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Presidential elections in thePhilippines were held on May 9, 2022, as part of the2022 general election. This was the 17th direct presidential election and 15th vice presidential election in the country since1935, and the sixthsextennial presidential and vice presidential election since1992.
Incumbent presidentRodrigo Duterte was ineligible for re-election because the president is limited to a single term under the1987 Philippine Constitution. Incumbent vice presidentLeni Robredo was eligible for re-election but chose to run for the presidency instead. Therefore, this election determined the 17thpresident and the 15thvice president. The president and vice president are elected separately, so the two winning candidates can come from different political parties.
The election took place amidst theCOVID-19 pandemic which had caused the country's economy to fall intorecession.[1] Other key issues were the continuation of PresidentDuterte's policies, a re-examination of the country's foreign relationships in response to itsterritorial dispute withChina, management of the country's debt, rising inflation, andclimate change.[2][3]
The ticket of former senatorBongbong Marcos andDavao City mayorSara Duterte won the presidency and vice presidency respectively, defeating incumbent vice president Leni Robredo and incumbent senatorFrancis Pangilinan in a landslide. It was the first election since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1987 where the president and vice president were elected by a majority, and the first election since2004 where the winning president and vice president came from the same presidential ticket.[4] The election saw the highest turnout since1998, with about 56 million voters participating. Marcos received 31.6 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in a presidential election in the Philippines, while Duterte received 32.2 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in the country.
Marcos became the second president fromIlocos Norte after his father, former presidentFerdinand Marcos,[5][6][7][8] while Duterte became the first vice president fromDavao City, the third vice president to come fromMindanao afterEmmanuel Pelaez andTeofisto Guingona Jr., and the youngest to be elected.[9] This also marked the return of theMarcos family to power for the first time since thePeople Power Revolution.[10][11] Marcos wasinaugurated on June 30, 2022, while Duterte was inaugurated earlier on June 19, 2022.
In the2016 presidential and vice presidential elections,Davao City MayorRodrigo Duterte of Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (transl. Philippine Democratic Party–People Power;PDP–Laban) won the presidency against four other candidates, whileHouserepresentative fromCamarines SurLeni Robredo of theLiberal Party won against SenatorBongbong Marcos and four others in the closest vice-presidential electionsince 1965. Marcos put the result under protest in thePresidential Electoral Tribunal.[12]
In October 2019, the Presidential Electoral Tribunal released its report on Marcos's electoral protest against Robredo on Marcos's pilot provinces ofCamarines Sur,Iloilo andNegros Oriental, and showed that Robredo had increased her lead by 15,742 votes. The tribunal voted to defer making a decision on the protest and instead proceeded with Marcos's plea to nullify the votes from theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) provinces ofBasilan,Lanao del Sur andMaguindanao.[13]
Those who dissented from the decision said that the protest should have been dismissed, as Marcos had failed to recover votes from his 3 pilot provinces, citing the rules of the tribunal. They were overruled when the others said that Marcos's plea on the ARMM provinces should also be resolved.[13]
In July 2016, Vice President Robredo was appointed to head theHousing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC),[14] but resigned in December 2016 after being told to stop attending all cabinet meetings, amid her criticism of the administration'swar on drugs.[15] The president later told his allies to stop trying to impeach Robredo.[16]
In the17th Congress, RepresentativePantaleon Alvarez fromDavao del Norte was electedSpeaker of the House of Representatives in July 2016.[17] Midway during the 17th Congress, former PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyo, who was the representative fromPampanga, ousted Alvarez from the speakership. The ouster was reportedly due to a dispute between Alvarez andDavao City MayorSara Duterte, the president's daughter, when she branded him as being from the opposition when she launched theHugpong ng Pagbabago (transl. Alliance for Change; HNP), a regional political party in theDavao Region of which bothDavao del Norte andDavao City are a part.[18]
In the2019 midterm Senate election, the opposition to Duterte fielded theOtso Diretso (transl. Straight Eight) coalition,[19] while the administration fielded its own slate under theHugpong ng Pagbabago banner.[20] Hugpong won 9 of the 12 seats contested, while Otso Diretso won no seats.Cynthia Villar, wife of defeated2010 presidential candidateManny Villar, topped the election, while2013's Senate election topnotcher and2016 defeated presidential candidateGrace Poe finished second.[21] While Sara Duterte's Hugpong won in the Davao Region, they notably failed to unseat Alvarez, and PDP–Laban defeated Hugpong's candidate for governor of Davao del Norte, and won both of the province's seats in the House of Representatives.[22]
Administration-allied parties also won in the House of Representatives, but there was a dispute on who should be Speaker. President Duterte brokered a term-sharing agreement betweenAlan Peter Cayetano andLord Allan Velasco, with the former serving the first 15 months of the term and Velasco the final 18 months.[23] Meanwhile,Tito Sotto was re-elected as Senate President.[24]
In November 2019, the president challenged Robredo to co-chair theInter-Agency Committee on Anti-Illegal Drugs (ICAD), the office that oversees the war on drugs, along with thePhilippine Drug Enforcement Agency chief, which she accepted.[25] A week later, Duterte said that he would fire Robredo if she shared state secrets about the drug war.[26] Several days later, Duterte said he could not trust Robredo after she asked the government for a list of high-value targets in the drug war.[27] Robredo replied, "He should tell me straight if he wants me out."[28] A day later, Duterte fired Robredo as co-chair of the ICAD.[29]
During theCOVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, the government was criticized by the opposition forits response to the pandemic. Robredo had a televised speech in August claiming that the government had no plans on how to resolve the pandemic and shared ten recommendations on how to resolve it.[30] Duterte himself, in a separate speech days later, asked Robredo not to "add fuel to the fire".[31]
In June 2020, American boxing promoterBob Arum said that SenatorManny Pacquiao had confided to him that he would run for president in 2022.[32] Pacquiao later denied talking about politics with Arum.[33] On December 3, 2020, Pacquiao was elected party president of PDP–Laban, of which President Duterte is the party chairman.[34][35][36] On May 3, 2021, when Pacquiao was asked about his intentions of running for president, he replied "for now, let's not think about that."[37]
In March 2021, former Supreme Court Associate JusticeAntonio Carpio launched "1Sambayan" (read as "isambayan", meaning "one nation"), a coalition that aimed to place one lone candidate against Duterte's endorsed successor.[38] Carpio aimed to avoidVote splitting, pointing out that Duterte had won overMar Roxas and Grace Poe in 2016 as those who were against him were not united.[39]
1Sambayan considered Robredo, Moreno, Poe, and SenatorNancy Binay as candidates.[40] Both Moreno and Pacquiao, with the former being one of 1Sambayan's choices, stated that they did not want to talk about politics during the pandemic.[41][42] Former senatorAntonio Trillanes IV said that there was never an offer from 1Sambayan for him to run, but if that Robredo did not seek the presidency in 2022, he would consider entering the presidential race.[43]
Adispute within the PDP–Laban began on March 12, 2021[44] when Senator Pacquiao began to criticize President Duterte and the government regarding thedispute in the South China Sea, alleged corruption in the government agencies under the Duterte administration,[45][46] the government handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the endorsement of candidates for the 2022 presidential election, leading to the creation of two factions within the party.[47]
On March 23, 2021, Senate President Tito Sotto stated that he andPanfilo Lacson were being pushed to form a tandem. Sotto said both of them were yet to be convinced on this, and when asked if he would run for higher office in 2022, he said that he had not yet made a decision.[48] Lacson later declined the offer from 1Sambayan in a letter to Justice Carpio, in which he cited his principal sponsorship of theAnti-Terrorism Law as "inconsistent and incongruent" to the goals of the coalition.[49]
