 0.57% | |
| Marxist–Leninist | Anna Di Carlo | 35 | – | – | – | | – | 4,996 | 464 | 0.03% | | 0.25% | |
| Communist | Elizabeth Rowley | 24 | – | – | – | | – | 4,685 | 15 | 0.02% | 0.01pp | 0.36% | |
| Centrist | A. Q. Rana | 19 | – | – | – | | – | 3,314 | 2,666 | 0.02% | 0.02pp | 0.31% | |
| Canadian Future | Dominic Cardy | 19 | New | – | – | New | – | 3,123 | New | 0.02% | New | 0.27% | |
| Animal Protection | Liz White | 7 | – | – | – | | – | 1,301 | 1,245 | 0.01% | | 0.32% | |
| Marijuana (D) | Blair T. Longley | 2 | – | – | – | | – | 133 | 1,898 | 0.00% | 0.01pp | 0.09% | |
| Vacant | 4 | — | |||||||||||
| Total valid votes | 19,641,663 | 2,727,388 | 100.00% | – | – | ||||||||
| Total rejected ballots | 169,857 | 5,711 | 0.86% | 0.16pp | – | ||||||||
| Total | 1,959 | 338 | 338 | 343 | 5 | 100.00% | 100.00% | – | 100.00% | ||||
| Electorate (eligible voters)/turnout | – | ||||||||||||
| Note: Official results with two judicial recounts to be completed. | |||||||||||||
| Source(s):Elections Canada[122][188] (D) indicates a party deregistered before the next election | |||||||||||||
 |  |  |
| Two-party vote swing | Two-party seat swing | Two-party vote share |
 | ||
| Liberals' performance by riding | ||
On May 5,Irek Kusmierczyk, the Liberal candidate running inWindsor—Tecumseh—Lakeshore, applied for ajudicial recount.[189] In addition, for differences in votes slimmer than 0.1%, judicial recounts were automatically triggered in 3 ridings.[190]
| Riding | Initial validated results, first and second place | Recount | Judicially certified results, first and second place | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Votes | % | Type | Start | End | Candidate | Votes | % | ||||
| ON | Milton East—Halton Hills South | Kristina Tesser Derksen | 32,130 | 48.26% | Automatic | May 13[191] | May 16 | Kristina Tesser Derksen | 32,178 | 48.25% | ||
| Parm Gill | 32,101 | 48.21% | Parm Gill | 32,157 | 48.22% | |||||||
| NL | Terra Nova—The Peninsulas | Anthony Germain | 19,704 | 47.97% | Automatic | May 12[192] | May 23[193] | Jonathan Rowe | 19,605 | 47.96% | ||
| Jonathan Rowe | 19,692 | 47.94% | Anthony Germain | 19,593 | 47.93% | |||||||
| QC | Terrebonne | Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné | 23,340 | 38.77% | Automatic | May 8[194] | May 10 | Tatiana Auguste | 23,352 | 38.741% | ||
| Tatiana Auguste | 23,296 | 38.70% | Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné | 23,351 | 38.739% | |||||||
| ON | Windsor—Tecumseh—Lakeshore | Kathy Borrelli | 32,062 | 45.80% | Requested (granted by judge) | May 20[195] | May 22 | Kathy Borrelli | 32,090 | 45.753% | ||
| Irek Kusmierczyk | 31,985 | 45.69% | Irek Kusmierczyk | 32,086 | 45.747% | |||||||
After the Terrebonne recount result was announced, it emerged that a mail-in ballot had been returned by Canada Post because of a faulty address, even though the envelope had been preprinted by the office of the local returning officer. As the ballot was marked for the Bloc candidate, a tie vote would have forced a by-election.[196] On May 14, Elections Canada announced that they had conducted an analysis revealing that only that ballot had come to their attention, but they were expanding their review of the special ballot voting system in general, which had been announced after a separate incident occurred inCoquitlam—Port Coquitlam.[197][198] However, the agency declared that it regards the result of the judicial recount as final.[199] According to reports byRadio-Canada andLe Devoir, the Bloc was not ruling out contesting the result in court but had to wait until the result of the recount was published in theCanada Gazette,[200][201] which occurred on May 15.[202] Auguste was consequentially able to be sworn in as MP for the riding.[203]
On May 15,Yves-François Blanchet announced in Ottawa that that the Bloc would be applying to theSuperior Court of Quebec to order a by-election on the basis of irregularities that occurred, not just on the ballot returned to the voter, but also on five other ballots that had been received by Elections Canada too late to be counted.[204] He said, "Since Elections Canada cannot by themselves ask for the election to be repeated, we have to bring this situation in front of a judge, in a court, in order to do the election all over again." The application was filed in court on May 23,[205] and the hearing is scheduled to take place in October 2025.[206]
If successful, this would be the first time at the federal level that an election result had been overturned on such grounds.[207] The last attempt to do so arose inEtobicoke Centrein 2011, whereTed Opitz defeatedBorys Wrzesnewskyj by 26 votes. The application was allowed at first instance, but the ruling was reversed 4–3 on appeal to theSupreme Court of Canada, a process that took a year and a half to complete.[208][209]
