Calendar year
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Calendar year
2025 by topic By international organization
2025 (MMXXV ) was acommon year starting on Wednesday of theGregorian calendar , the 2025th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 3rd millennium and the21st century , and the 6th year of the2020s decade.
Calendar year
The year saw an escalation of major ongoing armed conflicts,[ 1] Gaza war , marked byfamine anda humanitarian crisis ; theRussian invasion of Ukraine , which prompted peace negotiations involvingVladimir Putin andDonald Trump ; and theSudanese civil war .
Internal crises inArmenia ,Bangladesh ,Bulgaria ,the Democratic Republic of the Congo ,Ecuador ,France ,Georgia ,Germany ,Haiti ,Libya ,Pakistan ,Peru ,Somalia , andSouth Korea persisted into the year, with the latter culminating in thearrest andremoval of PresidentYoon Suk Yeol from office.
The year also witnessed awave of protests predominantly led by the younger generation, with some movements—such asthose in Nepal andMadagascar —resulting in the overthrow of targeted governments. Several brief conflicts arising from longstanding tensions emerged mid-year, including clashes betweenIndia and Pakistan in May,Iran and Israel in June, andCambodia and Thailand in July. In the latter case, aleaked phone call involving Thai prime ministerPaetongtarn Shinawatra and Cambodian senate presidentHun Sen resulted in the removal of the former from office.
In economics and business, thereturn of Donald Trump to theU.S. presidency ushered ina series of tariffs imposed by the United States on the rest of the world , significantly disrupting global trade and reinvigorating theChina–United States trade war . The technology sector was also affected by the release of theDeepSeek chatbot , a Chineselarge language model that competed withChatGPT .
Aviation and aerospace experienced several accidents during the year, includinga collision between two aircraft half a mile south of Washington National Airport in January, and the crash ofAir India Flight 171 , aBoeing 787 bound forGatwick , inAhmedabad , India, in June. The year also saw notable advances in space exploration, including thefirst crewed polar-orbit spaceflight and thefirst fully successful lunar landing by a private company .
Collapsed house inTibet after theTibet earthquake on January 7 Aerial view of homes devastated by thePalisades Fire in the early evening hours of January 15 as part of theSouthern California wildfires Afire at the Grand Kartal Hotel (pictured) inKartalkaya ,Turkey , killed 78 people and injuring 51 others on January 21 Recovery of the wreck of Bombardier CRJ700 involved in amid-air collision over the Potomac River on January 29 January 1 January 6 –Indonesia becomes thetenth member to joinBRICS .[ 10] [ 11] January 7 January 8 – Eighteen gunmen and a soldier are killed in anattack on thepresidential palace inN'Djamena , the capital ofChad .[ 16] January 9 – TheCommander of the Lebanese Armed Forces ,Joseph Aoun , iselected the 14thpresident of Lebanon byparliament , ending the power vacuum that lasted over two years.[ 17] January 10 – The EuropeanCopernicus Climate Change Service reports that2024 was the world's hottest year on record, and the first calendar year to pass the symbolic threshold of1.5 °C ofglobal warming .[ 18] January 11 –A gas station explosion inAl Bayda , Yemen, results in 40 deaths and dozens of others injured.[ 19] January 12 –2024–25 Croatian presidential election :Zoran Milanović is re-elected for a second term.[ 20] January 13 –C/2024 G3 (ATLAS) , anon-periodic comet , reaches perihelion, and is dubbedThe Great Comet of 2025 .[ 21] [ 22] January 14 –February 2 – The2025 World Men's Handball Championship is held inCroatia ,Denmark andNorway , and is won byDenmark .[ 23] January 15 January 16 January 18 January 19 –Gaza war :A ceasefire goes into effect, lasting until anIsraeli surprise attack on 18 March.[ 34] January 21 – 78 people are killed after afire breaks out in a hotel at theKartalkaya ski resort in Turkey.[ 35] January 23 January 24 Storm Éowyn hitsIreland and theUnited Kingdom . Record high wind speeds of 183 km/h (114 mph) are recorded in Ireland, while over a million homes are left without power.[ 40] [ 41] [ 42] A series of ongoingboycotts in Southeastern European countries took place of several retail stores in that region, in response to raised food prices and alleged price fixing.[ 43] January 25 – TheDacian -eraHelmet of Coțofenești , on loan from theNational History Museum of Romania ,is stolen along with three other gold artifacts from theDrents Museum inAssen by thieves who broke into the museum using explosives.[ 44] January 26 – The2025 Belarusian presidential election is held,[ 45] Alexander Lukashenko (independent , but of theBelaya Rus alliance) being re-elected.[ 46] [ 47] January 27 – Global technology shares outside China fall sharply in response to the release ofDeepSeek 'schatbot , a Chinese competitor toOpenAI 'sChatGPT . Chip giantNvidia loses almost $600 billion of its value, the biggest drop for a single company in U.S. stock market history.