On June 12, 2021, 1Sambayan announced their six initial nominees to go through the coalition's selection process for a presidential and vice-presidential tandem. The nominees (whom members of the coalition may vote for as their candidate for either post) included: senator Poe, vice president Robredo, former Senator Trillanes, human rights lawyer and former senatorial candidateChel Diokno, incumbenthouse deputy speakerVilma Santos-Recto, andCIBAC representative and house deputy speakerEddie Villanueva.[50] Moreno and Binay declined 1Sambayan's offer to run under their coalition.[51] Soon after, Senator Poe and Congressman Santos also withdrew their names from contention.[52][53] At the same time, Vice President Robredo, former Senator Trillanes, and Congressman Villanueva expressed their support for unity in 2022 under 1Sambayan.[54]
Lacson and Sotto formally announced their candidacies on July, with their campaign to be launched in August.[55] Lacson was later sworn in as a member of thePartido para sa Demokratikong Reporma (transl. Party for Democratic Reforms), the party of former secretary of DefenseRenato de Villa who lost the1998 presidential election.[56] On September 8, Lacson and Sotto formally launched their tandem via social media, in a taped production in an undisclosed studio.[57] The tandem filed their candidacies on October 6.[58]
Isko Moreno, who had returned to the political limelight after being electedMayor of Manila, was expected to take his oath as a member ofAksyon Demokratiko (transl. Democratic Action), the party founded by SenatorRaul Roco[59] after resigning from theNational Unity Party.[60] However, this did not happen as an unexpectedly large number of people turned up on vaccination sites, particularly in Manila.[61] Moreno was subsequently elected party president a week later.[62] He later announced his presidential bid on September 22 with Dr.Willie Ong as his running mate.[63] They filed their certificates of candidacy (COCs) on October 4.[64]
On September 30, 2021, 1Sambayan nominated Robredo as their standard bearer. On October 7, Robredo accepted the nomination and announced that she would run for President.[65] She later filed her certificate of candidacy on the same day as an independent.[66] Robredo explained that she was running as an independent to show that she is open to making alliances.[67] After Vice-President Robredo announced her presidential candidacy, several sources from the Liberal Party indicated that SenatorFrancis Pangilinan would be her running mate for her presidential bid.[68][69] Pangilinan filed his candidacy for vice president a day after Robredo.[70]
Back in January 2020,Bongbong Marcos had confirmed that he would be running "for a national position" in 2022, although he did not specify which position.[71] On September 21, 2021, thePartido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP;transl. Federal Party of the Philippines) nominated Marcos to run for president. During the national convention of theKilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL;transl. New Society Movement) inBinangonan, the party founded by his father, he had already been nominated as that party's candidate for president. Marcos, who was still a member of theNacionalista Party, thanked the KBL for the nomination, but said that he would announce his own plans "when the time comes."[72] On October 5, Marcos announced his presidential candidacy.[73] Marcos then resigned from the Nacionalistas and was sworn in at the PFP chairman.[74] Marcos ultimately filed his presidential candidacy under the PFP on October 6.[75]
Davao City mayor Sara Duterte, despite being a frontrunner in early opinion polls, did not file a candidacy for a national position; instead she nominated for re-election in the Davao mayoral race, despite having previously stated on July 9, 2021, that she was open to running for president.[76] On the final day for the filing of candidacies, Mayor Duterte did not show up; instead,Ronald dela Rosa filed his candidacy for president, stating that he was open to being substituted by Duterte.[77] Dela Rosa was running alongside Go, who had earlier filed his candidacy for the vice presidency on October 2, despite calls from the PDP-Laban Cusi wing for him to run for president.[78] At the end of the period for the filing of the Certificates of Canvass (COCs), a total of 97 individuals had manifested their intention to run for President, and 29 did for Vice-President.[79]
On November 9, Duterte withdrew from the mayoral race in Davao. On November 11, she resigned fromHugpong ng Pagbabago and joinedLakas–CMD on the same day.[80] She filed her candidacy for the vice presidential post on November 13, 2021, substituting Lyle Fernando Uy.[81] Partido Federal ng Pilipinas adopted Duterte as their vice presidential candidate.[82] Dela Rosa and Go both withdrew their candidacies on the same day.[83] A few days later, Go launched his campaign for the presidential post.[84] Go explained that he withdrew his bid to run for vice president, to avoid complicating Sara Duterte's vice presidential campaign. President Duterte was reported to be his running mate and was to file his candidacy on November 15,[85] but filed for senator instead.[86]
Upon filing his candidacy on November 15 via substitution, presidential aspirant and formerNational Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) spokespersonAntonio Parlade Jr. accused fellow presidential aspirant SenatorBong Go of controlling Duterte's decisions.[87] Defense SecretaryDelfin Lorenzana dismissed Parlade's claim, calling it baseless.[88]
On November 18, 2021, President Duterte claimed that an unnamed presidential aspirant from a well-known family was usingcocaine adding that the aspirant was a "weak leader" and "not a very strong leader, except for his name, the father."[89][90] The next day, presidential aspirants reacted to Duterte's statement. Leni Robredo andLeody de Guzman said that the government should file charges against the candidate allegedly using cocaine.[91][92]Isko Moreno andPanfilo Lacson denied that the statement alluded to them.[92] A report speculated that his statement was alluded to Bongbong Marcos,[93] but Marcos's camp dismissed Duterte's claims.[94] Lacson and Sotto, Marcos and Duterte, and Moreno and Ong all subsequently took drug tests and tested negative,[95][96][97] while Pacquiao presented a negative drug test from the Voluntary Anti-Doping Association.[98] Robredo, Go, and de Guzman expressed their willingness to undergo a drug test.[92][99][100]
On November 30, 2021, Go announced his intention to withdraw his candidacy for the presidency, without any substitute.[101] He had earlier expressed his doubts about his presidential run on November 25.[102] The COMELEC stated that Go had to personally file his statement of withdrawal,[103] which he did on December 14.[104]
On January 17, 2022, the commission's second division dismissed the petition cancelling Marcos's candidacy. The petitioners cited Marcos's conviction on violating the National Internal Revenue Code when he had failed to file income tax returns in the early 1980s during his tenure as governor of Ilocos Norte, which allegedly carried the punishment of perpetual disqualification from public office. The commission ruled that when the crime was committed, it did not carry the punishment cited by the petitioners, so Marcos did not misrepresent certificate of candidacy where he stated that he was not convicted of a crime ofmoral turpitude.[105] Marcos faced a separate disqualification case in the first division; its release of the decision was delayed when several of its staffers tested positive forCOVID-19.[106]
On January 22, 2022,The Jessica Soho Presidential Interviews premiered onGMA. Moreno, Robredo, Lacson, and Pacquiao participated in the interview,[107] while Marcos refused to take part; his camp stated that Soho was "biased" against him.[108] GMA later responded to the allegation and refuted his camp's statement.[109] In a separate interview inOne PH, Marcos equated bias with being "anti-Marcos," adding that it was useless as he was not going to answer issues about his father's presidency.[110]
On January 23, 2022, as part of its efforts against online disinformation,Twitter suspended more than 300 accounts.Rappler alleged that the accounts were linked to Marcos, which his campaign denied.[111]
According to theConstitution of the Philippines of 1987, the election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term-limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. Thefirst-past-the-post voting system is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency.[112]
The vice-presidential election is separate, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. According to theConstitution, if two or more candidates get the most votes for either position,Congress shall vote from among them which shall be president or vice president, as the case may be.
Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing at noon on June 30, 2022, and ending on the same day, six years later.[112]
The Commission on Elections released the official list of candidates on January 25, 2022,[4] although it was finalized nine days before.[113] Candidates who appeared on the ballot could still have been disqualified until their proclamation.
The presidential election featured the most candidates since1992 with ten candidates running for president, while the vice presidential election featured the most candidates since1998, with nine candidates running for vice president. This is ordered by the surname of the presidential candidate.
| Presidential candidate | Vice presidential candidate | Campaign | ||||||||||
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| # | Candidate name and party | Most recent political position | # | Candidate name and party | Most recent political position | |||||||
| 1 | .jpg) | Ernesto Abella Independent | Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs (2017–2021) | none | ||||||||
| 2 | .jpg) | Leody de Guzman PLM | No prior public office | 2 |  | Walden Bello PLM | House representative forAkbayan (2007–2015) |  Details | ||||
| 3 |  | Norberto Gonzales PDSP | Secretary of National Defense (2009–2010) | none | ||||||||
| 4 | .jpg) | Panfilo Lacson Independent[b] | Senator (2016–2022) | 9 | .jpg) | Tito Sotto NPC | Senate President (2019–2022) |  Details | ||||
| 5 | .jpg) | Faisal Mangondato Katipunan | No prior public office | 8 | Carlos Serapio Katipunan | Councilman of Catanghalan,Obando, Bulacan | ||||||
| 6 | .jpg) | Bongbong Marcos PFP | Senator (2010–2016) | 4 | .jpg) | Sara Duterte Lakas | Mayor ofDavao City (2016–2022) | .png) Details | ||||
| 7 | .jpg) | Jose Montemayor Jr. DPP | No prior public office | 3 |  | Rizalito David DPP | Chief of Strategic Planning Section ofDENR (1990–1992) | |||||
| 8 |  | Isko Moreno Aksyon | Mayor ofManila (2019–2022) | 6 |  | Willie Ong Aksyon | Consultant for theDepartment of Health (2010–2014) |  Details | ||||
| 9 | .jpg) | Manny Pacquiao PROMDI | Senator (2016–2022) | 1 | .jpg) | Lito Atienza PROMDI | House representative forBuhay (2013–2022) | Details | ||||
| 10 | .jpg) | Leni Robredo Independent[c] | Vice President (2016–2022) | 7 |  | Francis Pangilinan Liberal | Senator (2016–2022) |  Details | ||||
| none | 5 |  | Manny SD Lopez WPP | No prior public office | ||||||||
Ernesto Abella said he was running since "ordinary people were being set aside", and that he was running as an independent since the rulingPDP–Laban did not choose him as their standard bearer.[114] He later said that he was confident of not being declared as anuisance candidate.[115]
His platform was centered on three main pillars: "a fair society, a government that is felt by the people, and a strong nation." He promised to push for morepublic participation in government affairs and to prioritize job creation and theagricultural sector in the country.[33]
Leody de Guzman, chairman of theBukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino, a progressive labor group, ran unsuccessfully for Senator in 2019. De Guzman ran for president this time under thePartido Lakas ng Masa.[116]
According to his running mate, their vision for the country wasdemocratic socialism. He ran on a platform based on labor and social issues. Some of his advocacies included repealing theTRAIN and CREATE taxation laws as well as theAnti-Terrorism Act of 2020, pushing for the increase of the minimum wage, implementing auniversal basic income, and legalizingdivorce andsame-sex marriage, among others.[117]
TheLaban ng Masa (transl. Struggle of the Masses) coalition launched a campaign to collect 300,000 signatures to urge activist and former party-list lawmakerWalden Bello to run for president in the 2022 elections. In a statement,Laban ng Masa said it wanted to "push for an ambitious platform that focuses on the poor, prioritizes the neglected, and fights for the rights of ordinary Filipinos."[118] Bello's group sought talks with Vice President Robredo's backers for three months but were ignored. This caused them to supportLeody de Guzman's presidential candidacy, instead.[119]
Later in October 20, Bello decided to run for the vice presidency, substituting Raquel Castillo who was supposed to be de Guzman's running mate.[120]
Formersecretary of National DefenseNorberto Gonzales said that his campaign was a "new and more politically mature approach to winning the nation's heart and its consent to govern."[121] He filed his candidacy on October 6, 2021, under thePartido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas. His platform focused on making significant changes in the country's government, such as making allregions autonomous and shifting from apresidential system to aparliamentary system.[122]
In July 2021, Senate President Tito Sotto confirmed thatPanfilo Lacson would run for president in a tandem with him.[123][124] On September 8, the duo announced their candidacies for the upcoming election.[125] He filed his candidacy under thePartido para sa Demokratikong Reporma. On March 24, 2022, Lacson resigned from Partido Reporma and became an independent candidate after the said party switched its endorsement to Robredo.[126]
If elected, he promised to restore trust in the government,[127] with a platform that revolveed around addressing corruption. He planned to initiate an anti-corruption drive, reform the national budget, and digitalize government services.[128]
In July 2021,Tito Sotto announced that he would be Lacson's eventual running mate in the presidential race;[123][124] this was followed by an official campaign announcement on September 8, 2021.[125]
Faisal Mangondato, who ran for Senator in 2019 and lost, filed to run for president on October 4 under theKatipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi.[129] He planned to push forfederalism in the Philippines, proposing aprovisional government for three years to complete the shift.[122]
Carlos Serapio, Magondato's running mate, said that he would push forfederalism in the Philippines if he won.[130]
On October 5, 2021, Marcos announced his presidential candidacy.[73] Initially nominated by four parties, Marcos chose to run under thePartido Federal ng Pilipinas. He resigned from the Nacionalista Party and was sworn in as the PFP chairman the same day.[74] Marcos ultimately filed his presidential candidacy under the PFP on October 6.[75]
Marcos faced seven petitions against his bid.[131] The electoral commission dismissed the petition declaring him a nuisance candidate in early December.[132] They also dismissed another petition which claims that the real Bongbong Marcos had died decades earlier, and that an impostor had taken his place.[133] The consolidated disqualification case against him was dismissed on February 10, 2022, although one of the petitioners have filed a motion for reconsideration.[134] The last petition against his candidacy was dismissed on April 20, 2022.[135]
His platform is centered on uniting the country,[136] emphasizing the need for unity to recover from the pandemic.[137][138] If elected, he promised to prioritize job creation,[139] infrastructure development,[140] modernization of the agricultural and industrial sectors,[141] improving healthcare,[142] lower price of rice to ₱20.00 per kilogram and support forsmall and medium-sized enterprises. He also promised to continue President Duterte's policies.[143]