At the beginning of October,La Presse reported that the worker at the constituency office responsible for issuing the faulty address labels was aware of the error three weeks before Election Day but failed to advise the returning officer or the voters concerned. He swore anaffidavit to that effect for use at the forthcoming court hearing on October 20.[210]Stéphane Perrault, thechief electoral officer, noted thatElections Canada could have issued appropriate instructions to compensate for the error if it had been promptly informed at the time.[211]
On October 27, the court ruled that a by-election would not be held. Quebec Superior Court justice Éric Dufour held that what happened did not constitute an irregularity as defined in Canadian election law, saying, "It is a simple human error, which sometimes occurs in general elections, committed inadvertently and without any dishonest or malicious intent."[212]
On November 3, Sinclair-Desgagné announced that she would be appealing the ruling to theSupreme Court of Canada, saying, "The judgment of the Superior Court of Quebec contains several errors of fact as well as an interpretation of the law and jurisprudence that invites an appeal", and that she was also planning to set up acrowdfunding campaign to raise money for the litigation costs.[213][214][215]
The recount process proved to last longer than anticipated. The 279 ballot boxes had to be gathered together at a central secure location inMarystown before the process could start.[216] All 41,670 ballots (including 579 that had initially been rejected) were re-examined, and about 1,000 ballots were determined to be in dispute.[217] After working through theVictoria Day weekend,[218] the work had to stop for two days because of a scheduled shutdown of the local water supply, which forced the closure of all public buildings.[216] Work was completed on May 23, resulting in a flipping of the riding to the Conservatives.[193]
| Party in 1st place | Party in 2nd place | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lib | Con | BQ | NDP | Grn | |||
| Liberal | 141 | 22 | 6 | 169 | |||
| Conservative | 135 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 144 | ||
| Bloc Québécois | 21 | 1 | 22 | ||||
| New Democratic | 5 | 2 | 7 | ||||
| Green | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Total | 162 | 144 | 24 | 12 | 1 | 343 | |
| Parties | Seats | |
|---|---|---|
| █ Liberal | █ Conservative | 276 |
| █ Liberal | █ Bloc Québécois | 43 |
| █ Liberal | █ New Democratic | 11 |
| █ Conservative | █ New Democratic | 8 |
| █ Conservative | █ Bloc Québécois | 3 |
| █ Conservative | █ Green | 1 |
| █ Liberal | █ Green | 1 |
| Total | 343 | |
| Party | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liberal | 169 | 162 | 11 | |||
| Conservative | 144 | 144 | 49 | 5 | ||
| Bloc Québécois | 22 | 24 | 30 | 2 | ||
| New Democratic | 7 | 12 | 243 | 79 | 1 | |
| Green | 1 | 1 | 6 | 131 | 90 | |
| Independent | 2 | 7 | 20 | |||
| People's | 1 | 90 | 110 | |||
| United Party | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||
| Christian Heritage | 5 | 6 | ||||
| Libertarian | 2 | 6 | ||||
| Canadian Future | 2 | 4 | ||||
| Communist | 1 | 7 | ||||
| Rhinoceros | 1 | 7 | ||||
| Centrist | 1 | 5 | ||||
| Animal Protection | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Marxist–Leninist | 7 | |||||
| Party name | BC | AB | SK | MB | ON | QC | NB | NS | PE | NL | YT | NT | NU | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liberal | Seats: | 20 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 70 | 44 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | – | 169 | |
| Vote: | 41.8 | 27.9 | 26.6 | 40.8 | 49.0 | 42.6 | 53.4 | 57.2 | 57.5 | 54.0 | 53.1 | 53.5 | 36.7 | 43.8 | ||
| Conservative | Seats: | 19 | 34 | 13 | 7 | 52 | 11 | 4 | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | – | 144 | |
| Vote: | 41.0 | 63.5 | 64.6 | 46.3 | 43.8 | 23.3 | 40.8 | 35.2 | 36.9 | 39.7 | 38.5 | 33.3 | 26.0 | 41.3 | ||
| Bloc Québécois | Seats: | 22 | 22 | |||||||||||||
| Vote: | 27.7 | 6.3 | ||||||||||||||
| NDP | Seats: | 3 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 7 | |
| Vote: | 13.0 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 11.0 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 5.2 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 12.2 | 37.3 | 6.3 | ||
| Green | Seats: | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |
| Vote: | 3.0 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | – | 1.2 | ||
| Independents andminor parties | Seats: | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Vote: | 1.1 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | – | – | – | 1.1 | ||
| Seats: | 43 | 37 | 14 | 14 | 122 | 78 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 343 | ||
Incumbents are denoted in bold and followed by(I).