[ 48] [ 49] January 29 Members of theGuatemalan Army andNational Civil Police participating in the search-and-rescue efforts following theGuatemala City bus crash on February 10 Student–led anti-government protests erupt across Indonesia on February 17 following the enactment of alegislation increasing military involvement in civilian government roles The meeting betweenVolodymyr Zelenskyy ,Donald Trump , andJD Vance in theOval Office on February 28, where Trump and Vance argue with Zelenskyy, increasing diplomatic tensions between their countriesFebruary 4 China–United States trade war : China announces export controls and increased tariffs on certain American imports in retaliation for Donald Trump's imposition of tariffs on Chinese goods.[ 53] At least 11 people (and the perpetrator) are killed and another 15 are injured after agunman opens fire at anadult education centre inÖrebro , Sweden, the deadliest mass shooting in the country's history.[ 54] [ 55] Donald Trump announces that the United States will take control of theGaza Strip in an agreement withIsrael , and that the U.S. military will be in charge of Gaza's reconstruction.[ 56] [ 57] [ 58] February 9 February 10 –A bus falls off a bridge over theLas Vacas River inGuatemala City , Guatemala, killing at least 55 people, and seriously injuring 9 others.[ 61] February 12 February 15 –Mahamoud Ali Youssouf iselected as thechairperson of the African Union Commission .[ 66] February 17 –2025 Indonesian protests : A series of ongoing nationwide protests are held following the enactment of alegislation increasing military involvement in civilian government roles .[ 67] February 18 February 19 –Croatia completes the process of joining theEuropean Economic Area .[ 73] February 23 –2025 German federal election : After being pushed forward as a result of the2024 German government crisis , the centre-rightCDU/CSU becomes the largest party, with big gains from the far-rightAfD , resulting in a second-place finish.[ 74] February 25 – AnAntonov An-26 of theSudanese Air Force crashes in a residential area, near theWadi Seidna Air Base . All 17 occupants onboard and 29 people on the ground died.[ 75] February 28 –A meeting betweenU.S. president Donald Trump andUkrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy takes place at theWhite House . Trump andV.P. JD Vance sharply criticise Zelenskyy, raising questions about support forUkraine , a proposed end to thewar , and the country's future in general.[ 76] A rendering ofBlue Ghost Mission 1 which landed on March 2 Remains of the Pulse nightclub inKočani , North Macedonia, where afire took place on March 16, killing 63 people and injuring 193 others Anti-government protests break out across Turkey followingthe arrest of Istanbul mayorEkrem İmamoğlu bythe national police on March 19Rescue efforts at thecollapsed building in Thailand caused by theMyanmar earthquake on March 28 March 2 –Firefly Aerospace becomes the first commercial company to successfullyland on the Moon with no technical issues, with itsBlue Ghost Mission 1 .[ 77] [ 78] March 3 – TheTrump administration pausesmilitary aid to Ukraine , following theOval Office meeting withZelenskyy the previous week.[ 79] March 4 –Colossal Biosciences createswoolly mice as part ofde-extinction efforts for the woolly mammoth .[ 80] [ b] March 5 –Sudan files an application against theUnited Arab Emirates before theInternational Court of Justice , alleging violations of theConvention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide by the UAE through its support for theRSF , which is responsible for thegenocide in Darfur .[ 81] March 8 – More than 1,000 people, including civilians, are reportedkilled in a crackdown bySyrian transitional government security forces in theAlawite region, described as the country's worst violence for years.[ 82] [ 83] [ 84] March 8 –17 – The2025 Special Olympics World Winter Games are held inTurin , Italy.[ 85] March 11 March 12 –2025 Belizean general election : The incumbentPeople's United Party wins a second term in a landslide victory.[ 89] March 16 March 18 March 19 –Nationwide protests erupt acrossTurkey following thearrest of the mayor ofIstanbul ,Ekrem İmamoğlu , on charges of corruption and terrorism.[ 95] [ 96] March 20 –Kirsty Coventry is elected as the 10th, first female and first AfricanPresident of the International Olympic Committee in the first round of voting in the144th IOC Session .[ 97] March 21 March 28 – A 7.7-magnitudeearthquake occurs inMyanmar , resulting in 5,413 killed and 11,402 injured.[ 100] [ 101] [ 102] March 31 – TheCaribbean guilder is introduced, replacing theNetherlands Antillean guilder as the currency forCuraçao andSint Maarten .[ 103] Possible biosignatures are discovered in the atmosphere of exoplanetK2-18b (artistic impression of planet) U.S President Donald Trump holding the chart detailingtariffs levied against the United States on hisLiberation Day speech onApril 2 Rescue of victims following theJet Set nightclub roof collapse on April 8 Smoke billowing after thePort of Shahid Rajaee explosion on April 26 Metro station closed inMadrid during theIberian Peninsula blackout on April 28 April 1 –Fram2 launches aboard aSpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, becoming the firstcrewed spaceflight to enter apolar retrograde orbit .