Defender New Zealand | |
|---|---|
| Defender club: |  Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
| Yacht: | Taihoro |
Challenger United Kingdom | |
| Challenger club: |  Royal Yacht Squadron |
| Yacht: | Britannia |
| Competition | |
| Location: | Barcelona |
| Dates: | 12–20 October 2024[1] |
| Rule: | AC75 |
| Winner: | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
| Score: | 72 |
← 2021 2027 → | |
The2024 America's Cup was the 37th staging of theAmerica's Cup yacht race. It was contested from 12 October 2024 as a first-to-seven-wins match-race series inBarcelona,Catalonia,Spain, betweenTaihoro, representing the defender, theRoyal New Zealand Yacht Squadron;[2] andBritannia, representing the Royal Yacht Squadron of the United Kingdom, which won theLouis Vuitton Challenger Selections Series, also in Barcelona, on 4 October 2024.[3][1][4] It was the first time the UK has sailed in an America's Cup match since 1964.[5]
The Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron is again the defender of the America's Cup after its yachtTe Rehutai, owned and sailed by theEmirates Team New Zealand syndicate, was the successful defender in the36th America's Cup, beating the challengerLuna Rossa, representingCircolo della Vela Sicilia, 7–3 in a first-to-seven series raced from 10 to 17 March 2021 in theWaitemata Harbour andHauraki Gulf offAuckland,New Zealand.
Immediately afterTe Rehutai achieved its seventh win in the 36th America's Cup, the Chairman of Royal Yacht Squadron Racing, Bertie Bicket, issued a pre-arranged, "friendly" challenge to the Commodore of the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, Aaron Young.[6][7] This made Royal Yacht Squadron Racing Ltd the Challenger of Record for the next America's Cup.[8]
TheRoyal New Zealand Yacht Squadron was founded in 1871 as the Auckland Yacht Club and took its current name in 1902 after receiving a warrant in the name ofKing Edward VII.[9]Royal Yacht Squadron Racing was founded in 2014 and is an affiliated member of the Royal Yacht Squadron.
The America's Cup is a highly prestigious event, being the oldest continuous competition in international sport, and the fourth oldest continuous sporting trophy of any kind.[10][better source needed] As of 31 March 2021, a total of 36 cup matches have been held. With 25 matches the New York Yacht Club has won the most titles so far.
The 36th match from 10 to 17 March 2021 was the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron's fourth America's Cup victory, following its wins in 1995, 2000 and 2017, making it the second most successful club in the competition's history. The 2021 win also made the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron the only club to have twice successfully challenged for and then defended the America's Cup.[11]
The challenge by Royal Yacht Squadron to the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron was made on board the 110-foot luxury sailing yachtImagine immediately following the completion of the 10th and final race of the36th America's Cup on 17 March 2021.[12][13]
The challenge was a pre-arranged "friendly" challenge arranged by the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and Royal Yacht Squadron Racing Ltd and their respective sailing teamsTeam New Zealand andIneos Team UK. The fact of the challenge and some details were made public on 19 March 2021. Both the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and Royal Yacht Squadron Racing Ltd consider the challenge to be valid.[14][15][16][17]
The full text and terms of the challenge have not been made public, but a number of areas of agreement have been revealed in media statements by the Royal Yacht Squadron and Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and their sailing teams, and in subsequent public comments. Royal Yacht Squadron Racing Ltd and Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron said they would negotiate and issue a protocol to govern the 37th America's Cup by 19 November 2021, eight months after they revealed initial information about the challenge.[14]
It has been agreed theAmerica's Cup 75 (AC75), a 23 m (75 ft) foiling monohull class developed and used for the first time for the 36th America's Cup shall remain the class of yacht for the 37th America's Cup. Royal Yacht Squadron Racing Ltd and Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron also intend that the AC75 class should be used for the38th America's Cup, and say that agreement to this will be a condition of entry for any other complying clubs wishing to enter any challenger series for the 37th America's Cup.[14]
For the first two preliminary regattas as well as the Youth & Women's Americas Cup the AC75 derived AC40 one design class is used. Additionally, the competing teams are allowed to develop 40-foot test boats called LEQ12.[18]
It has been agreed a new crew nationality rule will require 100% of race crews to either be a passport holder of the country the team's yacht club as of 19 March 2021 or to have been physically present in that country (or, acting on behalf of such a yacht club in Auckland, the venue of the 36th America's Cup Events) for two of the previous three years prior to 18 March 2021. There will be a discretionary provision allowing a quota of non-nationals on the race crew for competitors from "emerging nations", although this term and the size of the quota is yet to be defined.[14]
To reduce costs, it has been agreed teams will be restricted to building only one newAC75 for the 37th America's Cup. In addition, Royal Yacht Squadron Racing Ltd and Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron have committed to "investigating and agreeing a meaningful package of campaign cost reduction measures including measures to attract a higher number of challengers and to assist with the establishment of new teams".[14]
Royal Yacht Squadron and Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron planned to announce the venue for the 37th America's Cup by 19 September 2021. New Zealand Prime MinisterJacinda Ardern said her Government wanted to see the cup defended in Auckland in 2023, and announced the availability of Government funding to assist Team New Zealand to stay together, subject to a number of conditions, including an expectation the Cup will be defended in New Zealand.[19]
However, on 29 March 2022,Barcelona was announced as the host of the 2024 America's Cup. Barcelona's bid saw an unprecedented alliance across public and private entities working together to attract the America's Cup to Barcelona which included the Government of Catalonia, Barcelona City Council, City Hall of Barcelona, Port of Barcelona, Barcelona Global's investment agency and Barcelona & Partners.[20] Of the previous 36 cup matches, 33 have been held in the defender's home waters. TheDeed of Gift provides for the defender to name the venue if they and the Challenger of Record cannot reach agreement.