| Riding | Winner | Runner-up | Vote difference | Percentage difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terrebonne (details) | Tatiana Auguste | Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné (I) | 1 | 0.002% | ||
| Windsor—Tecumseh—Lakeshore | Kathy Borrelli | Irek Kusmierczyk (I) | 4 | 0.006% | ||
| Terra Nova—The Peninsulas | Jonathan Rowe | Anthony Germain | 12 | 0.03% | ||
| Milton East—Halton Hills South | Kristina Tesser Derksen | Parm Gill | 21 | 0.03% | ||
| Nunavut | Lori Idlout (I) | Kilikvak Kabloona | 41 | 0.54% | ||
| Vancouver Kingsway | Don Davies (I) | Amy Gill | 303 | 0.60% | ||
| Kitchener Centre | Kelly DeRidder | Mike Morrice (I) | 375 | 0.63% | ||
| Miramichi—Grand Lake | Mike Dawson | Lisa Harris | 384 | 1.00% | ||
| Kitchener—Conestoga | Tim Louis (I) | Doug Treleaven | 522 | 0.84% | ||
| Montmorency—Charlevoix | Gabriel Hardy | Caroline Desbiens (I) | 524 | 0.88% | ||
| Party | 2021 | Gain from (loss to) | 2025 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lib | Con | NDP | BQ | Grn | |||||||||
| Liberal | 157 | 12 | (18) | 7 | 12 | (1) | 169 | ||||||
| Conservative | 126 | 18 | (12) | 10 | 1 | 1 | 144 | ||||||
| New Democratic | 24 | (7) | (10) | 7 | |||||||||
| Bloc Québécois | 34 | 1 | (12) | (1) | 22 | ||||||||
| Green | 2 | (1) | 1 | ||||||||||
| Total | 343 | 19 | (31) | 12 | (30) | 17 | – | 12 | (1) | 1 | – | 343 | |
The following seats changed allegiance from the2021 redistributed results.
Significant milestones included the following:
The election results represented a significant contrast to the polling estimates prior to the election. In December 2024, the Conservatives had a 20 percentage point lead over the Liberals; however, Trudeau's resignation and U.S. presidentDonald Trump's hostile foreign policy towards Canada were reasons that led to a significant change in public opinion that favored the Liberals. Comparisons have been made to theAustralian federal election held on May 3, 2025, where the incumbentcentre-left government, led by theLabor Party, overturned a significant deficit in polling, made gains, and remained in government. Commentators spoke of a negative "Trump effect" as the Australian opposition conservative leaderPeter Dutton also lost his seat.[223][224][225]
Strategic voting played a role in the election, which benefitted the Liberals, moving it closer to a two-party system.[13][14] The declining performance of theNew Democratic Party (NDP) in the election was also attributed to strategic voting.[14][226] Alex Marland, the Jarislowsky chair in trust and political leadership atAcadia University in Nova Scotia, said that Trump's interference and threats significantly affected the results, stating, "It really galvanized progressives, people on the political left. You can see the collapse of the NDP vote. A big reason for people who would have voted NDP ending up voting Liberal was really because of fear over Donald Trump."[14] Gabriel Arsenault, a political science professor at theUniversité de Moncton, emphasised the results being closer to a two-party system. In December 2024, the Liberals and Conservatives were polling together around 65 percent of the intention votes versus the around 85 percent they got in the election. In reference to the NDP, Arsenault added, "[Pierre] Poilievre sought votes among workers, and usually that would be the main group where the NDP got its votes, so I think it has to transform itself."[14] As for theGreen Party, which won only one seat, Arsenault said, "We'll have to see if this is just temporary because of Trump, or [if] this is illustrative of a bigger trend here."[14]
Abacus Data determined the following migration patterns of voters from 2021:
| Of those who voted in 2021 | Proportion (%) going to | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lib | Con | NDP | BQ | ||
| Liberal | 78 | 16 | 3 | 3 | |
| Conservative | 7 | 89 | 2 | 2 | |
| New Democratic | 42 | 21 | 32 | 4 | |
| Bloc Québécois | 15 | 13 | 2 | 71 | |
| Did not vote in that election | 44 | 43 | 6 | 4 | |
Analysis byThe Economist, which called the 29-point swing comeback in polls by the Liberals as "one of the widest on record in any democracy",[9] noted that the two best predictors of the margin shift from Conservatives to Liberals were education and immigration: the Liberals gained in ridings with more university graduates and native-born voters, while the Conservatives benefited in ridings with more voters who were either foreign-born or did not hold degrees.[228] Religion was also a factor in certain results, where secular and Muslim voters tended to favour the Liberals while more heavily Jewish ridings swung to the Conservatives.[228]