[ 104] [ 105] [ 106] April 2 – US PresidentDonald Trump issuessweeping trade tariffs on many countries, including a 10% baseline tariff for all imports.[ 107] [ 108] April 3 –Hungary withdraws from theInternational Criminal Court afterIsraeli Prime Minister and accused war criminalBenjamin Netanyahu lands inBudapest for a state visit, in defiance of theInternational Criminal Court's arrest warrant against him.[ 109] April 4 –Impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol : TheConstitutional Court of Korea unanimously upholds Yoon's impeachment in an 8–0 vote, officially removing him from office.[ 110] April 7 – Colossal Biosciences showcasesthree grey wolves that aregenetically modified to exhibit the characteristics of thedire wolf .[ 111] April 8 – During a concert performance byRubby Pérez inSanto Domingo , anightclub roof collapses , killing at least 231 people, including Pérez, and injures more than 200 others.[ 112] [ 113] April 12 –2025 Gabonese presidential election : Incumbent transitional PresidentBrice Oligui Nguema wins a full term. The election is the first since the2023 Gabonese coup d'état , and was preceded by aconstitutional referendum in 2024.[ 114] April 13 –October 13 –Expo 2025 is held inOsaka , Japan.[ 115] April 13 –2025 Ecuadorian general election : Incumbent presidentDaniel Noboa is re-elected for a full term in the second round.[ 116] April 15 – A motorized wooden boat capsizes after catching fire in theCongo River near the town ofMbandaka in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo , killing at least 148 people.[ 117] [ 118] [ 119] April 17 – Theatmosphere ofK2-18b , a candidatewater world located 124light-years away, is found to contain large quantities ofdimethyl sulfide and/ordimethyl disulfide – two compounds that, onEarth , are only known to be produced by life.[ 120] [ 121] [ 122] [ 123] April 21 –Pope Francis , head of the Catholic Church since 2013,dies at the age of 88. World leaders pay tribute. Many countries declarenational mourning .[ 124] [ 125] April 22 – Militants affiliated withThe Resistance Front open fire on a group of tourists at theBaisaran Valley inJammu and Kashmir , India, killing 26 and injuring at least 20.[ 126] April 26 April 28 April 30 – TheUkraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement is signed, providing an economic incentive for the US to continue to invest in Ukraine's defence and reconstruction, in exchange for access to the war-torn country's energy and mineral resources.[ 141] Robert Francis Prevost is elected asPope Leo XIV in thepapal conclave on May 8, becoming the firstAmerican citizen ,Peruvian citizen ,North American andAugustinian pope in thehistory of the Catholic Church May 3 May 6 –2025 German federal election :Friedrich Merz is electedChancellor of Germany in the second round of parliamentary voting, hours after being defeated in the first round, a first in post-WWII German history.[ 147] [ 148] [ 149] May 7 –2025 India–Pakistan conflict : India launches several missiles into Pakistani territory in response to the2025 Pahalgam attack two weeks prior.[ 150] May 7 –8 –2025 conclave : 133 cardinal electors select Robert Francis Prevost asPope Francis 's successor, on the fourth ballot. He takes the nameLeo XIV , and becomes the first pope from North America, the first with Peruvian or U.S. citizenship, and the first from theOrder of Saint Augustine .[ 151] May 9 –25 – The2025 IIHF World Championship is held inStockholm , Sweden, andHerning , Denmark, andis won by theUnited States .[ 152] May 11 –2025 Albanian parliamentary election : The incumbentSocialist Party led byEdi Rama wins reelection, retaining a majority government.[ 153] May 12 May 13 –17 – TheEurovision Song Contest 2025 is held inBasel , Switzerland.Austrian contestantJJ wins with the song "Wasted Love ".[ 157] May 18 May 25 May 28 –2025 Nigeria floods : More than 500 people are killed, and hundreds more missing afterflooding inMokwa .[ 162] [ 163] May 31 –Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat is sworn in as the new EpiscopalCo-Prince of Andorra andBishop of Urgell after the Vatican accepts the resignation ofJoan Enric Vives i Sicília for age limitation reasons.[ 164] ATu-95 on fire at theOlenya airbase afterbeing struck by drones on June 1 California National Guard and protestors during theLos Angeles protests on June 9The wreckage ofAir India Flight 171 's tail section wedged into theB. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad on June 13 Explosions inTehran during theIsraeli strikes on Iran on June 13 June 1 June 3 June 6 –June 2025 Los Angeles protests : Protests erupt inLos Angeles in response toImmigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) arrests and deportations ofillegal immigrants .[ 170] [ 171] [ 172] [ 173] June 10 – 10 people are killed and more than 30 others injured after a gunmanopens fire at a school inGraz ,Austria .