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85 legislative chambers 44 states | |||||||||||||||||||||
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 Map of upper house elections: Democrats retained control Republicans retained control Coalition retained control Non-partisan legislature No regularly-scheduled elections | |||||||||||||||||||||
 Map of lower house elections: Democrats retained control Republicans gained control Republicans retained control Coalition retained control Split body formed Unicameral legislature/No lower house No regularly-scheduled elections | |||||||||||||||||||||
The2024 United States state legislative elections were held on November 5, 2024, for 85 state legislative chambers in 44 states. Across thefifty states, approximately 65 percent of allupper house seats and 85 percent of alllower house seats were up for election. Nine legislative chambers in the five permanently inhabitedU.S. territories and thefederal district ofWashington, D.C., also held elections. The elections take place concurrently with several otherfederal, state, and local elections, including thepresidential election,U.S. Senate elections,U.S. House elections, andgubernatorial elections.
Prior to the election, Republicans controlled 56 legislative chambers, while Democrats controlled 41. Both chambers of theAlaska Legislature were controlled bybipartisan coalitions. The states of Arizona, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania were expected to hold the most competitive elections for legislative control.[2] Additionally, court-orderedredistricting in Wisconsin was expected to lead to Democratic gains in both chambers of theWisconsin Legislature.[3] Favorable redistricting from Montana's independentredistricting commission was also expected to lead to Democratic gains in that state.[4]
Despite Republican nomineeDonald Trump's victory in the presidential election, Republicans made very modest gains in state legislative chambers across the country, flipping only one chamber and forcing a tie in another.
The2022 elections,midterm elections held under thepresidency of DemocratJoe Biden, defied conventional expectations. Although Republicans had gained more legislative seats across the country than Democrats, they had lost control of several state legislative chambers. Republican gains were more concentrated in chambers they already controlled, while Democrats made more gains in states they controlled, as well as inbattleground states whereindependent or court-orderedredistricting had dismantled theRepublican-tilted maps of the 2010s. This enhanced Democratic policymaking power at the state level despite Republicanvictories at the federal level.[5] This trend continued in2023, where Democrats won the most competitive chambers while Republicans padded their margins in theDeep South.[6] Heading into the 2024 elections, Republicans controlled 56 state legislative chambers to the Democrats' 41.[7]
Alongside each state's governor, this meant that 40 states, housing 82% of the population, hadgovernment trifectas, where one party controls the governorship and both houses of the state legislature, the most in modern history. Republicans had 23 trifectas, while Democrats only had 17. Four more states had legislatures where one party'ssupermajority could override theveto of a governor of the opposite party, leaving only 9% of the country's population living in states with truly divided governments. The increasing prevalence of one-party control had led to starker divergence of state policies between Democratic-controlled and Republican-controlled states over the past decade on a number of key issues not governed at the federal level. Rampantgerrymandering andpolitical polarization has contributed to this as well, leaving large swaths of districts uncontested in the general election, and especially inprimary elections.[8]
A number of incumbent state legislatorsswitched parties in the leadup to the 2024 election, with most of them leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party.
| State | Chamber | District | Legislator | Old party | New party | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| California | Senate | 4 | Marie Alvarado-Gil | Democratic | Republican | [9] |
| Kansas | Senate | 1 | Dennis Pyle | Independent | Republican | [10] |
| Nebraska | Legislature | 5 | Mike McDonnell | Democratic | Republican | [11] |
| New Hampshire | House | Belknap 4 | Matthew Coker | Democratic | Republican | [12] |
| Merrimack 8 | Sherry Gould | Democratic | Republican | [13] | ||
| Oregon | House | 12 | Charlie Conrad | Republican | Independent | [14] |
| Texas | House | 146 | Shawn Thierry | Democratic | Republican | [15] |
State legislative elections took a back seat in the minds of most voters due to the highly contentiouspresidential election on the top of the ticket in every state. Despite this, however, a few key issues permeated most of these elections. Chief among them wereabortion rights,gun rights,environmental regulations, and laws regardingtransgender people. RecentSupreme Court rulings had reduced federal power on these issues, charging states with crafting their own individual policies. Both parties spent millions of dollars on these races, with other long-term issues such as redistricting also in the back of their minds, while conceding that the results of the presidential election would likely heavily dictate the results of the state legislative elections.[16][17]
Several states featured their own key issues in legislative races, with these usually coming up during each state'sprimary election. These includedschool vouchers inTennessee andTexas, as well as acarbon capture pipeline inSouth Dakota.[18][19] A number of Republican-led states, includingIdaho,Missouri,South Carolina, andWyoming saw growth in their "freedom caucuses" as well, with substantial primary challenges waged against "establishment" Republicans, especially those in leadership.[20][21] In other states where one party solidly controlled the legislature but the opposite party controlled the governorship, likeKansas,Nevada,North Carolina, andVermont, their general elections determined the efficacy of each governor'sveto power.[22]
Regularly scheduled elections were held in 85 of the 99 state legislative chambers in the United States. Nationwide, regularly scheduled elections were held for 5,809 of the 7,383 legislative seats. Many legislative chambers held elections for all seats, but some legislative chambers that use staggered elections held elections for only a portion of the total seats in the chamber. The chambers not up for election either hold regularly scheduled elections in odd-numbered years or have four-year terms and hold all regularly scheduled elections inpresidential midterm election years.[23]
Note that this table only covers regularly scheduled elections; additional special elections took place concurrently with these regularly scheduled elections.
| State | Upper house | Lower house | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats up | Total | % up | Term | Seats up | Total | % up | Term | |
| Alabama | 0 | 35 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 105 | 0 | 4 |
| Alaska | 10 | 20 | 50 | 4 | 40 | 40 | 100 | 2 |
| Arizona | 30 | 30 | 100 | 2 | 60 | 60 | 100 | 2 |
| Arkansas | 18 | 35 | 51 | 2/4[f] | 100 | 100 | 100 | 2 |
| California | 20 | 40 | 50 | 4 | 80 | 80 | 100 | 2 |
| Colorado | 18 | 35 | 51 | 4 | 65 | 65 | 100 | 2 |
| Connecticut | 36 | 36 | 100 | 2 | 151 | 151 | 100 | 2 |
| Delaware | 10 | 21 | 52 | 2/4[f] | 41 | 41 | 100 | 2 |
| Florida | 20 | 40 | 50 | 2/4[f] | 120 | 120 | 100 | 2 |
| Georgia | 56 | 56 | 100 | 2 | 180 | 180 | 100 | 2 |
| Hawaii | 12 | 25 | 52 | 2/4[f] | 51 | 51 | 100 | 2 |
| Idaho | 35 | 35 | 100 | 2 | 70 | 70 | 100 | 2 |
| Illinois | 20 | 59 | 34 | 2/4[f] | 118 | 118 | 100 | 2 |
| Indiana | 25 | 50 | 50 | 4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 2 |
| Iowa | 25 | 50 | 50 | 4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 2 |
| Kansas | 40 | 40 | 100 | 4 | 125 | 125 | 100 | 2 |
| Kentucky | 19 | 38 | 50 | 4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 2 |
| Louisiana | 0 | 39 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 105 | 0 | 4 |
| Maine | 35 | 35 | 100 | 2 | 151 | 151 | 100 | 2 |
| Maryland | 0 | 47 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 141 | 0 | 4 |
| Massachusetts | 40 | 40 | 100 | 2 | 160 | 160 | 100 | 2 |
| Michigan | 0 | 38 | 0 | 4 | 110 | 110 | 100 | 2 |
| Minnesota | 0 | 67 | 0 | 2/4[f] | 134 | 134 | 100 | 2 |
| Mississippi | 0 | 52 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 122 | 0 | 4 |
| Missouri | 17 | 34 | 50 | 4 | 163 | 163 | 100 | 2 |
| Montana | 25 | 50 | 50 | 4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 2 |
| Nebraska | 25[g] | 49[g] | 51[g] | 4 | N/A (unicameral) | |||
| Nevada | 10 | 21 | 48 | 4 | 42 | 42 | 100 | 2 |
| New Hampshire | 24 | 24 | 100 | 2 | 400 | 400 | 100 | 2 |
| New Jersey | 0 | 40 | 0 | 2/4[f] | 0 | 80 | 0 | 2 |
| New Mexico | 42 | 42 | 100 | 4 | 70 | 70 | 100 | 2 |
| New York | 63 | 63 | 100 | 2 | 150 | 150 | 100 | 2 |
| North Carolina | 50 | 50 | 100 | 2 | 120 | 120 | 100 | 2 |
| North Dakota | 23 | 47 | 49 | 4 | 46 | 94 | 50 | 4 |
| Ohio | 16 | 33 | 48 | 4 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 2 |
| Oklahoma | 24 | 48 | 50 | 4 | 101 | 101 | 100 | 2 |
| Oregon | 15 | 30 | 50 | 4 | 60 | 60 | 100 | 2 |
| Pennsylvania | 25 | 50 | 50 | 4 | 203 | 203 | 100 | 2 |
| Rhode Island | 38 | 38 | 100 | 2 | 75 | 75 | 100 | 2 |
| South Carolina | 46 | 46 | 100 | 4 | 124 | 124 | 100 | 2 |
| South Dakota | 35 | 35 | 100 | 2 | 70 | 70 | 100 | 2 |
| Tennessee | 16 | 33 | 48 | 4 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 2 |
| Texas | 15 | 31 | 52 | 2/4[f] | 150 | 150 | 100 | 2 |
| Utah | 15 | 29 | 52 | 4 | 75 | 75 | 100 | 2 |
| Vermont | 30 | 30 | 100 | 2 | 150 | 150 | 100 | 2 |
| Virginia | 0 | 40 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 2 |
| Washington | 25 | 49 | 51 | 4 | 98 | 98 | 100 | 2 |
| West Virginia | 17 | 34 | 50 | 4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 2 |
| Wisconsin | 16 | 33 | 48 | 4 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 2 |
| Wyoming | 15 | 31 | 48 | 4 | 62 | 62 | 100 | 2 |
| Total | 1096 | 1973 | 65 | N/A | 4712 | 5413 | 87 | N/A |
A number of states underwent mid-decaderedistricting prior to the 2024 elections. Some states only changed a few districts, while others implemented entirely new maps. In Georgia, Michigan and North Dakota, and Washington, judges ruled that certain districts violated theVoting Rights Act. Georgia[24] and Michigan[25] failed to protectAfrican Americancommunities of interest while North Dakota[26] and Washington[27] failed to protectNative American andHispanic communities of interest respectively.