According to apostmortem inquiry by theToronto Star, the Liberals and Conservatives both experienced fortunate incidents as well as missteps. Members of the Liberal election team were estimating a final seat total of 181 to 190 seats, while the party's computer modelling was suggesting a lesser number.[229] While aLéger poll in February suggested a dead heat between the two parties if Carney became the Liberal leader, the Liberals were relieved when the Tories initially chose to focus their attacks on Carney's actions during his time in the private sector, as opposed to the more effective gambit in the last two weeks of the campaign of emphasizing the point that the Liberals "might be trying to pull a fast one on the country" by switching leaders.[230] The Liberals were slow to catch on to underlying shifts in voter sentiments until candidates were reporting from key races in theGreater Toronto Area, Alberta and BC that second-generation Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Italians (especially among younger men) were moving over to the Conservatives because of issues relating to public safety and immigration. Liberal attempts to address the issue chose to focus ongun control, an area voters did not consider relevant.[230] On the other side, many Conservatives believed that the tone set by Poilievre turned off many traditional supporters, and there was evidence that the significant lead the party enjoyed during the previous year was the result of "[mistaking] the poll numbers for our own popularity, as opposed to disgust with Justin Trudeau".[229] Morale among the party's backbenchers and grassroots was also affected by Poilievre's management of the campaign, and it was estimated that 110 riding nomination races were cancelled in favour ofparachuting candidates directly in.[229] After election day, when it became apparent that both parties had come up short of their expected majority, the question posed by one Liberal insider was, "How do you end up winningBay of Quinte but losingBrampton West?" Many observed that the resultant grouping of Liberal supporters was significantly influenced by the influx of NDP voters, Quebec nationalists and "white men over 50",[230] while Conservative efforts to attract younger voters, union members and immigrants proved to be successful.[229]
The Liberal Party regained a leading position in this election, reversing previous polling in which it trailed behind the Conservative Party. With a vote share of 43.8%, it achieved its highest level of supportsince 1980 and marked its strongest performance since taking officein 2015. They won seats in every province (the only party to do so) and exceeded 40% of the popular vote in every province except Alberta and Saskatchewan. Although the party secured 169 seats—falling three seats short of the 172 needed for a majority—it successfully formed a minority government. The Liberals led inOntario,Quebec,British Columbia, and theAtlantic provinces. Quebec saw the most notable gains, with the party winning 10 more seats thanin 2021. The Liberals also performed well in the city ofToronto and the southernGreater Toronto Area (primarily in the more urban and affluent areas south ofHighway 401), reclaiming a seat lost in last year's by-election, and produced dominant margins in theOttawa region. However, their seat count in Ontario dropped by five compared to the previous election, in part due to losses in theYork Region north of Toronto.[231] InManitoba, the party won six seats, just one fewer than the Conservatives.[232][233]
Carney made a victory speech on election night after winning his seat ofNepean; he emphasized that regardless of which party Canadians supported, he would strive to be a prime minister for all. He said he would "always do my best to serve everyone who calls Canada home".[234] On international matters, Carney expressed serious concern regarding Trump. He criticized Trump for imposing tariffs and using trade pressure in attempts to weaken Canada's economy, while also publicly questioning the country's sovereignty.[234] He said, "There is someone trying to undermine our economy: Donald Trump."[235] In response to Trump's past remarks suggesting that Canada could become the 51st state of the U.S., Carney firmly declared, "The United States is not Canada. Canada will never, under any circumstance, become part of the United States."[234] Carney received congratulations from domestic leaders, including PremierDanielle Smith of Alberta, PremierDoug Ford of Ontario, PremierScott Moe of Saskatchewan, and MayorOlivia Chow of Toronto.[236]