[ 174] June 12 –Air India Flight 171 , a London-boundBoeing 787 , crashes into a building after take-off fromAhmedabad , India, killing 229 passengers, 12 crew on board, and 19 people on the ground.One passenger survives the crash .[ 175] [ 176] hull loss involving aBoeing 787 Dreamliner .[ 177] June 13 –Iran–Israel war : Israel conducts air strikes against Iran's nuclear facilities, killing military commanders includingHossein Salami ; Iran retaliates.[ 178] [ 179] June 14 –July 13 – The2025 FIFA Club World Cup is held in theUnited States , andis won byChelsea .[ 180] June 14 – TheNo Kings protests occur across many cities in the U.S., as well as Canada, Europe, Japan and Mexico, against Donald Trump.[ 181] [ 182] June 16 –17 – The51st G7 summit is held inKananaskis, Canada .[ 183] June 20 –An EF5 tornado strikes southeast ofEnderlin, North Dakota , becoming the first EF5 tornado globally sinceMay 20, 2013 .[ 184] June 21 – Belarusian opposition leaderSergei Tikhanovsky and 13 other political prisoners are released from prison and deported to Lithuania following a pardon as a result of negotiations with Trump's envoy in Minsk.[ 185] June 22 –Iran–Israel war : TheUnited States carries outB-2 bomber airstrikes on three Iranian nuclear sites inFordow ,Natanz , andIsfahan .[ 186] June 23 – Iranlaunches missiles at US bases inQatar andIraq in response to the previous day's strikes.[ 187] June 24 –25 – ANATO summit is held at theWorld Forum inThe Hague, Netherlands .[ 188] June 25 – TheAxiom Mission 4 is launched. The mission involves four astronauts, including the first astronauts from Poland (Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski ) and India (Shubhanshu Shukla ) since the end of theCold War .[ 189] [ 190] June 27 – The U.S., with Qatari support, brokers a preliminarypeace treaty between theDemocratic Republic of the Congo andRwanda , endingtheir armed conflict that started in 2022.[ 191] Aerial photo of theCentral Texas floods nearHunt on July 5 A fighter jet ofBangladesh Air Force crashed atMilestone School on July 22 The wreckage ofAngara Airlines Flight 2311 near the Eastern Siberian city ofTynda , Amur Oblast, Russia Vladimir Putin andDonald Trump arriving inAnchorage, Alaska , for theRussia–United States Summit on August 15Amagnitude-6.0 earthquake strikes easternAfghanistan on August 31, killing over 2,200 people and injuring 3,500 more August 7 –17 – The2025 World Games are held inChengdu , China.[ 203] August 7 –OpenAI 's modelGPT-5 is released.[ 204] August 8 –Armenia andAzerbaijan sign apeace deal to end 37-year-old hostilities regarding theNagorno-Karabakh conflict .[ 205] August 15 –2025 Russia–United States Summit : US president Donald Trump meets with Russian president Vladimir Putin inAnchorage, Alaska , to discuss a plan for resolving theRusso-Ukrainian war .[ 206] August 15 –17 – The firstWorld Humanoid Robot Games are held inBeijing ,China .[ 207] [ 208] August 19 – Amulti-vehicle collision involving a bus carryingmigrants deported from Iran , a motorcycle and a truck kills at least 79 people inHerat Province ,Afghanistan .[ 209] August 22 –Famine is confirmed inGaza City for the first time after the UN-backed body responsible for monitoring food security raises its classification toPhase 5 , the highest and worst level. The IPC says more than 500,000 people are now facing "starvation, destitution and death".[ 210] August 22 –September 27 – The2025 Women's Rugby World Cup is held in, andis won by,England .[ 211] August 30 –2025 Thai political crisis : TheConstitutional Court of Thailand removesPrime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra from office for ethical misconduct overleaked phone calls she had with formerCambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen .[ 212] [ 213] August 31 Immediate aftermath of theAscensor da Glória derailment on September 3, as seen fromRestauradores Square , with a dark yellow derailed car toppled into a building on the right Students during theNepalese Gen Z protests on September 8 Dutch F-35 patrolling Polish airspace afterRussian drone incursion into Poland on September 9 An aerial view of the tent whereCharlie Kirk wasshot on September 10 ThePhilippine Army and theBureau of Fire Protection join the rescue efforts to the buildings collapsed due to theCebu earthquake September 3 – At least 16 people are killed and over 21 are injured after theGlória funicular derailment in the centre ofLisbon ,Portugal .[ 217] [ 218] September 8 September 9 September 10 September 11 – TheSupreme Federal Court convicts formerBrazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and sentences him to 27 years in prison for his involvement in the2022 Brazilian coup plot .[ 227] [ 228] September 12 – Formerchief justice Sushila Karki assumes office asinterim prime minister of aninterim government formed afterK. P. Sharma Oli 's resignation inNepal ,[ 229] Discord .[ 230] [ 231] [ 232] September 12 –28 – The2025 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship is held inPasay andQuezon City , thePhilippines , and is won byItaly .[ 233] September 13 –21 – The2025 World Athletics Championships are held inTokyo , Japan.