TheWisconsin Supreme Court flipped from a conservative to a liberal majority in2023, directly leading to the overturning of the state's legislative districts inClarke v. Wisconsin Elections Commission.[28] The legislature then passed new maps drawn by DemocraticgovernorTony Evers to avoid the possibility of the courts imposing their own maps.[29] In Ohio, the state had to draw new legislative maps due to theOhio Supreme Court repeatedly striking down maps prior to the 2022 elections. The state's seven-member politician commission unanimously passed new maps despite the commission's two Democratic members considering them to still be unfair.[30]
Montana held its elections under new lines drawn by the state'sindependent redistricting commission. Unlike every other state, Montana does not implement new legislative districts until the fourth year following the census.[31] TheNorth Carolina Supreme Court, which flipped to Republican control in2022, overturned its previous ruling prohibiting partisangerrymandering, enabling the Republican-controlled legislature to pass new maps seen as highly favorable to them.[32] As part of the litigation in a racial gerrymandering case in South Carolina, which primarily concerned the state'sfirst congressional district, the plaintiffs in the case agreed to drop their challenge to thestate House's map in exchange for the legislature passing changes to a small set of districts. Though this occurred in 2022, the new maps did not take effect until2024.[33]
Most expected the new legislative maps in Montana and Wisconsin to lead to large Democratic gains in both houses of each state's legislature.[3][4]
Several sites and individuals publish predictions of competitive chambers. These predictions look at factors such as the strength of the party, the strength of the candidates, and the partisan leanings of the state (reflected in part by the state'sCook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assign ratings to each chambers, with the rating indicating the predicted advantage that a party has in winning that election.
Analysts' predictions for competitive state legislative chambers largely mirrored the states they considered competitive in thepresidential election, with some exceptions. PresidentialbattlegroundsGeorgia,Nevada, andNorth Carolina were not considered competitive due to heavygerrymandering in each state,[34][35] while both legislative chambers inAlaska,Minnesota,[h] andNew Hampshire were considered competitive despite not being characterized as presidential battlegrounds.[7] In line with national predictions of an unpredictable and competitive presidential election, many analysts, including Louis Jacobson ofSabato's Crystal Ball saw neither party as having a distinct advantage towards making gains at the state legislative level, although others, includingCNalysis, gave Democrats a slight edge in both net seat gain and net chamber gain, owed in part to favorable redistricting.[7][36]
Most election predictors use:
| State | PVI[37] | Chamber | Last election | CNalysis[j] Nov. 5, 2024[38] | Sabato Oct. 23, 2024[7] | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaska | R+8 | Senate | Coal. 17–3 | Solid Coal. | Lean Coal. | Coal. 14–6 |
| House | Coal. 23–16–1 | Tossup | Tossup | Coal. 21–19 | ||
| Arizona | R+2 | Senate | R 16–14 | Tossup | Tossup | R 17–13 |
| House | R 31–29 | Tossup | Tossup | R 33–27 | ||
| Arkansas | R+16 | Senate | R 29–6 | Solid R | Safe R | R 29–6 |
| House | R 82–18 | Solid R | Safe R | R 81–19 | ||
| California | D+13 | Senate | D 32–8 | Solid D | Safe D | D 30–10 |
| Assembly | D 62–18 | Solid D | Safe D | D 60–20 | ||
| Colorado | D+4 | Senate | D 23–12 | Solid D | Safe D | D 23–12 |
| House | D 46–19 | Solid D | Safe D | D 43–22 | ||
| Connecticut | D+7 | Senate | D 24–12 | Solid D | Safe D | D 25–11 |
| House | D 98–53 | Solid D | Safe D | D 102–49 | ||
| Delaware | D+7 | Senate | D 15–6 | Solid D | Safe D | D 15–6 |
| House | D 26–15 | Solid D | Safe D | D 27–14 | ||
| Florida | R+3 | Senate | R 28–12 | Solid R | Safe R | R 28–12 |
| House | R 85–35 | Solid R | Safe R | R 85–35 | ||
| Georgia | R+3 | Senate | R 33–23 | Solid R | Safe R | R 33–23 |
| House | R 101–79 | Safe R | Safe R | R 100–80 | ||
| Hawaii | D+14 | Senate | D 23–2 | Solid D | Safe D | D 22–3 |
| House | D 45–6 | Solid D | Safe D | D 42–9 | ||
| Idaho | R+18 | Senate | R 28–7 | Solid R | Safe R | R 29–6 |
| House | R 59–11 | Solid R | Safe R | R 61–9 | ||
| Illinois | D+7 | Senate | D 40–19 | Solid D | Safe D | D 40–19 |
| House | D 78–40 | Solid D | Safe D | D 78–40 | ||
| Indiana | R+11 | Senate | R 40–10 | Solid R | Safe R | R 40–10 |
| House | R 70–30 | Solid R | Safe R | R 70–30 | ||
| Iowa | R+6 | Senate | R 34–16 | Solid R | Safe R | R 35–15 |
| House | R 64–36 | Very Likely R | Safe R | R 67–33 | ||
| Kansas | R+10 | Senate | R 29–11 | Solid R | Likely R | R 31–9 |
| House | R 85–40 | Solid R | Likely R | R 88–37 | ||
| Kentucky | R+16 | Senate | R 31–7 | Solid R | Safe R | R 31–7 |
| House | R 80–20 | Solid R | Safe R | R 80–20 | ||
| Maine | D+2 | Senate | D 22–13 | Likely D | Likely D | D 20–15 |
| House | D 82–67–2 | Likely D | Lean D | D 76–73–2 | ||
| Massachusetts | D+15 | Senate | D 37–3 | Solid D | Safe D | D 35–5 |
| House | D 134–25–1 | Solid D | Safe D | D 134–25–1 | ||
| Michigan | R+1 | House | D 56–54 | Tossup | Tossup | R 58–52 |
| Minnesota | D+1 | House | D 70–64 | Likely D | Tossup | 67–67 |
| Missouri | R+10 | Senate | R 24–10 | Solid R | Safe R | R 24–10 |
| House | R 111–52 | Solid R | Safe R | R 111–52 | ||
| Montana | R+11 | Senate | R 34–16 | Solid R | Likely R | R 32–18 |
| House | R 68–32 | Solid R | Likely R | R 58–42 | ||
| Nevada | R+1 | Senate | D 13–8 | Solid D | Safe D | D 13–8 |
| Assembly | D 28–14 | Very Likely D | Safe D | D 27–15 | ||
| New Hampshire | D+1 | Senate | R 14–10 | Tossup | Lean R | R 16–8 |
| House | R 201–199 | Tilt D(flip) | Tossup | R 222–178 | ||
| New Mexico | D+3 | Senate | D 27–15 | Solid D | Safe D | D 26–16 |
| House | D 45–25 | Solid D | Safe D | D 44–26 | ||
| New York | D+10 | Senate | D 42–21 | Solid D | Safe D | D 41–22 |
| Assembly | D 102–48 | Solid D | Safe D | D 103–47 | ||
| North Carolina | R+3 | Senate | R 30–20 | Solid R | Likely R | R 30–20 |
| House | R 71–49 | Solid R | Likely R | R 71–49 | ||
| North Dakota | R+20 | Senate | R 43–4 | Solid R | Safe R | R 42–5 |
| House | R 82–12 | Solid R | Safe R | R 83–11 | ||
| Ohio | R+6 | Senate | R 26–7 | Solid R | Safe R | R 24–9 |
| House | R 67–32 | Solid R | Likely R | R 65–34 | ||
| Oklahoma | R+20 | Senate | R 40–8 | Solid R | Safe R | R 40–8 |
| House | R 81–20 | Solid R | Safe R | R 81–20 | ||
| Oregon | D+6 | Senate | D 17–12–1 | Solid D | Safe D | D 18–12 |
| House | D 35–25 | Solid D | Safe D | D 36–24 | ||
| Pennsylvania | R+2 | Senate | R 28–22 | Likely R | Lean R | R 28–22 |
| House | D 102–101 | Tossup | Tossup | D 102–101 | ||
| Rhode Island | D+8 | Senate | D 33–5 | Solid D | Safe D | D 34–4 |
| House | D 65–9–1 | Solid D | Safe D | D 64–10–1 | ||
| South Carolina | R+8 | Senate | R 30–16 | Solid R | Safe R | R 34–12 |
| House | R 88–36 | Solid R | Safe R | R 88–36 | ||
| South Dakota | R+16 | Senate | R 31–4 | Solid R | Safe R | R 32–3 |
| House | R 63–7 | Solid R | Safe R | R 64–6 | ||
| Tennessee | R+14 | Senate | R 27–6 | Solid R | Safe R | R 27–6 |
| House | R 75–24 | Solid R | Safe R | R 75–24 | ||
| Texas | R+5 | Senate | R 19–12 | Solid R | Safe R | R 20–11 |
| House | R 86–64 | Very Likely R | Safe R | R 88–62 | ||
| Utah | R+13 | Senate | R 23–6 | Solid R | Safe R | R 23–6 |
| House | R 61–14 | Solid R | Safe R | R 61–14 | ||
| Vermont | D+16 | Senate | D 22–7–1 | Solid D | Safe D | D 16–13–1 |
| House | D 104–38–5–3 | Solid D | Safe D | D 87–56–4–3 | ||
| Washington | D+8 | Senate | D 29–20 | Solid D | Likely D | D 30–19 |
| House | D 58–40 | Solid D | Likely D | D 59–39 | ||
| West Virginia | R+22 | Senate | R 30–4 | Solid R | Safe R | R 32–2 |
| House | R 88–12 | Solid R | Safe R | R 91–9 | ||
| Wisconsin | R+2 | Senate | R 22–11 | Solid R | Likely R | R 18–15 |
| Assembly | R 64–35 | Tilt R | Lean R | R 54–45 | ||
| Wyoming | R+25 | Senate | R 29–2 | Solid R | Safe R | R 29–2 |
| House | R 57–5 | Solid R | Safe R | R 56–6 |
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Despite Republican nomineeDonald Trump's victory in the presidential election, Republicans made very modest gains in state legislative chambers across the country, a net gain of just over 50 seats. These gains were hampered by Democratic redistricting-based gains Montana and Wisconsin.[40] Republicans only flipped theMichigan House of Representatives from Democrats, while theMinnesota House of Representatives went fromDFL-controlled to tied. The net changes in both chamber control and overall seat control were well below average for state legislative elections during the 21st century.[41] Twenty eight state legislative chambers which held elections saw no change in partisan composition, and only seven states saw a net shift of over five legislative seats towards one party, a drop of nearly 50% in both metrics from the2022 elections.[40]
A number of statehouses saw dramatic shifts through primary elections in addition to the general election. In theTexas House of Representatives, conservative Republicans ousted over a dozen opponents ofschool voucher legislation and targeted those who voted in favor of the impeachment ofattorney generalKen Paxton. These primaries, bolstered by Republican gains in the general election, gave the pro-voucher coalition a majority in the chamber for the first time.[42][43] In theWyoming House of Representatives, thefar-right Freedom Caucus gained a majority in the chamber through the Republican primary election.[21]Progressive Democrats gained ground in Delaware and New Mexico, but they lost ground in Colorado as a result of Democratic primary elections. These shifts were considered much more minor than the shifts seen in Republican-controlled chambers.[40]