The 37th America's Cup will be raced in Barcelona as a first-to-seven-wins series from 12 October 2024. It is expected to be completed on or before 21 October 2024.[4][16] This complies with the deed which requires the match to be held in summer or summer-shoulder months. In the southern hemisphere, this is defined as between 1 November and 30 April. In the northern hemisphere, it is defined as between 1 May and 31 October.[21]
| Year | Date | |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 17 Nov | AC37 Protocol and AC75 Class Rule V2 Published |
| 1 Dec | Entries for Challengers Open | |
| 2022 | 31 Mar | Defender to announce Match Venue and approximate event dates |
| 17 Jun | New competitors may sail Version 1 AC75s for 20 sailing days | |
| 31 Jul | Entry Period Closes | |
| 17 Sep | Competitors may sail an AC75 Yacht | |
| 30 Nov | ACE to announce race schedule for the Match | |
| ACE to announce racing area for CSS and Match | ||
| 31 Dec | ACE to publish Brand Manual | |
| 2023 | 31 May | Final cut off for late Challenger entries |
| 30 Jun | ACE to publish Youth and Women's AC Agreement | |
| 30 Jun | COR/D to publish Match Conditions | |
| 14–17 Sep | Preliminary RegattaVilanova i la Geltrú | |
| 22 Nov – 4 Dec | Preliminary RegattaJeddah | |
| 30 Nov | COR/D to publish CSS Conditions | |
| 2024 | 22–25 Aug | Preliminary Regatta in Barcelona |
| 29 Aug – 8 Sep | Louis Vuitton Cup Round Robins | |
| 14–19 Sep | Louis Vuitton Cup Semi-finals | |
| 26 Sep – 5 Oct | Louis Vuitton Cup Finals | |
| 12–21 Oct | 37th America's Cup Match |
Royal Yacht Squadron and Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron announced the establishment of a single Event Authority responsible for the conduct of all racing and the management of commercial activities relating to the 37th America's Cup.[14] Therefore, 'ACE (America's Cup Event) Barcelona S.L.' was created as the sole Event Authority for the 37th America's Cup in Barcelona and is exclusively responsible for the planning, management and delivery of a successful event.[23]
TheRoyal Yacht Squadron is the Challenger of Record for the 37th America's Cup.[6][7] Their team,INEOS Britannia, previously lost toEmirates Team New Zealand in the 2017 Louis Vuitton Cup semi-finals, and Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli in the2021 Prada Cup final. The Royal Yacht Squadron's challenge will be the first time a British team has competed in three consecutive America's Cup cycles since 1930.[7]
Circolo della Vela Sicilia, represented byLuna Rossa Prada Pirelli, have indicated their interest in returning for the 37th America's Cup. Luna Rossa previously lost to Emirates Team New Zealand in the2021 America's Cup final. In a statement, the team said that they looked "forward to returning to racing on theAC75s in the next edition of the America's Cup".[24]
TheNew York Yacht Club (NYYC) had indicated interest in returning for the 37th America's Cup. American Magic previously lost to Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli in the 2021 Prada Cup semi-final. The NYYC submitted a challenge to theRoyal New Zealand Yacht Squadron on 6 May 2021, alongside an Evolutionary Draft Protocol for the 37th America's Cup.[25] The Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron released a statement in response, where they said they were "delighted to hear that the New York Yacht Club" were interested, but questioned, "their motives for such a presumptuous statement when entries [did not] open for some time."[26] The Royal Yacht Squadron and Ineos Team UK also released a statement in response to the New York Yacht Club's challenge, stating that they were "working collaboratively with the Royal Yacht Squadron and Team New Zealand".[26][27]
The NYYC had droppedAmerican Magic and announced a tentative partnership withStars & Stripes, then announced they would no longer pursue the 37th Americas Cup, and then on 7 January opted back in with American Magic.[28]