[ 234] September 16 September 19 –Estonian airspace nearVaindloo island is violated by threeRussian MiG-31 jets. In response, Estonia invokesArticle 4 of NATO .[ 238] September 20 –Intervision 2025 is held inMoscow , Russia.Vietnamese contestantĐức Phúc wins with the song "Phù Đổng Thiên Vương [ 239] September 21 September 27 –2025 Karur crowd crush : At least 40 people are killed and 51 injured in a crowd crush at a rally held by actor-turned-politicianVijay 's partyTamilaga Vettri Kazhagam (TVK) inKarur ,Tamil Nadu , India.[ 244] September 28 –2025 Moldovan parliamentary election : Incumbent pro-European partyPAS wins reelection, forming another majority government.[ 245] September 30 – AMw 6.9 earthquake shakes the island ofCebu in the Philippines, leaving 71 people dead and 559 injured.[ 246] Journalists reporting pieces of theFrench Crown Jewels were stolen during theLouvre robbery on October 19 Protest inAntananarivo ,Madagascar after thecoup on October 22Refugees setting up shelter inTawila , fleeingEl Fasher beforemassacre on October 26Inside theeye ofHurricane Melissa , one day before peak intensity and landfall inJamaica on October 28 Police officers duringOperation Containment on October 28, the deadliest police operation in Brazilian history October 1 –Israel intercepts theGlobal Sumud Flotilla , a fleet carrying humanitarian aid to theGaza Strip , ininternational waters , arresting 443 activists from 47 countries.[ 247] [ 248] October 3 October 3 –4 –2025 Czech parliamentary election :ANO leader and former Prime MinisterAndrej Babiš wins a plurality of seats, but fails to reach a majority. Incumbent Prime MinisterPetr Fiala 's coalition fails to win a majority.[ 251] October 5 – The2025 Syrian parliamentary election is held, the first since thefall of the Assad regime in 2024.[ 252] October 9 October 9 –11 –2025 Seychellois general election : Incumbent PresidentWavel Ramkalawan loses reelection toPatrick Herminie . Ramkalawan's partyLDS also loses its majority in parliament.[ 255] October 10 –Dina Boluarte , thePresident of Peru , is unanimouslyimpeached by theCongress of the Republic .[ 256] October 12 October 13 –Gaza war :Hamas releases the last 20 livinghostages in Gaza after they were kidnapped during the 2023October 7 attacks . In exchange, Israel releases 250 Palestinian prisoners and more than 1,700 detainees.[ 259] October 14 –Microsoft ends support forWindows 10 that started in 2015.[ 260] October 19 October 21 October 24 –2025 Irish presidential election : Independent candidateCatherine Connolly wins the election in a landslide, defeatingFine Gael candidateHeather Humphreys .[ 266] October 26 October 28 October 29 –2025 Dutch general election :Social liberal partyDemocrats 66 ties withright-wing populist partyParty for Freedom in most number of seats.[ 274] Damage to homes inSamangan Province ,Afghanistan , following theBalkh earthquake on November 3 Effects ofTyphoon Kalmaegi inCebu City ,Philippines , on November 4 TheCOP30 summit is held inBelém , Brazil, from November 10–21 TheWang Fuk Court fire inHong Kong on November 26 A bridge inPadang Panjang ,Indonesia , destroyed by flash floods duringCyclone Senyar on November 27 Largo, Sofia , during theBulgarian protests on December 1Floral tributes and candles to victims of theBondi Beach shooting on December 14 December 2 –Yemeni civil war : TheSouthern Transitional Council launches a large-scalemilitary offensive across Southern Yemen, breaking years of military stalemate in the conflict.[ 301] December 4 –An Garda Síochána begins an investigation into sightings of drones overDublin , Ireland, during a visit of Ukrainian presidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy . The drones have yet to be identified.[ 302] December 6 Eleven are killed, including three young children, and fourteen are injured in ashooting at a bar inSaulsville , Gauteng, South Africa.[ 303] Afire at a nightclub inArpora ,Goa , India, leaves at least 25 people dead and 50 injured.[ 304] December 8 – AMw 7.6 earthquake occurs in thePacific Ocean off the coast ofAomori Prefecture inJapan , triggering atsunami up to 70 cm high.[ 305] [ 306] December 11 –2021–present Bulgarian political crisis : TheZhelyazkov Government resigns followingmajor protests .[ 307] [ 308] December 13 December 14 December 19 –EU leaders approve a €90bn ($105bn) loan forUkraine for the next two years, which Kyiv will repay only once Russia pays reparations.[ 314] December 20 – German engineerMichaela Benthaus becomes the firstwheelchair user to travel intospace , aboard theBlue Origin NS-37 .[ 315] December 21 –January 18 – The2025 Africa Cup of Nations is held inMorocco , andis won bySenegal .[ 316] December 23 –Harmony Jets Flight 185 , aDassault Falcon 50 , crashes nearAnkara ,Turkey , killing all eight people on board, includingLibyan Army chief of staffMohammed al-Haddad .[ 317] December 25 – TheUnited States , in cooperation with theNigerian government, initiates aseries of airstrikes targetingIslamic State -affiliated militants operating in the country'sSokoto State .[ 318] [ 319] extremist violence against Christians is a primary reason for the strikes.