On July 9, 2021,Davao City mayorSara Duterte said that she was open to running for president. However, there was no final decision yet.[76] On September 9, 2021, she said that she was not running for president since her father, President Duterte was running for vice president, and they had agreed that only one of them would run for a national position.[144] On November 11, she resigned fromHugpong ng Pagbabago and joinedLakas–CMD the same day.[80] She filed her candidacy on November 13, 2021, substituting for Lyle Fernando Uy.[81]Partido Federal ng Pilipinas adopted Duterte as their vice presidential candidate andBongbong Marcos's running mate.[82] Lakas and Duterte then announced that they were supporting Marcos's presidential bid; PDP–Laban first turned down her appeal for support.[145] Later, on March 22, PDP-Laban endorsedMarcos Jr., butPresident Duterte chose to remain neutral.[146]
CardiologistJose Montemayor Jr. filed his candidacy on October 1, 2021, under theDemocratic Party of the Philippines. He vowed to eliminate COVID-19, corruption, and criminality once elected.[147]
David filed his candidacy on October 8.[148] David was most notable for losing aquo warranto petition againstGrace Poe in the2016 election.[149]
At the start of 2021, pollsterPulse Asia published an opinion poll showingIsko Moreno in second place for president, and statistically tied for first with President Duterte in the vice presidential race.[150] The 1Sambayan convenors' group then included Moreno as one of the people they would consider choosing as its presidential candidate.[40] Moreno begged off, as he was concentrating on his mayoral duties.[151] By June, Moreno informed them that he was declining their offer.[51] On September, Moreno was named president ofAksyon Demokratiko, the party founded by the lateRaul Roco.[62] Moreno announced his candidacy on September 22 with Dr.Willie Ong as his running mate.[63]
Some of Moreno proposed policies include maintaining theDuterte administration's "Build! Build! Build! Program", additionalpublic housing, development of agriculture, tourism andcreative industries, strengthening of policies in healthcare and education, maintaining peaceful international relations, and ending divisive politics in favor of an "open governance" rooted in "competence" over "connections".[152][153][154]
Ong was the running mate of Moreno; their ticket was officially announced on September 22, 2021.[63]
On September 19, Pacquiao accepted the nomination of the PDP-Laban faction led by SenatorKoko Pimentel.[155] On October 1, 2021, Pacquiao filed his certificate of candidacy for the presidency underPROMDI, the party founded by the lateCebu governorLito Osmeña.[156]
His platform is centered around theimpoverished. If elected, he plans to initiate housing programs for the poor, eliminating corruption, promote economic development, and work for healthcare reform.[157]
Buhay Party-List representativeLito Atienza was chosen by Pacquiao as his vice presidential running mate.[158]
On September 30, 2021, the1Sambayan coalition (the coalition of the opposition), nominated Robredo as their standard bearer.[159] According toArmin Luistro, one of the conveyors of 1Sambayan, Robredo accepted the nomination and said she would file her candidacy on October 5.[160] Robredo's spokesman clarified that she had not reached a decision yet, but would finalize a decision on this before October 8.[161] On October 7, Robredo accepted the nomination and announced that she would run for president.[65] She later filed her certificate of candidacy the same day as an independent.[66] Robredo explained that while she did not resign as chairperson of theLiberal Party, she was running as an independent to show that she was open to making alliances.[67]
Her platform focused on good governance and transparency.[162] She promised to prioritize healthcare and the economy. Some of her proposals included improving the quality of education in the country,[163] developing the country's industries,[164] supporting small and medium-sized enterprises,[165] providing stable employment, strengthening the country's healthcare system,[166] and implementing more anti-corruption measures.[167]
In June 2021, Pangilinan announced that he was seeking reelection to the Senate.[168] After Vice President Robredo announced her presidential candidacy, several sources from the Liberal Party indicated that the Senator would be her running mate for her presidential bid.[68][69] Pangilinan filed his candidacy for vice president a day after Robredo.[70] His campaign platform was focused on food security and agriculture.
Manny SD Lopez said that if elected vice president, he'd prefer to head theDepartment of Foreign Affairs or theDepartment of Trade and Industry.[169]
The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) confirmed that they would organize debates for candidates running for both President and Vice-President. Unlike thedebates in the 2016 elections, three presidential and three vice-presidential debates would be held. Candidates would be required to follow safety protocols stated byInter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF) with no audience participation due to the risks of the ongoingCOVID-19 pandemic.[170]
A few weeks later, the commission said that in addition to the three debates for each position, they would hold a primary debate, as a teaser of sorts for the upcoming debates per position. They would also organize the debates themselves, a deviation from 2016 where they let the media organizations organize it.[171] By January 2022, the commission said they might forego with the teaser debate, as the number of candidates had been reduced to a more manageable number.[172]
The commission, by law, could not compel candidates to join debates, but expected them to do so as it would present them with massive exposure, and that it would not count towards the limits of the airtime that they were allowed to advertise on broadcast networks.[173]
The presidential debate organized bySonshine Media Network International (SMNI) was noted for the absences of several candidates. Manny Pacquiao declined to participate due to the indictment ofApollo Quiboloy, leader of theKingdom of Jesus Christ which is affiliated with SMNI, allegedly for sex trafficking by the United States federal government. Panfilo Lacson on his part declined due to Quiboloy having already openly endorsed the candidacy of Bongbong Marcos while Leni Robredo and Isko Moreno cited scheduling conflicts and prior commitments for their non-attendance.[174]
This came at the heels of Marcos declining an invitation ofCNN Philippines for their presidential debate, citing prior commitments.[175] Marcos had earlier declined to join the forum organized by theKapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (the broadcasters association) for the same reason.[176]
SMNI had also planned to hold a vice-presidential debate on February 22, 2022. The debate was later cancelled to make way for a second presidential debate.[177] Prior to its cancellation, two candidates, Sotto and Pangilinan, had declined to participate.[178]
| P Participated A Absent NI Not invited |
| Date | Organizers | Media partners | Location | Moderators | Candidates | Ref. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abella Ind. | De Guzman PLM | Gonzales PDSP | Lacson Ind. | Mangondato Katipunan | Marcos PFP | Montemayor DPP | Moreno Aksyon | Pacquiao PROMDI | Robredo Ind. | ||||||
| PiliPinas Debates 2022 | |||||||||||||||
| Mar 19 | COMELEC | Syndication | Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila,Pasay | Luchi Cruz-Valdez | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | [179][180] |
| Apr 3 | Ces Drilon | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | [181] | |||