Despite this, supermajorities were broken in several chambers: Republicans broke the Democratic supermajorities in both houses of theVermont General Assembly, theNevada Assembly, and theNew York State Senate; while Democrats broke Republican supermajorities in theNorth Carolina House of Representatives, both chambers of theMontana Legislature, and theWisconsin Senate. The supermajorities being broke in Vermont and North Carolina was particuarly impactful, as it made it significantly tougher for the legislature to overturn the governor's veto.[44][45] Additionally, supermajorities were obtained in other chambers: Democrats obtained supermajorities in both houses of theOregon Legislative Assembly; while Republicans did so in theIowa House of Representatives, theSouth Carolina Senate, and theNew Hampshire Senate.[46]
Following the election, two Democratic members of theFlorida House of Representatives announced that they would be switching parties and joining the Republicans. RepresentativeSusan Valdes cited a desire to work with as a part of the majority for her switch, whileHillary Cassel cited her unequivocal support for the state ofIsrael. The state had grown increasingly Republican in the prior years, culminating inDonald Trump's landslide victory in the state in theconcurrent presidential election, including in Valdes’ district.[47][48]
| State | Chamber | District | Legislator | Old party | New party | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Florida | House | 64 | Susan Valdes | Democratic | Republican | [47] |
| 101 | Hillary Cassel | Democratic | Republican | [48] | ||
| New Hampshire | House | Strafford 10 | Aidan Ankarberg | Republican | Independent | [49] |
| Republican 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% 90–100% | Democratic 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% |
| Republican 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% 90–100% | Democratic 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% | Tie 50% |
Half of the seats of theAlaska Senate and all of the seats of theAlaska House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. The Alaska Senate and the Alaska House of Representatives were controlled by coalitions of Democrats, Republicans, and independents. The Democratic-led coalition in the Senate maintained control, but it lost seats to the conservative Republican minority. A Democratic-led coalition won control of the House of Representatives over the previous Republican-led coalition.[50]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Gary Stevens | 9[c] | 9[e] |  | |
| Republican | 8 | 5 | | ||
| — | 3 | 6 | |||
| Total | 20 | 20 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Calvin Schrage | 1 | 2 | | |
| Cathy Tilton | 20[b] | 19 | |||
| Independent | 1 | 5 | | ||
| Calvin Schrage | 4 | ||||
| Democratic | 11 | 14[d] |  1 | ||
| Cathy Tilton | 2 | ||||
| Independent Republican | — | 1[m] | 0 |  1 | |
| Total | 40 | 40 | | ||
All of the seats of theArizona Senate and theArizona House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Republicans slightly expanded their narrow majorities in both chambers despite heavy Democratic spending amid hopes of winning control for the first time since the 1960s. This pushed the majority further towards thefar-right, setting up even more hostilities between them and Democratic governorKatie Hobbs, who hadvetoed more than 200 bills passed by the previous legislature.[51]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Warren Petersen | 16 | 17 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Mitzi Epstein | 14 | 13 | 1 | |
| Total | 30 | 30 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Ben Toma (term-limited) | 31 | 33 | 2 | |
| Democratic | Lupe Contreras | 29 | 27 | 2 | |
| Total | 60 | 60 | | ||
Half of the seats of theArkansas Senate and all of the seats of theArkansas House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Republicans maintained their supermajority control of both chambers, but Democrats made slight gains in the House, flipping one seat inNorthwest Arkansas and narrowly holding their two remaining seats in theArkansas Delta.[52]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Bart Hester | 29 | 29 | | |
| Democratic | Greg Leding | 6 | 6 | | |
| Total | 35 | 35 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Matthew Shepherd | 82 | 81 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Tippi McCullough | 18 | 19 | 1 | |
| Total | 100 | 100 | | ||
Half of the seats of theCalifornia State Senate and all of the seats of theCalifornia State Assembly were up for election in 2024. Democrats maintained control of both chambers, although Republicans made slight gains. Republicans flipped a seat in the Senate during a presidential election for the first time since 1980.[53]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Mike McGuire | 31 | 30 | 1 | |
| Republican | Brian Jones | 9 | 10 | 1 | |
| Total | 40 | 40 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Robert Rivas | 62 | 60 | 2 | |
| Republican | James Gallagher | 18 | 20 | 2 | |
| Total | 80 | 80 | | ||
Half of the seats of theColorado Senate and all of the seats of theColorado House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. An unusually expensive primary election led to a slight shift towards thepolitical center among Democratic candidates.[54] In the general election, Democrats failed to gain asupermajority in the Senate, and a series ofrecounts eventually led to Republicans flipping three seats in the House, breaking the Democratic supermajority in that chamber as well.[55]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Steve Fenberg (term-limited) | 23 | 23 | | |
| Republican | Paul Lundeen | 12 | 12 | | |
| Total | 35 | 35 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Julie McCluskie | 46 | 43 | 3 | |
| Republican | Rose Pugliese | 19 | 22 | 3 | |
| Total | 65 | 65 | | ||
All of the seats of theConnecticut State Senate and theConnecticut House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Democrats expanded their majorities in both chambers despite their losses at the national level.[56]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Martin Looney | 24 | 25 | 1 | |
| Republican | Stephen Harding | 12 | 11 | 1 | |
| Total | 36 | 36 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Matthew Ritter | 98 | 102 | 4 | |
| Republican | Vincent Candelora | 53 | 49 | 4 | |
| Total | 151 | 151 | | ||
Half of the seats of theDelaware State Senate and all of theDelaware House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. In the primary election,House speakerValerie Longhurst lost renomination to aprogressive challenger.[57] In the general election, Democrats maintained theirsupermajority in the Senate and slightly expanded their majority in the House. They had targeted four Republican-held House seats, but they only flipped one, gaining the three-fifths supermajority required to overturn gubernatorialvetoes but not the two-thirds supermajority required to unilaterally passconstitutional amendments.[58]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | David Sokola | 15 | 15 | | |
| Republican | Gerald Hocker | 6 | 6 | | |
| Total | 21 | 21 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Valerie Longhurst (lost renomination) | 26 | 27 | 1 | |
| Republican | Michael Ramone (retiring) | 15 | 14 | 1 | |
| Total | 41 | 41 | | ||
Half of the seats of theFlorida Senate and all of the seats of theFlorida House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Republicans maintained their historically-largesupermajorities of both chambers, slightly expanding their margin in the House. This included the defeat of a Democrat who had just flipped a seat in aspecial election earlier in the year, which had buoyed the party's hopes of rolling back the gains Republicans had made in recent years. Several of the other Democratic losses came by very narrow margins.[59]
After the election, two Democratic House membersswitched parties and joined the Republicans, further inflating their supermajority in the chamber.[47][48]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Kathleen Passidomo (term-limited) | 28 | 28 | | |
| Democratic | Lauren Book (term-limited) | 12 | 12 | | |
| Total | 40 | 40 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Paul Renner (term-limited) | 84 | 85 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Fentrice Driskell | 36 | 35 | 1 | |
| Total | 120 | 120 | | ||
All of the seats of theGeorgia State Senate and theGeorgia House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. A federal judge ordered the redrawing of a few House districts in theBlack Belt over racial gerrymandering claims.[24] Republicans maintained control of both chambers, with Democrats making narrow gains in the House.[60]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | John Kennedy | 33 | 33 | | |
| Democratic | Gloria Butler (retiring) | 23 | 23 | | |
| Total | 56 | 56 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jon Burns | 102 | 100 | 2 | |
| Democratic | James Beverly (retiring) | 78 | 80 | 2 | |
| Total | 180 | 180 | | ||
Half of the seats of theHawaii Senate and all of the seats of theHawaii House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Democrats maintained theirsupermajority control of both chambers, but Republicans, buoyed by Donald Trump's presidential election victory, gained several seats, leading them to seat their largest caucus in either chamber in two decades.[61][62]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Ron Kouchi | 23 | 22 | 1 | |