The Conservative Party achieved its highest vote share in decades in this election, garnering 41.3% of the vote—the highest for a conservative partysince 1988 and the best result since the modern party's founding in 2003. They exceeded 35% of the popular vote in every province except for Quebec. The party secured 144 seats, second only to its majority government victoryin 2011. Nevertheless, it still fell short of the Liberal Party in both vote share and seat count. Despite the overall electoral defeat, the Conservatives maintained a strong advantage in the three Prairie provinces. The party also made notable gains in areas traditionally less favourable to it, including theGreater Toronto Area inOntario (particularly inYork Region andBrampton),Vancouver Island and surrounding coastal regions inBritish Columbia, as well as several working-class regions such asWindsor andnorthern Ontario which political analyst Douglas Todd stated "helped shatter the myth that people who normally vote NDP would never vote for the Conservatives".[237][238] Polling conducted for CBC News by Kolosowski Strategies found that Conservative gains in the northern Greater Toronto Area were driven by concerns about affordability, crime and immigration policies.[239]
In total, the Conservatives gained 24 seats—seven more than the Liberals' gain of 16 seats. The largest increase was in Ontario, where they picked up 15 new seats, a third of which were in York Region; in British Columbia, they gained 5 seats, just one fewer than the Liberals. They also gained two seats inNewfoundland and Labrador and one seat inQuebec, while inNova Scotia the party lost 2 seats and was left with only one. After the election results were announced, Conservative Party leaderPierre Poilievre delivered a concession speech in which he congratulated Prime Minister Mark Carney and stated he would work with all parties to end Donald Trump's tariffs. Poilievre also emphasized that he would continue to serve as Conservative Party leader, and that the party would remain an effective opposition in Parliament, focusing on issues such as the economy, cost of living, housing, and defending the interests of Canadians.[240] Shortly after the speech, it was confirmed that he had been defeated by Liberal Party candidateBruce Fanjoy in the riding of Carleton.[241] Voters in the area told the CBC that Poilievre's support for the2022 Freedom Convoy protest which occupied part of the city core and his pledge to reduce the public service contributed to his loss in the riding.[242] Calls from provincial conservative premiers for Poilievre to resign as Conservative leader grew following the election result.[243][244]
A few days after election day, Conservative MPDamien Kurek, who was re-elected with over 80% of the vote in the Alberta riding ofBattle River—Crowfoot, one of the party's safest ridings, announced his intention to resign in order to allow Poilievre to run in thesucceeding by-election.[245] Kurek will have to wait 30 days after the results of the election are published in theCanada Gazette in order to resign, and plans to run in Battle River-Crowfoot in thenext federal election[246] He subsequently resigned on June 17.[247]
While Poilievre holds no seat in the House of Commons, he is ineligible to continue asleader of the Opposition. This resulted in former Conservative leaderAndrew Scheer being appointedleader of the Opposition.[248][249][250] Poilievre was elected in the by-election on August 18, and returned to the House of Commons.
In this election, the Bloc Québécois garnered only 6.3% of the national vote, with support in Quebec dropping to 27.7%. The party won 22 seats, ten fewer than in the previous election, marking its third-worst performance in history. The Bloc failed to consolidate its advantage in Quebec, with the Liberal Party capturing key constituencies. Several prominent members, including the party's House LeaderAlain Therrien, were defeated.