In December 2021Alinghi founderErnesto Bertarelli and two-time Olympic championHans-Peter Steinacher announced the launch of the new Alinghi Red Bull Racing challenge. Bertarelli will continue to represent theSociété Nautique de Genève, the yacht club that won the2003 Louis Vuitton Cup, the2003 America's Cup, and the2007 America's Cup.[29]
On 3 January 2023, the organisers of the 37th America's Cup announced thatK-Challenge Racing would challenge for the 37th America's Cup, after previously challenging for the32nd America's Cup in 2007. Led byStephane Kandler andBruno Dubois, the team, named Orient Express Team,[30] will represent theSociété Nautique de Saint-Tropez.[31]
| Team | Yacht Club | Skipper | AC75 Name | Shipyard | Unveiled | Launched | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emirates Team New Zealand Defender | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | Peter Burling | Taihoro | Team New Zealand | 11 April 2024 | 12 April 2024 | [32][33] |
 Alinghi Red Bull Racing |  Société Nautique de Genève | Arnaud Psarofaghis | BoatOne | Alinghi Red Bull Racing | 5 April 2024 | 16 April 2024 | [34][35][36] |
 Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli |  Circolo della Vela Sicilia | Max Sirena | Luna Rossa | Persico Marine | 13 April 2024 | 13 April 2024 | [34][37] |
 NYYC American Magic |  New York Yacht Club | Terry Hutchinson | Patriot | American Magic | 25 April 2024 | 7 May 2024 | [34][38][39] |
| INEOS Britannia Challenger of Record | Royal Yacht Squadron | Ben Ainslie | Britannia | Carrington Boats | 20 April 2024 | 26 April 2024 | [34][40][41] |
 Orient Express Team |  Société Nautique de Saint-Tropez | Quentin Delapierre | Orient Express | Multiplast | 25 May 2024 | 27 May 2024 | [42][43] |
The first two preliminary regattas have been raced in AC40 one design yachts. The third preliminary regatta in Barcelona will see the new AC75 yachts, that will also compete in the challenger series and the America's cup.[44]
| Rnd | Host | Dates | Winning team | Yacht class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain | 14–17 September 2023 | NYYC American Magic | AC40 |
| 2 |  Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | 22 November – 4 December 2023 | Emirates Team New Zealand | AC40 |
| 3 | Barcelona, Spain | 22–25 August 2024 | Emirates Team New Zealand | AC75 |
| Pos | Team | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Race 4 | Race 5 | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | NYYC American Magic | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 34 |
| 2 | Emirates Team New Zealand | 4 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 33 |
| 3 | Orient Express Racing Team | 1 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 24 |
| 4 | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | 2 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 20 |
| 5 | Alinghi Red Bull Racing | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 19 |
| 6 | INEOS Britannia | 6 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 9 |
| Citation:[45] | |||||||
| Pos | Team | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Race 4 | Race 5 | Race 6 | Race 7 | Race 8 | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emirates Team New Zealand | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 64 |
| 2 | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | DNF | 49 |
| 3 | Alinghi Red Bull Racing | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 35 |
| 4 | NYYC American Magic | DSQ | 6 | DNS | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 28 |
| 5 | INEOS Britannia | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 26 |
| 6 | Orient Express Racing Team | 5 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 20 |
| Citation:[45] | ||||||||||
| Pos | Team | Wins | Losses | Races |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emirates Team New Zealand | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2 | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 3 | NYYC American Magic | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 4 | INEOS Britannia | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 5 | Alinghi Red Bull Racing | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 6 | Orient Express Racing Team | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| Citation:[45] | ||||