| Republican | Kurt Fevella | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
| Total | 25 | 25 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Scott Saiki (lost renomination) | 45 | 42 | 3 | |
| Republican | Lauren Matsumoto | 6 | 9 | 3 | |
| Total | 51 | 51 | | ||
All of the seats of theIdaho Senate and theIdaho House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Conflict within the Idaho Republican Party's freedom caucus and more moderate wing led to a high number of primary challenges. These challenges resulted in modest gains for the freedom caucus, including the ouster of Senate President Pro TemporeChuck Winder.[63] In the general election, Republicans won a handful of seats from the Democrats, further expanding theirsupermajorities in both legislative chambers.[64]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Chuck Winder (lost renomination) | 28 | 29 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Melissa Wintrow | 7 | 6 | 1 | |
| Total | 35 | 35 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Mike Moyle | 59 | 61 | 2 | |
| Democratic | Ilana Rubel | 11 | 9 | 2 | |
| Total | 70 | 70 | | ||
One third of the seats of theIllinois Senate and all of the seats of theIllinois House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Despite a number of highly-competitive races in both chambers, no seats changed partisan control, allowing Democrats to maintain theirsupermajorities in both chambers.[65]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Don Harmon | 40 | 40 | | |
| Republican | John Curran | 19 | 19 | | |
| Total | 59 | 59 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Chris Welch | 78 | 78 | | |
| Republican | Tony McCombie | 40 | 40 | | |
| Total | 118 | 118 | | ||
Half of the seats of theIndiana Senate and all of the seats of theIndiana House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Despite several close races in the House, no seats changed partisan control in either chamber, allowing Republicans to maintain thesupermajority they have held in the legislature since the 2012 elections.[66]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Rodric Bray | 40 | 40 | | |
| Democratic | Greg Taylor | 10 | 10 | | |
| Total | 50 | 50 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Todd Huston | 70 | 70 | | |
| Democratic | Phil GiaQuinta | 30 | 30 | | |
| Total | 100 | 100 | | ||
Half of the seats of theIowa Senate and all of the seats of theIowa House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Despite both parties flipping seats in each chamber, Republicans netted seats in both chambers, expanding theirsupermajority in the Senate and gaining in the House. Having essentially wiped out every remaining rural Democrat in previous elections, Republican gains were concentrated more in the state's urban areas where Democrats strength remains steady. The results gave Republicans their largest majority in either chamber since 1970.[67]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Amy Sinclair | 34 | 35 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Pam Jochum (retiring) | 16 | 15 | 1 | |
| Total | 50 | 50 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Pat Grassley | 64 | 67 | 3 | |
| Democratic | Jennifer Konfrst | 36 | 33 | 3 | |
| Total | 100 | 100 | | ||
All of the seats of theKansas Senate and theKansas House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Despite heavy investment from Democrats and hopes of breaking the Republicansupermajority in either chamber to strengthen theveto power of Democratic governorLaura Kelly, Republicans made gains in both chambers, instead. The expanded majorities further weakened Democratic leverage, which often relied on small numbers of moderate Republicans siding with them, empowering the more conservative Republicans instead.[68] This allowed for the passage of aconstitutional amendment calling for the direct election of theKansas Supreme Court, removingthat power from the governor, long a priority of the conservative wing of the party.[69]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Ty Masterson | 29 | 31 | 2 | |
| Democratic | Dinah Sykes | 11 | 9 | 2 | |
| Total | 40 | 40 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Daniel Hawkins | 85 | 88 | 3 | |
| Democratic | Vic Miller (retiring) | 40 | 37 | 3 | |
| Total | 125 | 125 | | ||
Half of the seats of theKentucky Senate and all of the seats of theKentucky House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Republicans maintained supermajorities in both chambers with no net change in seat share in either.[70]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Robert Stivers | 31 | 31 | | |
| Democratic | Gerald Neal | 7 | 7 | | |
| Total | 38 | 38 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | David Osborne | 80 | 80 | | |
| Democratic | Derrick Graham (retired) | 20 | 20 | | |
| Total | 100 | 100 | | ||
All of the seats of theMaine Senate and theMaine House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. After a flurry of recounts, Democrats maintained their majorities in both chambers, although Republicans made gains in each. Both Republican gains in the Senate came from seats held by retiring Democrats, while they defeated several incumbent Democrats in the House in addition to winning open seats.[71]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Troy Jackson (term-limited) | 22 | 20 | 2 | |
| Republican | Trey Stewart | 13 | 15 | 2 | |
| Total | 35 | 35 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Rachel Talbot Ross (term-limited) | 81 | 76 | 5 | |
| Republican | Billy Bob Faulkingham | 68 | 73 | 5 | |
| Independent | — | 2 | 2 | | |
| Total | 151 | 151 | | ||
All of the seats of theMassachusetts Senate and theMassachusetts House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Democrats maintained supermajority control of both chambers, although Republicans gained one seat in the Senate. Both parties flipped two seats in the House, with all of the flips in both chambers coming fromsoutheastern Massachusetts.[72] Nearly two thirds of the legislature faced no opposition in the general election.[73]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Karen Spilka | 36 | 35 | 1 | |
| Republican | Bruce Tarr | 4 | 5 | 1 | |
| Total | 40 | 40 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Ron Mariano | 134 | 134 | | |
| Independent | 1 | 1 | | ||
| Republican | Bradley Jones Jr. | 25 | 25 | | |
| Total | 160 | 160 | | ||
All of the seats of theMichigan House of Representatives were up for election in 2024; theMichigan Senate did not hold regularly scheduled elections. Democrats had won agovernment trifecta in the state in the2022 elections for the first time in decades.[74] They used this newfound power to roll back many of the policies enacted by former Republican governorRick Snyder, including the state'sright-to-work law and the repealing of theprevailing wage.[75] Afederal judge had ordered the redrawing of a number of districts inDetroit over allegations that the state's independentredistricting commission had unlawfully diluted the voting power of the city'sBlack voters.[25] Republicans won control of the House from the Democrats, creating adivided government.[76]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Joe Tate | 56 | 52 | 4 | |
| Republican | Matt Hall | 54 | 58 | 4 | |
| Total | 110 | 110 | | ||
All of the seats of theMinnesota House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. TheMinnesota Senate did not hold regularly scheduled elections in 2024.DFLers had won agovernment trifecta in the state in the2022 elections, and they leveraged this to pass a slew ofprogressive legislation. This included expansions of abortion rights, a progressive child tax credit, and universal free school meals.[77] Republicans gained 3 seats in the House, tying the chamber. Two DFL-won seats became vacant after the election, giving Republicans a numerical majority when the legislative session started. DFL legislators boycotted the session, but they eventually returned and negotiated a power-sharing deal that allowed RepublicanLisa Demuth to be electedSpeaker, ending the DFL trifecta.[78]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic (DFL) | Melissa Hortman | 70 | 67 | 3 | |
| Republican | Lisa Demuth | 64 | 67 | 3 | |
| Total | 134 | 134 | | ||
Half of the seats of theMissouri Senate and all of the seats of theMissouri House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Both parties flipped one seat in each chamber, resulting in no net change in composition, allowing Republicans to maintain theirsupermajorities in each chamber. This was the first election since 2014 where Democrats made no net gains in either chamber.[79]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Caleb Rowden (term-limited) | 24 | 24 | | |
| Democratic | Doug Beck | 10 | 10 | | |
| Total | 34 | 34 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Dean Plocher (term-limited) | 111 | 111 | | |
| Democratic | Crystal Quade (term-limited) | 52 | 52 | | |
| Total | 163 | 163 | | ||
Half of the seats of theMontana Senate and all of the seats of theMontana House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. This was the first election under new legislative lines drawn by an independent, bipartisan commission as Montana does not adopt new legislative lines until 4 years after the census.[80] Aided by the new maps, Democrats broke the Republicans' legislativesupermajority in both chambers, although Republicans still maintained control.[81] In the Senate, nine moderate Republicans formed a loosecoalition with the chamber's Democrats to pass legislation, broadly stripping power from the party's conservative wing.[82]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jason Ellsworth | 34 | 32 | 2 | |
