On April 6, 2023, theTennessee House of Representatives voted on resolutions to expelDemocratic RepresentativesGloria Johnson,Justin Jones, andJustin J. Pearson for violating the chamber'sdecorum rules by leading personal protests for gun reform on the House floor and joining demonstrators in the chamber's public galleries during a legislative session three days after the2023 Nashville school shooting.[1] Resolutions for the expulsions of Jones and Pearson passed with a two-thirds majority, and they were removed from office. The resolution against Johnson failed to pass by one vote.
The decision to expel the representatives has been called unprecedented in modern United States history,[2] with the power to expel members typically being reserved to remove members accused of serious misconduct.[3][4] The decision was condemned asauthoritarian and undemocratic by a number ofDemocrats, including PresidentJoe Biden,[5] former presidentBarack Obama,[6] and former vice presidentAl Gore, who served as aU.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1985 to 1993.[7] Jones, Johnson, and Pearson were dubbed by their supporters as the "Tennessee Three."[8]
TheNashville Metropolitan Council voted unanimously to reinstate Jones on April 10,[9] and two days later theShelby County Board of Commissioners voted unanimously to reinstate Pearson.[10] Both legislators won their respective special elections to serve the remainder of their terms.[11]
The Tennessee House of Representatives requires a two-thirds majority of the total membership to expel another representative.[12] In the state ofTennessee, expulsions are rare; since theCivil War, only eight representatives had been expelled before 2023.[13] Six democratic and unionist representatives were expelled in 1866 for trying to prevent passage of the14th Amendment, which granted citizenship to formerslaves.[14] In 1980,Republican representativeRobert Fisher was expelled for bribery.[15] Republican representativeJeremy Durham was expelled in 2016 for sexual misconduct.[16]
| External videos | |
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 Video of the disturbance byJustin Jones,Gloria Johnson, andJustin J. Pearson of a session of theTennessee House of Representatives. |
On March 27, 2023, a shooter killed three students and three adults at the Covenant School, aPresbyterian private school inNashville.[17] On March 30,[18] hundreds of protesters, joined by state representatives Jones, Johnson, and Pearson, marched onto theTennessee State Capitol to call on lawmakers to address gun reform.[19]
Jones, Johnson, and Pearson gathered at the well of the chamber and chanted, "No action, no peace" during a proceeding that day, using abullhorn.[20] The bullhorn was believed to be owned by country singerMargo Price, but Price later clarified that it was not hers.[21] TheSpeaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives,Cameron Sexton, condemned the protest, and compared it to theJanuary 6 Capitol attack. Sexton revoked their ID card access to the State Capitol on April 3 and stripped them of their committee assignments.[22]
In the days following the demonstration, supporters of Jones, Johnson, and Pearson accused Republican legislators offascism.[23][24] During her interview withMother Jones, Johnson stated that she believed Tennessee was less democratic thanNorth Korea.[25] On social media, the hashtag #TennesseeThree trended onTwitter as supporters of the legislators protested the expulsion votes.[26][27]
As the Tennessee House of Representatives is a 99-seat body, the number of votes to expel a member is 66 in order to reach therequired supermajority.[28][29]
The Tennessee House of Representatives voted to expelJones by a vote of 72–25, split along party lines, with only one Republican,Charlie Baum, voting against the expulsion.[30][31] HR 65, the resolution to remove Jones, was sponsored byBud Hulsey and co-sponsored byGino Bulso,Andrew Farmer, andJohnny Garrett.[32]
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
 YYes | 72 | 72.7 |
| No | 25 | 25.2 |
| Required majority | 66.67 | |
| Did not vote/Vacant | 2 | 2.1 |
| Total votes | 99 | 100.00 |
The Tennessee House of Representatives voted 65–30 not to expel Johnson. It was short of the required two-thirds majority by one vote. Seven Republicans voted against the resolution: Jody Barrett, Charlie Baum,Rush Bricken,Bryan Richey,Lowell Russell,Mike Sparks, andSam Whitson.[33][30] The resolution, HR 64, was sponsored by Gino Bulso.[34]
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
 NNo | 30 | 30.2 |
| Yes | 65 | 65.7 |
| Required majority | 66.67 | |
| Did not vote/Vacant | 4 | 4.1 |
| Total votes | 99 | 100.00 |
The Tennessee House of Representatives voted to expel Pearson, 69–26.[30] HR 63, the resolution to remove Pearson, was sponsored by Andrew Farmer.[35] Charlie Baum, Bryan Richey, andJohn Gillespie were the threeRepublicans to vote against the resolution.