After learning the results of the election, party leaderYves-François Blanchet admitted his party had suffered a setback and accepted the voters' decision. He acknowledged the party's losses but pointed to external factors, such as Trump'stariff policies andcontroversial remarks about Canada, as well as the Liberal Party's perceived use of fear-based campaigning, as contributing to the defeat. Blanchet stressed that the Bloc would remain committed to standing up for Quebec's interests and called for cooperation among all parties in Parliament to meet the country's shared responsibilities. He added that the Bloc would continue to play a constructive role in Parliament to ensure Québécois voices are not sidelined at the federal level. He also noted that the seats won by the Bloc place it in a position of influence in a minority government. He said, "We will speak up for Quebec clearly and confidently, but we will do so in a way that fosters unity rather than division."[251][252]
In this election, the New Democratic Party secured only 6.3% of the national vote and won just 7 seats, marking the worst result in its history. They received slightly fewer votes than even the Bloc Quebecois, despite running nationally as opposed to only in Quebec. Compared to the previous election, the party lost 18 seats — 7 to the Liberals and 10 to the Conservatives (with one seat dissolved) — and its vote share dropped significantly. In no province did they finish higher than third in the popular vote or receive more than 13% of such vote. Party leader Jagmeet Singh also failed to win re-election (finishing third place in his riding of Burnaby Central).[253] Falling short of the 12-seat threshold, the NDP lost itsofficial party status for the first timesince 1993. After the election, certain observers and party insiders questioned the allocation of resources to crucial ridings in the final days of the campaign, noting that eight others had closer races than Burnaby Central and thus better chances for victory.[254]
On election night, having been defeated inBurnaby Central and with the NDP at risk of losingofficial party status,Jagmeet Singh announced that he would resign as party leader once an interim leader was chosen in advance of thenext leadership election.[255] Singh confirmed that he had informed the party's senior leadership of his incoming resignation and said he would assist with the transition until an interim leader is chosen.[256] In a candid statement, Singh acknowledged the outcome as disappointing but emphasized that it was part of the democratic process. As party leader, he stated he must take political responsibility for the result. Singh said, "Leading the New Democratic Party has been one of the greatest honours of my life, although today's result is difficult to accept, my belief in this party remains unshaken. I believe it is time for new voices and new energy to take us into the next chapter."[257]Don Davies was selected as interim leader on May 5, 2025.[258]
The Green Party won only one seat, one less than the previous election, receiving the party's worst popular votesince 2000. Its national vote share was 1.2%, a drop of 1.13 percentage points from 2.33% in 2021. The only seat secured was in theBritish Columbia riding ofSaanich—Gulf Islands, where party leaderElizabeth May was re-elected. Meanwhile, co-leaderJonathan Pedneault failed to win in the riding ofOutremont, coming in at 5th place.
After the election results were announced, Green Party co-leader May expressed her gratitude for once again earning the trust and support of voters in her riding, and voiced her hopefulness about the party retaining a seat in the context of a minority government. She acknowledged that although the Green Party's overall national performance was disappointing, with a historically low share of the vote, she remains committed to the importance of environmental and social justice issues and will continue to advocate for them in Parliament. May emphasized that an individual victory is not an endpoint, but part of a broader effort to advance national environmental policy and democratic reform. She also expressed openness to taking on a more active role in Parliament in the future.[259] On August 19, May announced her intention to resign as party leader.[260]
On the other hand, Green Party co-leader Pedneault expressed regret that the party had won only one seat and failed to gain broad support from voters. He acknowledged that the Greens had not achieved the breakthrough they had hoped for in this election. Pedneault stated that, as co-leader, he bore political responsibility for the outcome and thus chose to resign from his leadership position. He emphasized that this decision was not driven by personal disappointment, but by a commitment to responsible party leadership.[261]
Student votes aremock elections that run parallel to actual elections, in which students not ofvoting age participate. They are administered by Student Vote Canada. These are for educational purposes and do not count towards the results.[262] The Conservatives won a minority government in the poll.[263]
| 162 | 149 | 17 | 13 | 2 |
| Conservative | Liberal | Bloc | NDP | Green |
| Party | Leader | Seats | Popular vote | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elected | % | Δ | Votes | % | Δ (pp) | |||
| Conservative | Pierre Poilievre | 162 | 47.23 | 74 | 326,201 | 36.36 | 11.28 | |
| Liberal | Mark Carney | 149 | 43.44 | 32 | 285,294 | 31.80 | 7.76 | |
| Bloc Québécois | Yves-François Blanchet | 17 | 4.96 | 4 | 19,638 | 2.19 | 0.13 | |
| New Democratic | Jagmeet Singh | 13 | 3.79 | 94 | 130,015 | 14.49 | 13.98 | |
| Green | Elizabeth May &Jonathan Pedneault | 2 | 0.58 | 1 | 66,628 | 7.43 | 2.35 | |
| Other | 0 | 0 | | 37,735 | 4.21 | 0.27 | ||
| People's | Maxime Bernier | 0 | 0 | | 31,625 | 3.53 | 3.27 | |
| Total | 343 | 100.00 | 5 | 897,136 | 100.00 | – | ||
| Source: Student Vote Canada[264] | ||||||||
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