| Democratic | Pat Flowers | 16 | 18 | 2 | |
| Total | 50 | 50 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Matt Regier (term-limited) | 68 | 58 | 10 | |
| Democratic | Kim Abbott (term-limited) | 32 | 42 | 10 | |
| Total | 100 | 100 | | ||
Nebraska is the only U.S. state with aunicameral legislature; half of the seats of theNebraska Legislature were up for election in 2024. Nebraska's legislature is officially non-partisan and holds non-partisan elections, although the Democratic and Republican parties each endorse legislative candidates. Republicans gained asupermajority in the chamber earlier in the year when asocially-conservative Democrat switched parties, and Republican-endorsed candidates maintained it in the election, allowing them to overcome a legislativefilibuster to pass legislation without Democratic support.[83]
| Party | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | 33 | 33 | | |
| Democratic | 15 | 15 | | |
| Independent | 1 | 1 | | |
| Total | 49 | 49 | | |
Half of the seats of theNevada Senate and all of the seats of theNevada Assembly were up for election in 2024. Democrats maintained control of both chambers despite strong Republican performances statewide, a result attributed by both parties togerrymandering that took place when Democrats fully controlled the state government in 2021. Republicans did gain one seat in the Assembly, breaking the chamber's Democraticsupermajority and strengthening theveto power of Republican governorJoe Lombardo.[84]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Nicole Cannizzaro | 13 | 13 | | |
| Republican | Robin Titus | 8 | 8 | | |
| Total | 21 | 21 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Steve Yeager | 28 | 27 | 1 | |
| Republican | P. K. O'Neill | 14 | 15 | 1 | |
| Total | 42 | 42 | | ||
All of the seats of theNew Hampshire Senate and theNew Hampshire House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Despite Democratic victories in the state at the federal level, state Republicans performed very well, expanding their majorities in both legislative chamber and attaining asupermajority in the Senate despite Democratic hopes of flipping the House and making gains in the Senate.[85]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jeb Bradley (retiring) | 14 | 16 | 2 | |
| Democratic | Donna Soucy (defeated) | 10 | 8 | 2 | |
| Total | 24 | 24 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Sherman Packard | 202 | 222 | 20 | |
| Democratic | Matthew Wilhelm | 195 | 178 | 17 | |
| Independent | — | 3 | 0 | 3 | |
| Total | 400 | 400 | | ||
All of the seats of theNew Mexico Senate and theNew Mexico House of Representatives were up for election in 2024.Progressive Democrats made gains in the state's primary election, although a number ofconservative Democratic incumbents still held onto their seats.[86] In the general election, Republicans gained one seat in each chamber, although Democrats still maintained their majorities.[87]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Mimi Stewart | 27 | 26 | 1 | |
| Republican | Gregory A. Baca (retiring) | 15 | 16 | 1 | |
| Total | 42 | 42 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Javier Martínez | 45 | 44 | 1 | |
| Republican | Rod Montoya | 25 | 26 | 1 | |
| Total | 70 | 70 | | ||
All of the seats of theNew York State Senate and theNew York State Assembly were up for election in 2024. Democrats maintained control of both chambers, but Republicans gained one seat in the Senate, breaking the chamber's Democraticsupermajority.[88]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Andrea Stewart-Cousins | 42 | 41 | 1 | |
| Republican | Rob Ortt | 21 | 22 | 1 | |
| Total | 63 | 63 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Carl Heastie | 102 | 103 | 1 | |
| Republican | William Barclay | 48 | 47 | 1 | |
| Total | 150 | 150 | | ||
All of the seats of theNorth Carolina Senate and theNorth Carolina House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Republicans had gained asupermajority in the legislature in 2023 after DemocratTricia Cothamswitched parties.[89] Later in 2023, they drew new legislative district maps to replace ones imposed by the formerly Democratic-controlledstate Supreme Court for the 2022 elections.[32]
Republicans maintained control of both chambers, but Democrats gained one seat in the House, breaking its Republican supermajority. This greatly increased the veto power of incoming Democratic governorJosh Stein.[90] Prior to the swearing-in of the new legislature, however, Republicans overrode theveto of outgoing governorRoy Cooper to strip numerous powers from statewide offices which Democrats had won in the2024 election.[91]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Phil Berger | 30 | 30 | | |
| Democratic | Dan Blue | 20 | 20 | | |
| Total | 50 | 50 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Tim Moore (retiring) | 72 | 71 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Robert Reives | 48 | 49 | 1 | |
| Total | 120 | 120 | | ||
Half of the seats of theNorth Dakota Senate and theNorth Dakota House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. In 2023, afederal judge had ordered the creation of a new district containing twoNative American tribes which had previously been split into separate districts.[26] Special elections were called for the new district in both the House and Senate.[92] Native American Democrats flipped these seats but the party lost elsewhere in the state, resulting in a net loss in the House. Republicans maintainedsupermajority control of both chambers.[93]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Donald Schaible | 43 | 42 | 1 | |
| Democratic-NPL | Kathy Hogan | 4 | 5 | 1 | |
| Total | 47 | 47 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Dennis Johnson (retiring) | 82 | 83 | 1 | |
| Democratic-NPL | Zac Ista | 12 | 11 | 1 | |
| Total | 94 | 94 | | ||
Half of the seats of theOhio Senate and all of the seats of theOhio House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. The elections took place on new maps passed by Ohio's bipartisanredistricting commission after thestate Supreme Court had repeatedly struck down the legislature's maps in the leadup to the2022 election. The maps passed the commission unanimously, ensuring their effectiveness through the end of the decade. While the new maps were more favorable to Democrats than previous ones, Republicans still held a significant electoral advantage on them.[30]
Republicans maintained control of both chambers, but Democrats made minor gains in each, reducing Republicans'supermajority in the House. Although Ohio Republicans won enough seats to overturn agubernatorial veto, they no longer held the two-thirds majority needed in the House to unilaterally craft legislation.[94]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Matt Huffman (term-limited) | 26 | 24 | 2 | |
| Democratic | Nickie Antonio | 7 | 9 | 2 | |
| Total | 33 | 33 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jason Stephens | 67 | 65 | 2 | |
| Democratic | Allison Russo | 32 | 34 | 2 | |
| Total | 99 | 99 | | ||
Half of the seats of theOklahoma Senate and all of the seats of theOklahoma House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Multiple Republican floor leaders lost in the primary election, as thefar-right wing of the Republican party continued to gain ground in the legislature. The top three most powerful leaders in each chamber all either lost renomination or were term-limited, leading to a complete turnover in leadership.[95] Republicans maintained control of both chambers in the general election, with no seats changing hands between the two parties.[96]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Greg Treat (term-limited) | 40 | 40 | | |
| Democratic | Kay Floyd (term-limited) | 8 | 8 | | |
| Total | 48 | 48 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Charles McCall (term-limited) | 81 | 81 | | |
| Democratic | Cyndi Munson | 20 | 20 | | |
| Total | 101 | 101 | | ||
Half of the seats of theOregon State Senate and all of the seats of theOregon House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Six of the Republican Senators who were up for re-election were disqualified from the ballot over their participation in a 2023 legislative walkout.[97] Democrats maintained control of both chambers, gaining asupermajority in the Senate by flipping the seat of one of the disqualified Republicans.[98] Democrats flipped a seat in the House as well in a narrow upset, gaining a supermajority in that chamber as well.[99]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Rob Wagner | 17 | 18 | 1 | |
| Republican | Daniel Bonham | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
| Oregon Independent | Brian Boquist (disqualified)[n] | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Independent Republican | — | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Total | 30 | 30 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Julie Fahey | 35 | 36 | 1 | |
| Republican | Jeff Helfrich | 25 | 24 | 1 | |
| Total | 60 | 60 | | ||
Half of the seats of thePennsylvania State Senate and all of the seats of thePennsylvania House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. In2022, Democrats had won control of the House for the first time since2008, although they could not seat their majority until February due to post-election vacancies.[101] The divided legislature faced significant partisan gridlock, passing the fewest laws in over a decade and failing to pass six pending constitutional amendments that required approval from two consecutive sessions.[102][103] In the general election, there was no net change in seat composition in either chamber, leaving Republicans with control of the Senate and Democrats with control of the House.[104]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Kim Ward | 28 | 28 | | |