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| YYes | 69 | 69.7 |
| No | 26 | 26.2 |
| Required majority | 66.67 | |
| Did not vote/Vacant | 4 | 4.1 |
| Total votes | 99 | 100.00 |
The expulsions of Jones and Pearson left vacancies in House Districts 52 and 86.Article 2, Section 15 of theTennessee State Constitution allows the local legislative body—in this case, theMetropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County and theShelby County Board of Commissioners, respectively—to appoint an interim successor until a special election can be held. At least 29 members of the 40-member Davidson County Metropolitan Council initially vowed to reappoint Jones; the measure required a majority of members to approve it.[36] Shelby county commissioner Erika Sugarmon claimed that commissioners were threatened with cuts in state funding for certain local projects during budget negotiations if Pearson were re-seated, which was disputed by a spokesperson for the House Speaker.[37] The Democratic city and Republican legislature were already at odds due to widening political differences. During the 2022 redistricting cycle, the state legislaturegerrymandered Nashville into three safe Republican seats from a safe Democratic district.[38] Further turmoil erupted when the Nashville metro council rejected a bid to host the2024 Republican National Convention in August 2022, drawing the ire of many GOP lawmakers.[39][40] A slate of bills targeting Nashville were introduced during the 2023 session prior to the expulsions that would abruptly cut the size of the Nashville metro council in half, and take over the city's airport authority and sports authority, and cut convention center funding, among others.[41][42]
TheMetropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County set a meeting to discuss an interim appointment to the vacant District 52 on April 10.[43] Jones was reinstated to his seat by a unanimous vote of 36–0.[44][45] The Shelby County Board of Commissioners unanimously voted 7–0 to reinstate Pearson to his seat on April 12; six of the 13 board members were not present for the vote.[46]
Jones and Pearson both won special elections on August 4 to reclaim their seats.[47]
In September 2023 Johnson announced a campaign for the2024 United States Senate election in Tennessee, challenging incumbentRepublicanMarsha Blackburn. Johnson won theDemocratic primary in August 2024, but lost the general election.[48]
On April 6, protesters gathered in the Tennessee State Capitol once more to protest the expulsions and reaffirm their support for gun reform legislation.[30][49]
Following Jones' expulsion,PresidentJoe Biden wrote that the move was "shocking, undemocratic, and without precedent."[30]Vice PresidentKamala Harris, who was on her way to speak inDalton, Georgia, made a surprise visit to Tennessee on April 7 to meet with the three legislators and reaffirm President Biden's support for anassault weapons ban.[50]
Former PresidentBarack Obama wrote, "This nation was built on peaceful protest. No elected official should lose their job simply for raising their voice – especially when they're doing it on behalf of our children."[6] Former Vice PresidentAl Gore wrote that the expulsions resulted in a "historically sad day for democracy in Tennessee."[7] Gore served as aU.S. representative fromTennessee from 1977 to 1985, and as aU.S. senator from 1985 to 1993.
State RepresentativeJoe Towns Jr. criticized the expulsion saying "you never use a sledgehammer to kill a gnat; we are dropping the nuclear option."[51]
Former U.S. RepresentativeAdam Kinzinger, anIllinois Republican, was also critical of the expulsions. “The GOP kicked out legislators for protesting guns. Not censure, fine etc. expelled. This is facist [sic] in nature,” Kinzinger tweeted.[52]
Conservative political commentatorMatt Walsh supported the expulsions. “The Democrats led a mob into the capitol building and then tried to use the floor of the House as a staging ground for a political demonstration. They never imagined that Republicans would actually use their constitutional authority to expel them. But they did. Awesome stuff,” Walsh tweeted.[53]
Tennessee State SenatorLondon Lamar accused the Tennessee House of racism for expelling two black representatives but not the white representative,[51] and the three representatives involved commented on the expulsions. Johnson, a white woman, was asked why she thought she was not expelled, to which she responded, "It might have to do with the color of my skin." Pearson said of his expulsion: "You cannot ignore the racial dynamic of what happened today — two young black lawmakers get expelled and the one white woman does not," while Jones described it as "a farce of democracy."[54]
State RepresentativeCharlie Baum was the only Republican to vote against all three proposed expulsions, stating that he "[knew his] constituents, the vast majority of them didn't want these representatives expelled."[55]