[ 320] December 26 –Israel becomes the first country to recognizeSomaliland .[ 321] December 28 Nobel medal Chemistry –Susumu Kitagawa ,Richard Robson andOmar M. Yaghi , for the development of metal-organic frameworks.[ 326] Economics –Joel Mokyr , for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress, andPeter Howitt andPhilippe Aghion , for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction.[ 327] Literature –László Krasznahorkai , for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art.[ 328] Peace –María Corina Machado , for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy.[ 329] Physics –John Clarke ,Michel H. Devoret andJohn M. Martinis , for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.[ 330] Physiology or Medicine –Mary E. 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RetrievedSeptember 13, 2025 .^ "Italy Crowned 2025 Volleyball World Champions" .WorldofVolley . 2025. RetrievedSeptember 29, 2025 .^ "Everything you need to know about the 2025 World Athletics Championships in Tokyo" .ESPN . RetrievedSeptember 13, 2025 .^ Maseko, Nomsa (September 25, 2025)."Malawi's ex-president wins election in comeback at age 85" .BBC . RetrievedSeptember 25, 2025 . ^ "Israel has committed genocide in Gaza, UN commission of inquiry says" .BBC News . September 16, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2025 .^ "Gaza: Top independent rights probe alleges Israel committed genocide" .UN . September 16, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2025 .^ Sytus, Andrius; Slattery, Gram (September 19, 2025)."Russian jets enter Estonia's airspace in latest test for NATO" .Reuters . RetrievedOctober 15, 2025 . ^ Pleitgen, Frederik (September 21, 2025)."Vietnam's Duc Phuc wins Intervision, Russia's family-friendly answer to the Eurovision" .CNN . RetrievedSeptember 21, 2025 . ^ "UK, Canada and Australia announce formal recognition of Palestinian state" .BBC News . September 21, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 21, 2025 .^ "France becomes latest nation to recognise Palestinian state" .BBC News . September 22, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 23, 2025 .^ Chi, Cristina (September 15, 2025)."What to Know: September 21 anti-corruption rallies at Luneta, EDSA" .Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on September 21, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2025 . ^ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (September 21, 2025)."Protesters Flood Streets of Philippines Over State Corruption" .The Guardian Archived from the original on September 22, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 21, 2025 . ^ "At least 40 dead in crush at political rally in India" .BBC . September 28, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 29, 2025 .^ Nicholls, Catherine; Gak, Kosta; Edwards, Christian; Regan, Helen (September 29, 2025)."Moldova's ruling pro-EU party wins election marred by claims of Russian meddling" .CNN . RetrievedSeptember 29, 2025 . ^ Situational Report No. 5 for the Effects of Magnitude 6.9 Earthquake in Bogo City, Cebu (2025) (PDF) .NDRRMC (Report). October 4, 2025. RetrievedOctober 4, 2025 .^ Melimopoulos, Melimopoulos (October 1, 2025)."Israel intercepts last Gaza Sumud flotilla vessel: What we know so far" .Aljazeera . RetrievedNovember 14, 2025 . ^ Adamiak, Jerzy (October 2, 2025)."Flotylla Sumud: Izrael bezprawnie zatrzymał 443 osoby z 47 państw świata" (in Polish). Polska Agencja Prasowa. RetrievedNovember 14, 2025 . ^ "EU-member Luxembourg enthrones monarch, drawing hundreds" . France 24. October 3, 2025. RetrievedOctober 3, 2025 .^ Maqbool, Aleem; Gribben, Paul (October 3, 2025)."Sarah Mullally named as new Archbishop of Canterbury" .BBC News . BBC. RetrievedOctober 3, 2025 . ^ "Andrej Babiš' ANO movement wins Czech parliamentary elections" .Euronews . October 4, 2025. RetrievedOctober 4, 2025 .^ Mallinder, Lorraine (October 6, 2025)."Syria shares results of parliamentary election amid inclusivity concerns" .Al Jazeera . RetrievedOctober 8, 2025 . ^ "Trump says Israel and Hamas have agreed to first phase of Gaza peace deal, paving way for ceasefire" .BBC News . October 9, 2025. RetrievedOctober 9, 2025 .^ "Mysterious explosions heard in Kabul: Did Pakistan carry out airstrike? Here's what we know" .The Times of India . October 10, 2025.ISSN 0971-8257 . RetrievedOctober 10, 2025 .^ "Former speaker Herminie wins Seychelles presidential election" .Reuters . October 11, 2025. RetrievedOctober 12, 2025 .^ Aquino, Marco; Morland, Sarah (October 10, 2025)."Peru Congress ousts president, successor vows 'war on crime' .Reuters . RetrievedOctober 10, 2025 . ^ Akua, Nalova; Chimtom, Ngala Killian (October 27, 2025)."World's oldest president, Paul Biya, wins Cameroon election at 92" .AP News . RetrievedOctober 27, 2025 . ^ Rabary, Lovasoa; Cocks, Tim; Paravicini, Giulia (October 13, 2025)."Madagascar's president has left the country after Gen Z protests, officials say" .Reuters . RetrievedOctober 13, 2025 . ^ "All 20 living hostages now handed over as Trump set to address Israeli parliament" .BBC News . October 13, 2025. RetrievedOctober 13, 2025 .