| Democratic | Jay Costa | 22 | 22 | | |
| Total | 50 | 50 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Joanna McClinton | 102 | 102 | | |
| Republican | Bryan Cutler | 101 | 101 | | |
| Total | 203 | 203 | | ||
All of the seats of theRhode Island Senate and theRhode Island House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Democrats retained theirsupermajorites in both legislative chambers, ousting one incumbent in the Senate. No other incumbent lost re-election, with Republicans' net gain in the House coming from open seats. Most races were uncontested in the general election.[105][106]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Dominick J. Ruggerio | 33 | 34 | 1 | |
| Republican | Jessica de la Cruz | 5 | 4 | 1 | |
| Total | 38 | 38 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Joe Shekarchi | 65 | 64 | 1 | |
| Republican | Michael Chippendale | 9 | 10 | 1 | |
| Independent | 1 | 1 | | ||
| Total | 75 | 75 | | ||
All of the seats of theSouth Carolina Senate and theSouth Carolina House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. The House underwent minor redistricting to settle racial gerrymandering claims against a district.[34] Republicans made considerable gains in the Senate, narrowly flipping four Democratic-held seats to establish asupermajority in the chamber while maintaining their supermajority in the House.[107]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Thomas C. Alexander | 30 | 34 | 4 | |
| Democratic | Brad Hutto | 15 | 12 | 3 | |
| Independent | Mia McLeod | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Total | 46 | 46 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Murrell Smith Jr. | 88 | 88 | | |
| Democratic | Todd Rutherford | 36 | 36 | | |
| Total | 124 | 124 | | ||
All of the seats of theSouth Dakota Senate and theSouth Dakota House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. About a dozen incumbent Republicans lost renomination in the primary election, primarily due to their support for a controversialcarbon capture pipeline project. Challengers supported expanding the rights of property owners and were generally more conservative than the incumbents.[19] In the general election, Republicans expanded their supermajorities by flipping one seat in each chamber.[108] The newly-elected legislators nominated more hardline conservatives to leadership positions in each chamber.[109]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Lee Schoenbeck (retiring) | 31 | 32 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Reynold Nesiba (term-limited) | 4 | 3 | 1 | |
| Total | 35 | 35 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Hugh Bartels (term-limited) | 63 | 64 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Oren Lesmeister (term-limited) | 7 | 6 | 1 | |
| Total | 70 | 70 | | ||
Half of the seats of theTennessee Senate and all of the seats of theTennessee House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. A universalschool voucher proposal from governorBill Lee loomed over the Republican primary with mixed results. Some voucher opponents lost renomination, while others defeated their challengers. Democrats sought to use their own opposition to vouchers to bolster their general election campaign.[110] These gains never materialized, however, as no seat changed partisan control, allowing Republicans to maintain theirsupermajorities in the legislature.[111]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Randy McNally | 27 | 27 | | |
| Democratic | Raumesh Akbari | 6 | 6 | | |
| Total | 33 | 33 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Cameron Sexton | 75 | 75 | | |
| Democratic | Karen Camper | 24 | 24 | | |
| Total | 99 | 99 | | ||
Half of the seats of theTexas Senate and all of the seats of theTexas House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. House Republicans experienced considerable intraparty strife over issues such asschool vouchers and the 2023 impeachment ofKen Paxton, the state'sattorney general. Retirements and primary battles left over 30 seats open for the general election.[112][42] Republicans made minor gains in both legislative chambers, flipping two House seats and one Senate seat in the heavily Hispanic and historically-DemocraticRio Grande Valley.[43]
The elected legislature would eventually pass school voucher legislation among many other conservative priorities.[113] Later, they would pass legislation to redraw the state's congressional districts at the request of Donald Trump, kicking off a nationwideflurry of mid-decade redistricting.[114]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Charles Schwertner | 19 | 20 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Carol Alvarado | 12 | 11 | 1 | |
| Total | 31 | 31 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Dade Phelan | 87 | 88 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Trey Martinez Fischer | 63 | 62 | 1 | |
| Total | 150 | 150 | | ||
Half of the seats of theUtah State Senate and all of the seats of theUtah House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Republicans maintainedsupermajority control of both chambers as neither experienced a net change in partisan composition.[115]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | J. Stuart Adams | 23 | 23 | | |
| Democratic | Luz Escamilla | 6 | 6 | | |
| Total | 29 | 29 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Mike Schultz | 61 | 61 | | |
| Democratic | Angela Romero | 14 | 14 | | |
| Total | 75 | 75 | | ||
All of the seats of theVermont Senate and theVermont House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Republicans made significant gains in both legislative chambers, breaking the Democraticsupermajorities in each.[116] Democrats lost more legislative seats in Vermont than in any other state in the country despiteKamala Harris' landslide victory in the state in theconcurrent presidential election. Republican governorPhil Scott, who alsowon re-election in a landslide, campaigned heavily for downballot Republicans, tapping into voter discontent with issues such as housing affordability, school funding, and rising taxes.[117]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Philip Baruth | 22 | 16 | 6 | |
| Republican | Randy Brock | 7 | 13 | 6 | |
| Progressive | Tanya Vyhovsky | 1 | 1 | | |
| Total | 30 | 30 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Jill Krowinski | 105 | 87 | 18 | |
| Republican | Patricia McCoy | 37 | 56 | 19 | |
| Progressive | Taylor Small (retiring) | 4 | 4 | | |
| Independent | — | 3 | 3 | | |
| Libertarian | Jarrod Sammis | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Total | 150 | 150 | | ||
Half of the seats of theWashington State Senate and all of the seats of theWashington House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Minor, but highly controversial, redistricting took place incentral Washington after afederal judge ordered it over allegations of dilution ofHispanic voting power in the region.[27] Despiteone of the newly-redrawn districts ostensibly favoring Democrats much more than before, Republicans swept the Senate and both House races in the district, leading to no net change as a result of the redistricting.[118] Democrats made gains in other parts of the state, however, flipping one seat in each chamber.[119][120]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Karen Keiser | 29 | 30 | 1 | |
| Republican | John Braun | 20 | 19 | 1 | |
| Total | 49 | 49 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Laurie Jinkins | 58 | 59 | 1 | |
| Republican | Drew Stokesbary | 40 | 39 | 1 | |
| Total | 98 | 98 | | ||
Half of the seats of theWest Virginia Senate and all of the seats of theWest Virginia House of Delegates were up for election in 2024. Republicans expanded their supermajorities in both legislative chambers, flipping three open Democratic-held seats in the general election.[121]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Craig Blair (lost renomination) | 31 | 32 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Mike Woelfel | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| Total | 34 | 34 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Roger Hanshaw | 89 | 91 | 2 | |
| Democratic | Sean Hornbuckle | 11 | 9 | 2 | |
| Total | 100 | 100 | | ||
Half of the seats of theWisconsin Senate and all of the seats of theWisconsin State Assembly were up for election in 2024.Redistricting ordered by theWisconsin Supreme Court completely reshuffled the state's legislative districts, leaving dozens of seats across both chambers with no incumbents. The new maps were considered more favorable to Democrats than the previous maps.[122] Aided by this favorable redistricting, Democrats made significant gains in both legislative chambers, breaking thesupermajority in the Senate, though Republicans still maintained legislative control.[123]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Chris Kapenga | 22 | 18 | 4 | |
| Democratic | Dianne Hesselbein | 11 | 15 | 4 | |
| Total | 33 | 33 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Robin Vos | 64 | 54 | 10 | |
| Democratic | Greta Neubauer | 35 | 45 | 10 | |
| Total | 99 | 99 | | ||
Half of the seats of theWyoming Senate and all of the seats of theWyoming House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. The far-right freedom caucus of theWyoming Republican Party ousted several incumbents in the Republican primaries. In the general election, despite a Democratic gain in a majority-native district, the freedom caucus won a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.[21] The Republicansupermajority in the Senate remained unchanged.