| May 1 | N/A | N/A | Cancelled | [182][183] | |||||||||||
| PiliPinas Forum 2022 | |||||||||||||||
| May 3 – 6 | COMELEC andKBP | KBP member networks | Various | Various | P | P | P | A | P | A | P | A | P | A | [184] |
| Other debates and forums | |||||||||||||||
| Feb 4 | KBP | KBP member networks | TV5 Media Center,Mandaluyong | Karen Davila andRico Hizon | NI | P | NI | P | NI | A | NI | P | P | P | [185][186] |
| Feb 15 | SMNI | SMNI andThe Manila Times | Okada Manila,Parañaque | Karen Jimeno | P | P | P | A | A | P | A | A | A | A | [187][188] |
| Feb 27 | CNN Philippines | CNN Philippines andBusinessMirror | University of Santo Tomas,Manila | Pia Hontiveros andPinky Webb | P | P | P | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | [189] |
| Mar 26 | SMNI | SMNI andThe Manila Times | Okada Manila,Parañaque | Karen Jimeno | P | P | P | A | A | P | P | A | A | A | [177] |
| Date | Organizers | Media partners | Location | Moderators | Candidates | Source | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atienza PROMDI | Bello PLM | David DPP | Duterte Lakas | Lopez WPP | Ong Aksyon | Pangilinan LP | Serapio Katipunan | Sotto NPC | ||||||
| PiliPinas Debates 2022 | ||||||||||||||
| Mar 20 | COMELEC | Syndication | Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila,Pasay | Ruth Cabal | A | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | P | [190][191] |
| Apr 30 | N/A | N/A | Cancelled | [182][183] | ||||||||||
| PiliPinas Forum 2022 | ||||||||||||||
| May 3 – 6 | COMELEC andKBP | KBP member networks | Various | Various | A | P | P | A | P | A | A | P | P | [184] |
| Other debates | ||||||||||||||
| Feb 22 | SMNI | SMNI andThe Manila Times | Okada Manila,Parañaque | Karen Jimeno | Cancelled | [177] | ||||||||
| Feb 26 | CNN Philippines | CNN Philippines andBusinessMirror | University of Santo Tomas,Manila | Ruth Cabal andRico Hizon | A | P | P | A | P | P | P | P | P | [189][192] |
Opinion polling, commonly known as "surveys" in the Philippines, is conducted bySocial Weather Stations (SWS),Pulse Asia,OCTA Research, and other third-party pollsters.
The tables below the latest six polls that were administered.
| Fieldwork date(s) | Pollster | Sample size | MoE | Abella Ind. | De Guzman PLM | Gonzales PDSP | Lacson Ind.[d] | Mangondato Katipunan | Marcos PFP | Montemayor DPP | Moreno Aksyon | Pacquiao PROMDI | Robredo Ind. | Others | Und./ None | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 9 | Election results | 56,097,722 | N/A | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 1.66 | 0.56 | 58.77 | 0.11 | 3.59 | 6.81 | 27.94 | N/A | ||
| Exit poll | Publicus Asia[193] | 29,024 | — | — | — | 3 | — | 58 | — | 6 | 7 | 25 | 1 | — | — | |
| May 2–5 | Publicus Asia[194] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | — | 54 | — | 8 | 2 | 22 | 0 | 6 / 0 | — |
| Apr 22–30 | Mobilis–TruthWatch[195][196] | 2,400 | ±2% | — | — | — | 2 | — | 55 | — | 3 | 5 | 32 | 1 | — | — |
| Apr 22–25 | OCTA[197][198] | 2,400 | ±2% | — | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2 | 1 | 58 | — | 8 | 5 | 25 | — | 0.1 / 0.04 | 0.3 |
| Apr 19–21 | Publicus Asia[199] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | — | 57 | — | 6 | 2 | 21 | 0 | 6 / 0 | — |
| Apr 16–21 | Pulse Asia[200] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 | 1 | 56 | 0.1 | 4 | 7 | 23 | — | — / 1 | 5 |
| Fieldwork date(s) | Pollster | Sample size | MoE | Atienza PROMDI | Bello PLM | David DPP | Duterte Lakas | Lopez WPP | Ong Aksyon | Pangilinan LP | Serapio Katipunan | Sotto NPC | Others | Und./ None | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 9 | Election results | 56,097,722 | N/A | 0.52 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 61.53 | 0.31 | 3.59 | 17.82 | 0.17 | 15.76 | N/A | ||
| Exit poll | Publicus Asia[193] | 29,024 | — | — | — | 67 | — | 4 | 16 | — | 11 | 2 | — | — | |
| May 2–5 | Publicus Asia[194] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 1 | 1 | — | 59 | — | 9 | 16 | — | 9 | 0 | 4 / 1 | — |
| Apr 22–30 | Mobilis–TruthWatch[196] | 2,400 | ±2% | 1 | — | — | 55 | — | 4 | 13 | — | 24 | 3 | — | — |
| Apr 22–25 | OCTA[198] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 1 | 0.03 | — | 56 | 0.1 | 4 | 16 | 0.001 | 22 | — | 0.5 / 0.7 | 0.1 |
| Apr 19–21 | Publicus Asia[199] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 1 | 1 | — | 59 | — | 8 | 15 | — | 9 | — | 6 / 1 | — |
| Apr 16–21 | Pulse Asia[200] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 55 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 0.3 | 18 | — | — / 1 | 5 |
Candidates began their campaign-related activities such asmotorcades,gatherings and caravans as early as late 2021, even before the mandated start of the campaign period by the COMELEC.[201]
| Ticket | Colors | Campaign manager | Slogan | Details | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original Tagalog | English translation | ||||
| Abella | Johnwin Dionisio[202] | "Bagong Pilipino, Bagong Pilipinas"[122] | "New Filipino, New Philippines" | ||
| de Guzman/Bello | Red | Sonny Melencio[203] | "Manggagawa Naman!" | "Workers' turn!" | Details |
| Gonzales | Blue and red | "Puso, Giting at Dangal ng Pilipino" | "Heart, Courage and Honor of the Filipino" | ||
| Lacson/Sotto | Blue | Ronaldo Puno[204] | "Aayusin ang Gobyerno, Aayusin ang Buhay Mo" | "[We'll] fix the government,[We'll] fix your life" | Details |
| Marcos/Duterte | Red and green[205] | Benjamin Abalos Jr.[206] | "Sama-sama tayong babangon muli." | "Together we will rise again." | Details |
| Montemayor/David | "Sa gabay ng Diyos, ang Bansa ay aayos"[207] | "With God's guidance, the nation will be orderly." | |||
| Moreno/Ong | White and blue[208] | Lito Banayo[209] | "Tunay Na Solusyon, Mabilis Umaksyon!" | "Real solution, quick to take action!" | Details |
| Pacquiao/Atienza | Blue | Salvador Zamora II[210] | "Panalo ang Mahirap, Panalo ang Pilipino!" | "The poor win, the Filipino wins!" | Details |
| Robredo/Pangilinan | Pink and green[211] | Bam Aquino[212] | "Gobyernong Tapat, Angat Buhay Lahat" | "[With an] honest government, is a better life for all"[213] | Details |
The election was held amidst theCOVID-19 pandemic, which had severely damaged the country's economy and halted daily activities.[1] Finance secretaryCarlos Dominguez III predicted that the succeeding administration would face four main issues: debt management, inflation caused by global shortages, pandemic-induced inequalities, and climate change.[3] Other key issues included the continuation of PresidentRodrigo Duterte's policies and a re-examination of the country's foreign relationships, particularly the United States, in light of its territorial dispute in the South China Sea withChina.[2]
Former senatorBongbong Marcos, despite not being endorsed but instead criticized by the outgoing President,[214] promised broad continuity of his policies,[215] vowing to promote foreign investment and continue infrastructure development alongside some of Duterte's programs.[216][217][218] He focused his messaging mainly on ushering unity among Filipinos.[219] Being the son and namesake of former presidentFerdinand Marcos, Marcos's candidacy faced stiff opposition from various groups due tohis father's regime's human rights abuses and widespread corruption during his tenure.[220][221]
Incumbent vice presidentLeni Robredo was considered from the outset to be Marcos's rival,[222][223] having won by a narrow margin against him in the2016 vice-presidential election.[224] Robredo, a critic of Duterte's policies,[225] offered a platform based on good governance and transparency.[162][226] She drew on her experience as a human rights lawyer and development worker.