^ "Windows 10 support has ended on October 14, 2025" .Microsoft Support . October 14, 2025. RetrievedOctober 14, 2025 .^ Elliott, Lucinda; Machicao, Monica (October 20, 2025)."Centrist Rodrigo Paz wins Bolivian presidency, ending nearly 20 years of leftist rule" .Reuters . RetrievedOctober 23, 2025 . ^ "Louvre closed for the day after robbery of 'priceless' jewelry" .Le Monde . RetrievedOctober 19, 2025 .^ Goillandeau, Martin; Danaher, Caitlin; Vandoorne, Saskya (October 19, 2025)."Thieves steal 'priceless' jewelry from the Louvre in seven-minute raid" .CNN . RetrievedOctober 19, 2025 . ^ "Sanae Takaichi makes history as Japan's first female prime minister" .BBC News . October 21, 2025. RetrievedOctober 21, 2025 .^ "Eric Lu wins the 19th Chopin Competition!" .Chopin Competition . October 21, 2025. RetrievedOctober 21, 2025 .^ "Leftwinger Catherine Connolly wins Ireland presidential election by landslide" .The Guardian . October 25, 2025. RetrievedOctober 25, 2025 .^ Debre, Isabel (October 27, 2025)."Milei triumphs in Argentine midterm elections closely watched by Washington" .AP News . RetrievedOctober 27, 2025 . ^ "Timor-Leste joins ASEAN, boosting regional unity and peace" .Antara . October 25, 2025. RetrievedOctober 26, 2025 .^ Elbagir, Yousra (October 29, 2025)."Tens of thousands killed in two days in Sudan city, analysts believe" .Sky News . RetrievedOctober 30, 2025 . ^ "Hurricane Melissa whips Jamaica with violent winds, heavy rain before heading toward Cuba - CBS News" .www.cbsnews.com . October 29, 2025. RetrievedOctober 30, 2025 .^ "Jamaica braces for Cat 5 Hurricane Melissa, Earth's strongest storm of 2025" .Yale Climate Connections . October 27, 2025. RetrievedOctober 28, 2025 .^ Zegarra, Gonzalo; Saltman, Max; Padinger, German (October 28, 2025)."Largest ever police raid in Rio de Janeiro leaves at least 132 dead, public defender's office says" .CNN .Archived from the original on October 29, 2025. RetrievedOctober 29, 2025 . ^ Tomaz, Kleber (October 29, 2025)."Total de mortos após megaoperação no Rio supera o Massacre do Carandiru" [Total of deaths following mega operation in Rio surpasses the Carandiru massacre].G1 (in Portuguese). RetrievedOctober 29, 2025 . ^ "Netherlands national elections 2025: The results in pictures" .Euronews . October 29, 2025. RetrievedOctober 30, 2025 .^ "جزئیات جدید از زلزله شدید افغانستان/ ۳۰ نفر کشته و ۳۲۰ نفر مصدوم شدند" (in Persian).Fararu . November 3, 2025. RetrievedNovember 3, 2025 .^ "Typhoon Kalmaegi brings rain and destruction to Vietnam as death toll nears 200 in Philippines" .Reuters . RetrievedNovember 7, 2025 .^ "5 người chết, hơn 2.600 nhà hư hỏng do bão Kalmaegi" .VnExpress . RetrievedNovember 7, 2025 .^ "Heavy flooding affects 15 provinces of Thailand leaving 13 dead" .Sott . November 7, 2025. RetrievedNovember 7, 2025 .^ Swinney, Cody (December 25, 2025)."Mayor Greenberg confirms 15th UPS crash victim" .WHAS11 .WHAS-TV .Archived from the original on December 26, 2025. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2026 . ^ Toutate, Issam (November 6, 2025)."UNESCO Elects Egyptian Archaeologist Khaled El Enany as New Director-General" .Morocco World News . RetrievedNovember 6, 2025 . ^ Peixoto, Roberto (November 10, 2025)."COP30 começa nesta segunda; saiba o que está em jogo e o que esperar da conferência sobre a crise do clima" [The COP30 begins this Monday; learn what's at stake and what to expect from the climate crisis summit].G1 . RetrievedNovember 10, 2025 . ^ Solomon, Erika; Hassan, Falih (November 12, 2025)."Iraq's Prime Minister Leads in Elections, but May Struggle to Form Government" .The New York Times . RetrievedNovember 14, 2025 . ^ Gorman, Steve; Roulette, Joey; Skipper, Joe (November 14, 2025)."Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket deploys Mars satellites, sticks booster landing" .Reuters . RetrievedNovember 15, 2025 . ^ "Bangladesh: Sheikh Hasina sentenced to death over student protests" .www.bbc.com . November 17, 2025. RetrievedNovember 19, 2025 .^ Javier, Nikole (December 7, 2025)."Brazil beats Portugal to take home first-ever FIFA Futsal Women's World Cup title" .GMA News Online . RetrievedDecember 8, 2025 . ^ Lawal, Shola (November 22, 2025)."G20 summit in South Africa: Who's attending and what's on the agenda?" .Al Jazeera . RetrievedNovember 22, 2025 . ^ Motamedi, Maziar (November 23, 2025)."Guinea-Bissau, beset by coups, votes in contentious presidential election" .Al Jazeera . RetrievedNovember 24, 2025 . ^ "Guinea-Bissau military claims to have seized power after disputed vote" .RFI . November 26, 2025. RetrievedNovember 28, 2025 .^ Elmasry, Mohamad (November 27, 2025)."Egypt's all-important parliamentary elections aren't elections at all" .Al Jazeera . RetrievedDecember 4, 2025 . ^ Ganglani, Jay (November 25, 2025)."Move aside Tokyo, the world has a new largest city" .NBC News . RetrievedNovember 25, 2025 . ^ Frandsen, Svend Bertil (December 14, 2025)."German fairytale campaign ends in tears as Norway win World Cup final thriller" .Flashscore . RetrievedDecember 15, 2025 . ^ "大埔宏福苑五級火｜鄧炳強：死亡人數增至168人 不會公布遇難者名單" (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). am730. January 15, 2026. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2026 .^ "Developing | Death toll from Hong Kong fire rises to 168 after more remains identified" . January 15, 2026. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2026 .^ "Hong Kong fire death toll rises to 128 as officials say fire alarms not working properly" .BBC . RetrievedNovember 28, 2025 .^ "Death toll from floods in Thailand reaches 145" .ABC News . RetrievedNovember 28, 2025 .^ "Update Banjir-Longsor Sumut: 116 Warga Meninggal, 42 Orang Dalam Pencarian" (in Indonesian).Kompas.com . November 2, 2025. RetrievedNovember 28, 2025 .^ "Pope Leo XIV begins Turkiye visit with prayers and unity message" .Al Jazeera . November 28, 2025. RetrievedDecember 18, 2025 .^ "Death toll from Sri Lanka landslides and floods rises to 69" .Al Jazeera . November 28, 2025. RetrievedNovember 30, 2025 .^ Light, Felix; Turgunbaeva, Aigerim (November 30, 2025)."Allies of Kyrgyzstan's strongman president sweep snap parliamentary election" .Reuters . RetrievedDecember 1, 2025 . ^ Whitehead, Jamie (December 24, 2025)."Trump-backed candidate wins in knife-edge Honduran election" .BBC . RetrievedDecember 25, 2025 . ^ "Saudi Arabia says national security is a red line as UAE forces asked to leave Yemen" . Reuters. December 30, 2025. RetrievedDecember 30, 2025 .^ "Four unidentified military-style drones breached no-fly zone to target Zelenskyy's arrival in Dublin" .The Journal . December 4, 2025. RetrievedDecember 31, 2025 .^ Kumwenda-Mtambo, Olivia (December 6, 2025)."Shooting at South African bar leaves 11 dead, including a young child, police say" .Reuters . RetrievedDecember 6, 2025 . ^ Regencia, Ted (December 6, 2025)."Nightclub fire in India's Goa kills 25, including four tourists" .Al Jazeera . RetrievedDecember 13, 2025 . ^ ANSS ."M 7.6 - 2025 Aomori Prefecture, Japan Earthquake 2025" .Comprehensive Catalog . U.S. Geological Survey.^ Yamaguchi, Mari (December 8, 2025)."Magnitude 7.5 quake in northern Japan injures 23 people and triggers a tsunami" . ABC News. RetrievedDecember 10, 2025 . ^ Matoga, Jan (December 11, 2025)."Rząd podaje się do dymisji. W Bułgarii zwyciężyła młodość" (in Polish). RMF 24. RetrievedDecember 16, 2025 . ^ Białczyk, Piotr (December 11, 2025)."Polityczne trzęsienie ziemi w Bułgarii. Premier rezygnuje" (in Polish). Interia. RetrievedDecember 16, 2025 . ^ "Belarus Frees Opposition Leader, Nobel Laureate in Deal With U.S." The Moscow Times . December 13, 2025. RetrievedDecember 13, 2025 .^ "France wins the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025" . Eurovision World. December 13, 2025. RetrievedDecember 13, 2025 .^ Villegas, Alexander; Cambero, Fabian (December 15, 2025)."Chile elects Kast as president in sharp rightward shift" .Reuters . RetrievedDecember 15, 2025 . ^ "Bondi beach shooting live updates: two people in custody as PM urges public to follow police guidance amid 'shocking and distressing' scenes" .The Guardian . RetrievedDecember 15, 2025 .^ " .NZ Herald . RetrievedDecember 14, 2025 .^ "EU agrees €90bn loan for Ukraine as Putin says Kyiv 'refusing to end this conflict' .BBC News . December 19, 2025. RetrievedDecember 19, 2025 .^ "Engineer becomes first wheelchair user to go to space" .BBC News . December 20, 2025. RetrievedDecember 20, 2025 .^ "Afcon 2025: Senegal 1-0 Morocco (AET) - Late penalty award sparks chaos" .BBC Sport . RetrievedJanuary 18, 2026 .^ "What we know about the Malta-based private jet that crashed in Turkey" .Times of Malta . December 24, 2025. RetrievedDecember 31, 2025 .^ "U.S. strikes ISIS in Nigeria after Trump warnings on Christian killings" .The Washington Post . December 25, 2025.ISSN 0190-8286 . RetrievedDecember 26, 2025 .^ "US launches strikes against Islamic State in Nigeria" .BBC News . December 25, 2025. RetrievedDecember 26, 2025 .^ Weissert, Will (December 25, 2025)."U.S. launches strike against Islamic State forces in Nigeria, Trump says" .PBS News . RetrievedDecember 26, 2025 . ^ "Israel becomes first country to formally recognise Somaliland as independent state" .Reuters . RetrievedDecember 26, 2025 .^ Muia, Wycliffe (January 6, 2026)."Central African Republic president wins third term by landslide" . BBC. RetrievedJanuary 6, 2026 . ^ "Guinea coup leader Doumbouya wins presidential election, results show" .Reuters . RetrievedDecember 31, 2025 .^ "Kosovo's leading party wins vote but government formation still unclear" .Al Jazeera . RetrievedDecember 31, 2025 .^ "Protests, strikes after Iran's economic situation rapidly deteriorates" . Al Jazeera. RetrievedDecember 29, 2025 .^ "Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 8, 2025 .^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 13, 2025 .^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 9, 2025 .^ "Nobel Peace Prize 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 10, 2025 .^ "Nobel Prize in Physics 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 7, 2025 .^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025" .The Nobel Prize . RetrievedOctober 6, 2025 .
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