Unlike the first rounds which werefleet races, the third is held inmatch racing format – of 15 races plus a final. The detailed race results for round three, Barcelona, are as follows:
| Race | Date | Time | Port Entry | Starboard Entry | Time | Course | Legs | Start | Gate 1 | Gate 2 | Gate 3 | Gate 4 | Gate 5 | Finish | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 August | 22' 43" | Alinghi Red Bull Racing | Orient Express Racing Team | +0' 36" | 6 | -0' 05" | -0' 12" | -0' 13" | -0' 13" | -0' 13" | -0' 22" | -0' 36" | ||
| 2 | Emirates Team New Zealand | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | DNF | 6 | -0' 00" | -2' 50" | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | Awarded | ||||
| 3 | 22' 27" | NYYC American Magic | INEOS Britannia | +0' 29" | 6 | -0' 02" | -0' 06" | -0' 07" | -0' 21" | -0' 25" | -0' 31" | -0' 29" | |||
| 4 | 23' 16" | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | Orient Express Racing Team | +1' 33" | 6 | -0' 18" | -0' 20" | -0' 21" | -0' 29" | -1' 12" | -1' 16" | -1' 33" | |||
| 5 | 23 August | +0' 56" | Alinghi Red Bull Racing | NYYC American Magic | 22' 40" | 6 | -0' 01" | -0' 12" | -0' 15" | -0' 31" | -0' 36" | -0' 46" | -0' 56" | ||
| 6 | +0' 52" | INEOS Britannia | Emirates Team New Zealand | 23' 08" | 6 | -0' 29" | -0' 38" | -0' 39" | -0' 55" | -0' 51" | -0' 59" | -0' 52" | |||
| 7 | +0' 40" | NYYC American Magic | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | 23' 22" | 6 | -0' 14" | -0' 17" | -0' 17" | -0' 21" | -0' 18" | -0' 35" | -0' 40" | |||
| 8 | DNS | Orient Express Racing Team | Emirates Team New Zealand | 6 | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | Awarded | ||||
| 9 | 24 August | 23' 01" | INEOS Britannia | Alinghi Red Bull Racing | +0' 33" | 6 | -0' 01" | -0' 04" | -0' 09" | -0' 19" | -0' 28" | -0' 25" | -0' 33" | ||
| 10 | DNS | NYYC American Magic | Orient Express Racing Team | 6 | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | Awarded | ||||
| 11 | 23' 56" | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | INEOS Britannia | +0' 46" | 6 | -0' 01" | -0' 23" | -0' 16" | -0' 23" | -0' 28" | -0' 30" | -0' 46" | |||
| 12 | 22' 30" | Emirates Team New Zealand | Alinghi Red Bull Racing | +1' 15" | 6 | -0' 00" | -0' 12" | -0' 29" | -0' 45" | -0' 52" | -1' 15" | -1' 15" | |||
| 13 | 25 August | +0' 28" | Emirates Team New Zealand | NYYC American Magic | 23' 10" | 6 | -0' 00" | -0' 15" | -0' 19" | -0' 35" | -0' 50" | -0' 36" | -0' 28" | ||
| 14 | 26' 46" | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | Alinghi Red Bull Racing | +0' 46" | 6 | -0' 40" | -0' 34" | -0' 09" | -0' 12" | -0' 08" | -0' 13" | -0' 46" | |||
| 15 | +0' 48" | Orient Express Racing Team | INEOS Britannia | 22' 28" | 5 | -0' 01" | -0' 16" | -0' 11" | -0' 05" | -0' 18" | ~ | -0' 48" | |||
| Final | 23' 59" | Emirates Team New Zealand | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | +0' 34" | 6 | -0' 01" | -0' 22" | -0' 16" | -0' 19" | -0' 06" | -0' 11" | -0' 34" | |||
| Citation:[45] | |||||||||||||||
The2024 Louis Vuitton Cup is the competition to determine theofficial challenger for the 2024 America's Cup was held between August – October 2024 in Barcelona. The format was adouble round-robin of all five challengers plus the defender Team New Zealand (who does not score points), followed by semi-finals of four highest ranked challengers in best of 9match race series, the winners of which then compete in a best of 13 match race series.[46]
| Team | Yacht Club | Skipper | Helmsmen | Completion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| INEOS Britannia | Royal Yacht Squadron | Ben Ainslie | Ben AinslieDylan Fletcher | Winner. Qualified as challenger for the37th America's Cup |