Meanwhile, Manila MayorIsko Moreno positioned himself as acentrist alternative to both Marcos and Robredo,[227][228] promising to make an "inclusive and open government" including many viewpoints.[229][230] He drew on his experience as Mayor, vowing to duplicate in the country what he had done in Manila.[231] SenatorManny Pacquiao ran on an anti-corruption platform and positioned himself as the candidate of the masses, pledging to initiate programs for the poor if elected.[157]
SenatorPing Lacson, banking on his long tenure as a government official, campaigned on a law-and-order platform similar to Duterte's in 2016;[232] his messaging was centered around restoring trust in the government.[127]
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Presidential tickets held their proclamation rallies on February 8, 2022, the start of the campaign period for national positions.[188][233] The ticket ofFaisal Mangondato and Carlos Serapio had already held their prayer proclamation during the previous weekend inBaguio.[234] The Marcos and Duterte tandem started their campaign at thePhilippine Arena inBulacan.[235] Robredo and Pangilinan held their rally in Plaza Quezon,Naga, Robredo's hometown, on February 8.[236]
Isko Moreno and Willie Ong kicked off their campaign at theKartilya ng Katipunan just outsideManila City Hall. The Lacson and Sotto tandem held their proclamation rally at theImus Grandstand inImus,Cavite, Lacson's hometown. Pacquiao and Atienza commenced their campaign at the Oval Plaza inGeneral Santos, where Pacquiao grew up. The de Guzman and Bello tandem launched their campaign at theBantayog ng mga Bayani inQuezon City.[188]
Ernesto Abella had his proclamation rally inDasmariñas, Cavite,[237] while the Montemayor and David ticket started their campaign inPasay.[207] President Duterte, on hisTalk to the People TV show, notably did not endorse a candidate going into the campaign period, saying that "at this time, I am saying that I am not supporting anybody."[238]
While most tickets had their proclamation rallies in the respective hometowns of the presidential candidate, the Marcos campaign explained that they had chosen thePhilippine Arena to seat their thousands of supporters, for which 25,000 tickets were made available.[137] Meanwhile,Lito Atienza failed to make it to General Santos as he had suffered an injury prior to the event.[239] Prior to their rally, thePartido Lakas ng Masa failed to secure a permit from the Commission on Elections to hold it at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani. De Guzman said the permit had been refused because required documents had not been submitted. A rally without a permit is grounds for disqualifying a candidate.[240]
Aside from the listed presidential tickets, other tandems were pushed. RepresentativeJoey Salceda pushed for a "Leni–Sara" (ROSA) tandem, endorsing Robredo in their campaign in Albay, while endorsing Duterte the next day.[241] In Mindanao, an "Isko–Sara" (ISSA) tandem was promoted when Moreno had a campaign rally in there, where his running mate Willie Ong skipped. The Moreno campaign defended Ong's absence, saying that the ISSA tarpaulins would have brought him into an awkward situation.[242]
By mid-March, theBureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) confirmed reports thatAksyon Demokratiko, Moreno's political party, had asked if they had ordered the estate ofFerdinand Marcos, Bongbong's father and former President, to pay the ₱203 billion-peso (US$3.8 billion) tax liabilities.[243][244] Marcos's camp had earlier said that the case was under litigation, with the younger Marcos himself stating that "There's a lot of fake news involved there." ThePresidential Commission on Good Government, the agency tasked with recovering the ill-gotten wealth of the Marcoses, denied that the case was under litigation, saying that the judgment was "as early as 1997, the judgment on the tax case had become final and executory."[245] In the firstPiliPinas Debates 2022, Moreno, Robredo, Lacson and de Guzman called on the heirs of the elder Marcos, including the younger Marcos who did not attend the debate, to pay the estate and income taxes owed to the state.[245]
On March 24, 2022, amid reports ofPartido Reporma and its key officials rescinding their endorsement of Lacson and endorsing another candidate, Lacson resigned as Partido Reporma chairman[246][247] and as party's standard bearer, making him an independent candidate,[248] although Reporma would still be listed as his party in the ballots and would be used to determine the dominant party if he won.[249] The party's president,Pantaleon Alvarez, later announced that they would be switching their endorsement to Robredo for president.[250] However, some Reporma members, including founder and chairman emeritus,Renato de Villa, maintained their support for Lacson.[251][252] Sources inside the party stated that Lacson already knew about the switch weeks earlier, but was permitted to resign as a way to save face.[253] Lacson later claimed that Alvarez' withdrawal of support stemmed from his inability to provide ₱800 million in additional funding for Reporma's local candidates, which Alvarez denied.[254][251] Sotto remained as Reporma's vice presidential candidate.[255]
On March 31, Lito Atienza, who had not been able to campaign after suffering an accident, said that he was seriously considering withdrawing in order to broker a Pacquiao–Sotto tandem to defeat the Marcos–Duterte ticket. To this end, he urged Panfilo Lacson to withdraw and promised to follow suit.[256] Lacson rebuffed the offer, saying that Atienza should learn some manners.[257] Atienza said he felt insulted by Lacson's reply to his suggestion.[258] A week later, Atienza publicly apologized to Lacson, saying he had not anticipated Lacson's reaction to his suggestion,[259] and Lacson accepted Atienza's apology.[260]
On April 9, Lacson revealed that the camp of vice president Robredo had asked him to withdraw in favor of a Robredo–Sotto tandem.[261] He also claimed that Moreno and Pacquiao were given similar requests to withdraw in favor of Robredo. He later revealed the person who had asked him to withdraw was formerQuezon City mayor Brigido "Jun" Simon Jr.[262] Robredo's camp denied the claims, stating that no moves were made by their camp and that Simon was unauthorized to represent her campaign.[263][264]