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Ogden Driskill | 29 | 29 | | |
| Democratic | Chris Rothfuss | 2 | 2 | | |
| Total | 31 | 31 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Albert Sommers (retiring) | 57 | 56 | 1 | |
| Democratic | Mike Yin | 5 | 6 | 1 | |
| Total | 62 | 62 | | ||
All of the seats of theAmerican Samoa Senate and theAmerican Samoa House of Representatives were up for election in 2024. Members of the Senate serve four-year terms, while members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms. Gubernatorial and legislative elections are conducted on a nonpartisan basis in American Samoa.
All of the seats of the unicameralLegislature of Guam were up for election in 2024 for two-year terms. Republicans won control of the legislature for the first time since 2006.[124]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Frank Blas | 6 | 9 | 3 | |
| Democratic | Therese M. Terlaje | 9 | 6 | 3 | |
| Total | 15 | 15 | | ||
A portion of the seats of theNorthern Mariana Islands Senate, and all of the seats of theNorthern Mariana Islands House of Representatives, were up for election in 2024. Members of the Senate serve either four-year terms, while members of the House serve two-year terms.
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Francisco Cruz | 4 | 4 | | |
| Independent | Corina Magofna | 3 | 3 | | |
| Democratic | Edith DeLeon Guerrero | 2 | 2 | | |
| Total | 9 | 9 | | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent | Edmund Villagomez | 13 | 16 | 3 | |
| Democratic | Ed Propst (retiring) | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| Republican | Patrick San Nicolas | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| Total | 20 | 20 | | ||
All of the seats of theSenate of Puerto Rico and theHouse of Representatives of Puerto Rico were up for election in 2024. Members of both chambers serve four-year terms. TheNew Progressive Party won control of the legislature from thePopular Democratic Party.[125][126]
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Progressive | Thomas Rivera Schatz | 10 | 19 | 9 | |
| Popular Democratic | José Luis Dalmau | 12 | 5 | 7 | |
| Puerto Rican Independence | María de Lourdes Santiago | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Project Dignity | Joanne Rodríguez Veve | 1 | 1 | | |
| Independent | Vargas Vidot | 1 | 1 | | |
| Citizen's Victory Movement | Ana Irma Rivera Lassén (retiring) | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| Total | 27 | 28 | 1 | ||
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Progressive | Carlos Johnny Méndez | 21 | 36 | 15 | |
| Popular Democratic | Tatito Hernández (retiring) | 25 | 13 | 12 | |
| Puerto Rican Independence | Denis Márquez Lebrón | 1 | 1 | | |
| Project Dignity | Lisie Burgos Muñiz | 1 | 1 | | |
| Citizen's Victory Movement | Mariana Nogales Molinelli | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| Independent | Luis Raúl Torres Cruz | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Total | 51 | 51 | | ||
All of the seats of the unicameralLegislature of the Virgin Islands were up for election in 2024. All members of the legislature serve a two-year term.
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Novelle Francis | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
| Independent | Dwayne DeGraff | 4 | 3 | 1 | |
| Total | 15 | 15 | | ||
TheCouncil of the District of Columbia serves as the legislative branch of thefederal district ofWashington, D.C. Half of the council seats were up for election in 2024. Council members serve four-year terms.
| Party | Leader | Before | After | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Phil Mendelson | 11 | 11 | | |
| Independent | 2 | 2 | | ||
| Total | 13 | 13 | | ||
+1 Rep seat | +1 Dem seat +2 Dem seats |
There were fifty-four state legislativespecial elections scheduled for 2024.[127] Democrats gained a net of one seat in special elections prior to the November general election, picking up a seat in theAlabama House of Representatives and theFlorida House of Representatives.[128][129] Republicans gained one seat in theNew Hampshire House of Representatives as well. Democrats gained a seat in theNorth Dakota House of Representatives and a seat in theNorth Dakota Senate in elections that were held concurrently with the general election.[130]
Additional special elections proved decisive in determining control of multiple legislative chambers. Special election victories enabled Democrats to retain control of theMichigan House of Representatives and thePennsylvania House of Representatives multiple times throughout the year.[131][132][133] Republicans additionally maintained control of the New Hampshire House of Representatives through the numerous special elections held in the state. A competitive November special election in for theMinnesota Senate, which did not hold regularly scheduled elections in 2024, reaffirmed Democrats' control of that chamber through the2026 election.[134]
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 16 | Kyle South | Republican | 2014 | Incumbent resigned June 30, 2023, to become president and CEO of the Chamber of Commerce of West Alabama.[135] New member electedJanuary 9, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| House | 55 | Fred Plump | Democratic | 2022 | Incumbent resigned May 23, 2023, after being charged with conspiracy to commit wire fraud and obstruction of justice.[137] New member elected outright after theJanuary 9, 2024, special election was cancelled. Democratic hold. |
|
| House | 10 | David Cole | Republican | 2022 | Incumbent resigned August 31, 2023, after being charged with voter fraud.[139] New member electedMarch 26, 2024. Democratic gain. |
|
| Senate | 9 | Clay Scofield | Republican | 2010 | Incumbent resigned October 30, 2023, to become executive vice president of the Business Council of Alabama.[141] New member elected outright after theApril 23, 2024, special election was cancelled. Republican hold. |
|
| House | 27 | Wes Kitchens | Republican | 2018 | Incumbent resigned January 23, 2024, to join theState Senate.[143] New member elected outright after theJuly 16, 2024, special election was cancelled. Republican hold. |
|
| House | 52 | John Rogers | Democratic | 1982 | Incumbent resigned March 13, 2024, after being charged with conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud and conspiracy to obstruct justice.[145] New member electedOctober 1, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 115 | Dorinda Keenan Borer | Democratic | 2017 (special) | Incumbent resigned December 2, 2023, to become mayor ofWest Haven.[147] New member electedJanuary 23, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 35 | Fred Hawkins | Republican | 2020 | Incumbent resigned June 30, 2023, to become president ofSouth Florida State College.[149] New member electedJanuary 16, 2024. Democratic gain. |
|
| Senate | 24 | Bobby Powell | Democratic | 2016 | Incumbent resigned November 4, 2024, to run forPalm Beach County Commission.[151] New member elected outright after theNovember 5, 2024, special election was cancelled. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 125 | Barry Fleming | Republican | 2012 | Incumbent resigned January 9, 2024, to become aColumbia Judicial DistrictSuperior Court judge.[153] New member electedMarch 12, 2024, after no one received over 50% of the vote on February 13, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| Senate | 30 | Mike Dugan | Republican | 2012 | Incumbent resigned January 3, 2024, to focus on hiscampaign forGeorgia's 3rd congressional district.[155] New member electedFebruary 13, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| House | 139 | Richard H. Smith | Republican | 2004 | Incumbent died January 30, 2024, from influenza.[157] New member electedMay 7, 2024, after no one received over 50% of the vote on April 9, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Senate | 5 | Gilbert Keith-Agaran | Democratic | 2013 (appointed) | Incumbent resigned October 31, 2023, to focus on litigation about the2023 Hawaii wildfires.[159] Interim appointee elected outright after theNovember 5, 2024, special election was cancelled.[o] Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Senate | 5 | Patricia Van Pelt | Democratic | 2012 | Incumbent resigned August 1, 2023, due to health issues.[162] Interim appointee electedNovember 5, 2024.[p] Democratic hold. |
|
| Senate | 20 | Cristina Pacione-Zayas | Democratic | 2020 (appointed) | Incumbent resigned May 31, 2023, to becomeChicago mayorBrandon Johnson's deputy chief of staff.[165] New member electedNovember 5, 2024.[q] Democratic hold. |