| Emirates Team New Zealand | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | Peter Burling | Peter Burling Nathan Outteridge | Automatically qualified as defender to 37th America's Cup |
| Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team | Circolo della Vela Sicilia | Max Sirena | James SpithillFrancesco Bruni | Eliminated infinal by INEOS Britannia |
| NYYC American Magic | New York Yacht Club | Terry Hutchinson | Tom SlingsbyPaul Goodison Lucas Calabrese | Eliminated inSemi-Final Group 1 by Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team |
| Alinghi Red Bull Racing | Société Nautique de Genève | Arnaud Psarofaghis | Arnaud PsarofaghisMaxime Bachelin | Eliminated inSemi-Final Group 2 by INEOS Britannia |
| Orient Express Racing Team | Société Nautique de Saint-Tropez | Quentin Delapierre | Quentin DelapierreKevin Peponnet | Eliminated after Louis Vuitton CupDouble Round Robin |
The America's Cup match was a best of 13 race series held October 2024 betweenTaihoro, owned and sailed by the Emirates Team New Zealand syndicate representing the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, and INEOS Britannia, the winner of the qualifying event – the2024 Louis Vuitton Cup.[47] Two races per day were held, starting from 12 October, with reserve days scheduled on 14–15 Oct, 17 and 22–27.[46]
| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emirates Team New Zealand | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 7 | ||
| INEOS Britannia | ● | ● | 2 |
| Race | Date | Time | Port Entry | Starboard Entry | Time | Course | Legs | Start | Gate 1 | Gate 2 | Gate 3 | Gate 4 | Gate 5 | Gate 6 | Gate 7 | Finish | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1[49] | 12 October | 27' 01" | Emirates Team New Zealand | INEOS Britannia | +0' 41" (+422 m) | A | 6 | −0' 02" | −0' 24" | −0' 15" | −0' 36" | −0' 40" | −0' 56" | - | - | −0' 41" | |
| 2[51] | +0' 27" (+293 m) | INEOS Britannia | Emirates Team New Zealand | 28' 23" | A | 8 | −0' 00" | −0' 11" | −0' 09" | −0' 14" | −0' 10" | −0' 28" | −0' 32" | −0' 33" | −0' 27" | ||
| 3[52] | 13 October | +0' 52" (+657 m) | INEOS Britannia | Emirates Team New Zealand | 27' 06" | D | 6 | −0' 03" | −0' 19" | −0' 27" | −0' 32" | −0' 33" | −0' 43" | - | - | −0' 52" | |
| Postponed | ~ | ||||||||||||||||
| 4[54] | 14 October | 26' 50" | Emirates Team New Zealand | INEOS Britannia | +0' 23" (+357 m) | D | 6 | −0' 00" | −0' 00" | −0' 03" | −0' 13" | −0' 15" | −0' 24" | - | - | −0' 23" | |
| 5[56] | 16 October | +1' 18" (+1,167 m) | Emirates Team New Zealand | INEOS Britannia | 24' 15" | B | 6 | −0' 05" | −2' 15" | −1' 59" | −1' 37" | −1' 36" | −1' 29" | - | - | −1' 18" | |
| 6[58] | 28' 13" | INEOS Britannia | Emirates Team New Zealand | +0' 07" (+74 m) | B | 8 | −0' 00" | −0' 08" | −0' 09" | −0' 09" | −0' 16" | −0' 13" | −0' 07" | −0' 07" | −0' 07" | ||
| 7[59] | 18 October | +1' 13" (+1,125 m) | INEOS Britannia | Emirates Team New Zealand | 24' 49" | F | 6 | −0' 01" | −0' 12" | −0' 13" | −0' 24" | −0' 29" | −0' 53" | - | - | −1' 13" | |
| 8[61] | 26' 37" | Emirates Team New Zealand | INEOS Britannia | +0' 55" (+1,048 m) | F | 8 | −0' 00" | −0' 15" | −0' 25" | −0' 41" | −0' 36" | −0' 23" | −0' 27" | −0' 50" | −0' 55" | ||
| 9[62] | 19 October[63] | 26' 43" | Emirates Team New Zealand | INEOS Britannia | +0' 37" (+571 m) | B | 6 | −0' 00" | −0' 19" | −0' 22" | −0' 00" | −0' 12" | −0' 17" | - | - | −0' 37" | |
| Citation:[45] | |||||||||||||||||
Notes:
In October 2024,Giulia Conti became the first Women's America's Cup Champion, winning the 1st PUIG Women's America Cup in Barcelona as Captain of theLuna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team[64][65] representingCircolo della Vela Sicilia[66]
Alongside the protocol for the 37th Americas Cup, aYouth &Women's event was announced to be held in theAC40 class racing in Barcelona alongside the Americas Cup. The youth event is open to sailors under 25 years of age, with two male and two female sailors on each boat, while the women's event is open to any female sailors.[citation needed]