On April 17, three presidential candidates, Gonzales, Lacson, and Moreno, held a press conference affirming that they would not withdraw their candidacies despite several calls for them to back down in favor of another candidate. Abella was initially reported to attend but did not show up while Pacquiao, who committed to catch up, was not able to arrive before it ended due to commitments in General Santos.[265][266][267][268] The three candidates, along with Pacquiao, signed a joint statement declaring their intention to continue their candidacies. According to Lacson, they held the press conference to remind voters that the election was not a two-way race between Marcos and Robredo.[269] They criticized an unnamed group for allegedly offering money in exchange for their withdrawal and for stripping them of their support groups, although Moreno mentioned the "pink" and "yellow" as perpetrators; both colors were associated with the Robredo campaign.[270]
Moreno chastised Robredo for breaking her promise not to run and called her untrustworthy after purportedly "fooling" them during unification talks.[271] Lacson also questioned Robredo's character after some of her campaign staff were allegedly amenable to dropping her running mate, Pangilinan, in exchange for more votes in some provinces. Moreno later called for her to withdraw instead, asserting that Robredo only ran to defeat Marcos, not for the country, and that being the top second choice of Marcos voters, he had much bigger chance to defeat him since he does not have the "dilawan" baggage, claiming that not all who will vote for Marcos are loyalists, but would rather vote for Marcos instead to ensure that someone associated with theLiberal Party will not be elected president anymore.[272][273] Robredo's camp later released a statement questioning the purpose of the press conference, calling the event unnecessary "theatrics," and rejected Moreno's call for her to withdraw from the race. Her camp also stated that they were thankful "that the alignments have been made even clearer."[274]
Hours following the press conference, old photos of Moreno and Marcos dining together resurfaced.[275][276] The photo, taken in February 2021 during the reopening of a restaurant in Manila, attracted allegations from Robredo's supporters that Moreno has been meeting with Marcos and secretly working for him to undermine Robredo and her campaign. Moreno denied the allegations, reiterated that it was their camp who first brought up the issue on the Marcos family's unpaid ₱203 billion estate tax, and criticized Robredo's camp for "playing dirty".[277] Moreno later said that after months of not commenting, he only retaliated after supporters of Robredo asked him to withdraw since October 2021 when Robredo announced her candidacy, describing it as a "fair call" and a "taste of their own medicine".[278] After being accused oftoxic masculinity by Robredo supporters, Moreno also defended his criticism against Robredo as a "character issue" and has nothing to do with gender.[279]
DPP's Rizalito David, who had earlier endorsed his rival vice presidential candidate Sotto for that position, endorsed in COMELEC'sPiliPinas Forum 2022, in front of his presidential running mate Jose Montemayor, Robredo for president, calling frontrunners Marcos and Duterte as "clear and present danger" to the country. David himself did not withdraw from the election, however.[280]
   Marcos Robredo Moreno De Guzman Mitings de avance in Metro Manila. | .svg) Marcos Marcos Robredo Pacquiao Pacquiao Lacson Miting de avances outside Metro Manila. |
The "miting de avance" is the final political rally of the candidates, usually held on the last day of the campaign period or two days before election day. Some candidates opted to hold multiple mitings de avance.[281]
Marcos's miting de avance was held inBay City inPasay on May 7.[282] Prior to that, he held two mitings de avance, one inGuimbal,Iloilo on May 3, and another on May 5 inTagum,Davao del Norte. In total, the Marcos campaign held three mitings de avance, one for eachisland group of the country. Meanwhile, Robredo capped her campaign at her miting de avance inAyala Triangle inMakati on May 7, preceded by an earlier miting de avance at Magsaysay Avenue inNaga on May 6.[283]
Moreno held his miting de avance inTondo, Manila.[284] Pacquiao held two mitings de avance, one inCebu City on May 6 and another inGeneral Santos on May 7.[285] The Lacson campaign held their miting de avance inCarmona, Cavite on May 6.[286] They originally planned to hold a miting de avance inPlaza Miranda on May 7, but cancelled it due to time constraints.[287] De Guzman held his miting de avance on May 4 at theQuezon Memorial Circle inQuezon City.[288]
According to their respective statements of campaign contributions, Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte got tens of millions of pesos in campaign contributions from contractors, in spite of an election ban on taking donations from firms that do business with the government. Rudhil Construction & Enterprises owner Rodulfo Hilot Jr. gave ₱20 million to Marcos's campaign, while Quirante Construction owner Jonathan Quirante contributed ₱1 million. Rudhil Construction & Enterprises and Quirante Construction were awarded substantial government contracts after the elections. Esdevco Realty Corporation, owned by Glenn Escandor, paid for advertisements worth ₱19.9 million for Sara Duterte's campaign in 2022. Genesis88 Construction, also owned by Escandor, was a major contractor for the Department of Public Works and Highways during the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte.[289]
Since the first automated electionin 2010, preliminary results have been known overnight. The official results were canvassed by theCongress of the Philippines in the record time of two days. Bongbong Marcos was proclaimed president, whileDavao City Mayor Sara Duterte was proclaimed vice president, in a joint session at the Batasang Pambansa Complex on May 25.[5] All but two certificates of canvass were canvassed; those fromArgentina andSyria were not included in time, as Congress deemed the votes from those certificates won't change the result.[290]
The election broke several records. 56,095,234 citizens cast votes, an unprecedented number.Bongbong Marcos became the first candidate in the history of the Fifth Republic to win by a majority, scoring nearly 59 percent of the vote. This was the largest majority since1981 (surpassinghis father's 18,309,360 votes, 88 percent of the total); as the opposition boycotted that election, it was the largest majority since1969 for a competitive election. His margin of almost 31 percentage points, a ratio of more than two to one over his nearest rival was the most lopsided since1953, whenRamon Magsaysay defeated the incumbent PresidentElpidio Quirino by a margin of 38 percentage points. His 31,629,783 votes was not only the highest count ever recorded in a presidential election, but close to the sum total of the two previous records combined.