|
| Senate | 27 | Ann Gillespie | Democratic | 2018 | Incumbent resigned April 14, 2024, after being appointed as director of theIllinois Department of Insurance.[167] Interim appointee electedNovember 5, 2024.[r] Democratic hold. |
|
| Senate | 53 | Jason Barickman | Republican | 2012 | Incumbent resigned January 11, 2023, due to increased work obligations outside of the legislature.[169] New member electedNovember 5, 2024.[s] Republican hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 24 | Brandon Reed | Republican | 2016 | Incumbent resigned January 15, 2024, to become executive director of the Kentucky Office of Agricultural Policy.[171] New member electedMarch 19, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| House | 26 | Russell Webber | Republican | 2012 | Incumbent resigned January 2, 2024, to become deputy treasurer of Kentucky.[173] New member electedMarch 19, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 122 | Lois Reckitt | Democratic | 2016 | Incumbent died October 30, 2023, of colon cancer.[174] New member electedMarch 5, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | Worcester 6 | Peter Durant | Republican | 2011 (special) | Incumbent resigned November 29, 2023, to join theState Senate.[176] New member electedMarch 5, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 13 | Lori Stone | Democratic | 2018 | Incumbent resigned November 19, 2023 to become mayor ofWarren.[178] New member electedApril 16, 2024. Democratic hold. | |
| House | 25 | Kevin Coleman | Democratic | 2018 | Incumbent resigned November 13, 2023, to become mayor ofWestland.[180] New member electedApril 16, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 27B | Kurt Daudt | Republican | 2010 | Incumbent resigned February 11, 2024.[181] New member electedMarch 19, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| Senate | 45 | Kelly Morrison | DFL | 2022 | Incumbent resigned June 6, 2024, to focus on hercampaign forMinnesota's 3rd congressional district.[183] New member electedNovember 5, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | Coos 1 | Troy Merner | Republican | 2016 | Incumbent resigned September 19, 2023, after moving out of his district.[185] New member electedJanuary 23, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| House | Coos 6 | William Hatch | Democratic | 2006 | Incumbent resigned September 18, 2023, due to health issues.[186] New member electedJanuary 23, 2024. Republican gain. |
|
| House | Strafford 11 | Hoy Menear | Democratic | 2022 | Incumbent died November 13, 2023.[187] New member electedMarch 12, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| House | Rockingham 21 | Robin Vogt | Democratic | 2022 | Incumbent resigned December 1, 2023, after moving out of his district.[189] New member electedMarch 12, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Assembly | 77 | Latoya Joyner | Democratic | 2014 | Incumbent resigned January 8, 2024, to take a job outside of government.[190] New member electedFebruary 13, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative(s) | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 9 (2 seats) | Jayme Davis Redistricted from District 9A | Democratic-NPL | 2022 | Special election called afterDistrict JudgePeter D. Welte held that North Dakota's legislative maps violated theVoting Rights Act.[192] Members electedNovember 5, 2024. Democratic-NPL gain. |
|
| House | 15 (2 seats) | Kathy Frelich Donna Henderson Redistricted from District 9B | Republican | 2022 2022 | Special election called afterDistrict JudgePeter D. Welte held that North Dakota's legislative maps violated theVoting Rights Act.[192] Members re-electedNovember 5, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| House | 23 | Scott Dyk | Republican | 2022 | Incumbent resigned April 7, 2024, due to family health issues.[194] Interim appointee electedNovember 5, 2024.[t] Republican hold. |
|
| Senate | 9 | Judy Estenson Redistricted from District 15 | Republican | 2022 | Special election called afterDistrict JudgePeter D. Welte held that North Dakota's legislative maps violated theVoting Rights Act.[192] New member electedNovember 5, 2024. Democratic-NPL gain. |
|
| Senate | 15 | Kent Weston Redistricted from District 9 | Republican | 2022 | Special election called afterDistrict JudgePeter D. Welte held that North Dakota's legislative maps violated theVoting Rights Act.[192] Member re-electedNovember 5, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Senate | 33 | Michael Rulli | Republican | 2018 | Incumbent resigned June 12, 2024, after beingelected to the U.S. House of Representatives.[196] Interim appointee electedNovember 5, 2024.[u] Republican hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 39 | Ryan Martinez | Republican | 2016 | Incumbent resigned September 1, 2023, after pleading guilty to driving while under the influence.[199] New member electedFebruary 13, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| Senate | 46 | Kay Floyd | Democratic | 2014 | Incumbent resigned November 13, 2024, due to term limits.[201] New member electedNovember 5, 2024. Democratic hold. | |
| Senate | 48 | George E. Young | Democratic | 2018 | Incumbent resigned November 13, 2024.[203] New member elected outright after theNovember 5, 2024, special election was cancelled. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 140 | John Galloway | Democratic | 2006 | Incumbent resigned December 14, 2023, to become adistrict court judge.[205] New member electedFebruary 13, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| House | 139 | Joseph Adams | Republican | 2022 | Incumbent resigned February 9, 2024, due to urgent family medical needs.[207] New member electedApril 23, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| House | 195 | Donna Bullock | Democratic | 2015 (special) | Incumbent resigned July 15, 2024, to become CEO ofProject H.O.M.E.[209] New member electedSeptember 17, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| House | 201 | Stephen Kinsey | Democratic | 2012 | Incumbent resigned July 16, 2024.[209] New member electedSeptember 17, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Senate | 19 | John L. Scott Jr. | Democratic | 2008 | Incumbent died August 13, 2023, from blood clot issues.[211] New member electedJanuary 2, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| House | 109 | Deon Tedder | Democratic | 2020 | Incumbent resigned November 7, 2023, to join theState Senate.[213] New member electedApril 2, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 2 | Bryan Slaton | Republican | 2020 | Incumbent resigned May 8, 2023, after facing calls for his expulsion following a scandal involving an inappropriate relationship with an intern; he was subsequently expelled on May 9, 2023.[215] New memberelectedJanuary 30, 2024, after no one received over 50% of the vote on November 7, 2023. Republican hold. |
|
| Senate | 15 | John Whitmire | Democratic | 1982 | Incumbent resigned December 31, 2023 to becomemayor of Houston.[217] New member electedMay 4, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
| House | 56 | Charles Anderson | Republican | 2004 | Incumbent resigned August 15, 2024.[219] New member electedNovember 5, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Senate | 12 | Karen Mayne | Democratic | 2007 (appointed) | Incumbent resigned January 16, 2023, due to health issues.[221] Interim appointee electedNovember 5, 2024.[v] Democratic hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| House | 48 | Les Adams Redistricted from the16th district | Republican | 2013 | Incumbent resigned January 9, 2024.[224] New member electedJanuary 9, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| Senate | 9 | Frank Ruff Redistricted from the15th district | Republican | 2000 (special) | Incumbent resigned January 9, 2024, after being diagnosed with cancer.[226] New member electedJanuary 9, 2024. Republican hold. |
|
| District | Incumbent | This race | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber | No. | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Senate | 4 | Lena Taylor | Democratic | 2004 | Incumbent resigned January 26, 2024, to become aMilwaukee CountyCircuit Court judge.[228] New member electedJuly 30, 2024. Democratic hold. |
|
Dugan told The Atlanta Journal-Constitution he will step down from his Carrollton-based Georgia Senate seat on Thursday
Welte's ruling means adding elections in Districts 9 and 15, which were also on the 2022 ballot.