Marcos won in most ofLuzon, including theSolid North except for Batanes, and most of theLingayen–Lucena corridor, includingMetro Manila, except Quezon; he also won inCentral Visayas,Leyte island,Aklan,Bacolod andSamar in theVisayas, and most ofMindanao except Lanao del Sur, Sarangani and the Special Geographic Area of Bangsamoro.[291] Marcos also won among detainee voters, and in local and overseas absentee voting.[292]
Robredo won in her home region ofBicol, and in neighboringQuezon,Batanes, andWestern Visayas except Aklan and Bacolod,Northern andEastern Samar, and in theSpecial Geographic Area of Bangsamoro.[291]
Pacquiao won in his adopted home province ofSarangani, while Mangondato won in his home province ofLanao del Sur. No other candidates won a province or city canvassed by Congress. Most notably, Moreno failed to carry his home city ofManila, where he was the incumbent mayor, while Lacson failed to carry his home province ofCavite or even his hometown ofImus.[293]
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bongbong Marcos | Partido Federal ng Pilipinas | 31,629,783 | 58.77 | |
| Leni Robredo | Independent[c] | 15,035,773 | 27.94 | |
| Manny Pacquiao | PROMDI | 3,663,113 | 6.81 | |
| Isko Moreno | Aksyon Demokratiko | 1,933,909 | 3.59 | |
| Panfilo Lacson | Independent[b] | 892,375 | 1.66 | |
| Faisal Mangondato | Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi | 301,629 | 0.56 | |
| Ernesto Abella | Independent | 114,627 | 0.21 | |
| Leody de Guzman | Partido Lakas ng Masa | 93,027 | 0.17 | |
| Norberto Gonzales | Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas | 90,656 | 0.17 | |
| Jose Montemayor Jr. | Democratic Party of the Philippines | 60,592 | 0.11 | |
| Total | 53,815,484 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 53,815,484 | 96.05 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 2,213,371 | 3.95 | ||
| Total votes | 56,028,855 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 67,523,697 | 82.98 | ||
| Source:Congress (vote totals); COMELEC (election day turnout,absentee turnout) | ||||
| Bongbong Marcos | 58.77% | |||
| Leni Robredo | 27.94% | |||
| Manny Pacquiao | 6.81% | |||
| Isko Moreno | 3.59% | |||
| Others | 2.88% | |||
| Island group | Marcos | Robredo | Pacquiao | Others | Total | % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| Luzon | 17,452,432 | 57.97 | 9,685,756 | 32.17 | 811,394 | 2.70 | 2,157,321 | 7.17 | 30,106,903 | 55.94 |
| Visayas | 5,420,508 | 50.13 | 3,453,047 | 31.93 | 1,350,238 | 12.49 | 589,318 | 5.45 | 10,813,111 | 20.01 |
| Mindanao | 8,213,592 | 67.53 | 1,753,689 | 14.42 | 1,495,199 | 12.29 | 700,598 | 5.76 | 12,163,078 | 22.60 |
| Absentee | 543,251 | 74.17 | 143,281 | 19.56 | 6,282 | 0.86 | 39,578 | 5.40 | 732,392 | 1.36 |
| Total | 31,629,783 | 58.77 | 15,035,773 | 27.94 | 3,663,113 | 6.81 | 3,486,815 | 6.48 | 53,815,484 | 100 |
| Region | Marcos | Robredo | Pacquiao | Others | Total | % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| I | 2,552,114 | 84.69 | 330,436 | 10.96 | 34,528 | 1.15 | 96,491 | 3.20 | 3,013,569 | 5.60 |
| CAR | 748,395 | 83.39 | 88,649 | 9.88 | 20,206 | 2.25 | 40,256 | 4.49 | 897,506 | 1.67 |
| II | 1,608,871 | 86.19 | 168,184 | 9.01 | 31,385 | 1.68 | 58,236 | 3.12 | 1,866,676 | 3.47 |
| III | 3,986,906 | 64.79 | 1,652,668 | 26.86 | 110,813 | 1.80 | 403,280 | 6.55 | 6,153,667 | 11.43 |
| NCR | 3,287,785 | 55.79 | 1,817,465 | 30.84 | 92,728 | 1.57 | 695,397 | 11.80 | 5,893,375 | 10.95 |
| IV-A | 3,547,058 | 56.32 | 2,036,394 | 32.33 | 145,075 | 2.30 | 569,958 | 9.05 | 6,298,485 | 11.70 |
| IV-B | 712,329 | 44.59 | 530,533 | 33.21 | 223,256 | 13.98 | 206,720 | 7.44 | 1,597,425 | 2.97 |
| V | 566,581 | 17.68 | 2,451,454 | 76.50 | 99,649 | 3.11 | 86,983 | 2.71 | 3,204,667 | 5.95 |
| VI | 1,516,464 | 37.44 | 1,940,183 | 47.90 | 362,955 | 8.96 | 277,244 | 5.83 | 4,050,440 | 7.53 |
| VII | 2,337,847 | 54.81 | 928,445 | 21.77 | 758,873 | 17.79 | 193,682 | 5.45 | 4,265,253 | 7.93 |
| VIII | 1,566,197 | 62.71 | 584,419 | 23.40 | 228,410 | 9.15 | 118,392 | 4.74 | 2,497,418 | 4.64 |
| IX | 1,032,725 | 59.58 | 265,862 | 15.34 | 350,159 | 20.20 | 84,652 | 4.88 | 1,733,398 | 3.22 |
| X | 1,736,164 | 70.41 | 277,447 | 11.25 | 331,574 | 13.45 | 120,434 | 4.88 | 2,465,619 | 4.58 |
| XI | 2,090,787 | 83.46 | 136,106 | 5.43 | 203,187 | 8.11 | 74,984 | 2.99 | 2,505,064 | 4.65 |
| XII | 1,270,261 | 62.84 | 258,810 | 12.80 | 401,322 | 19.85 | 90,940 | 4.50 | 2,021,333 | 3.76 |
| XIII | 977,843 | 65.52 | 294,131 | 19.71 | 169,895 | 11.38 | 50,465 | 3.38 | 1,492,334 | 2.77 |
| BARMM | 1,105,812 | 56.84 | 521,333 | 26.80 | 39,062 | 2.01 | 279,123 | 14.35 | 1,945,330 | 3.61 |
| Absentee | 543,251 | 74.17 | 143,281 | 19.56 | 6,282 | 0.86 | 39,578 | 5.40 | 732,392 | 1.36 |
| Total | 31,629,783 | 58.77 | 15,035,773 | 27.94 | 3,663,113 | 6.81 | 3,486,815 | 6.48 | 53,815,484 | 100 |
Just like her running mate, Duterte won with the largest majority of the Fifth Republic, and the largest majority since1969. Duterte's vote count exceeded that of Marcos, and she got the most votes by a Filipino for any office in history. Her 43.71% winning margin is the largest in history sinceSergio Osmeña's landslide victories in1935 and1941.
Duterte won throughout the country except inGuimaras,Iloilo andIloilo City, and in the Bicol provinces ofAlbay,Camarines Norte,Camarines Sur andCatanduanes, where Robredo's running mate Francis Pangilinan won, and inSorsogon where Tito Sotto won. Duterte won in all areas inMindanao canvassed by Congress.[293] Among absentee voters, Duterte won amongst the local and overseas voters,[292] while Pangilinan nosed her out among detainee voters.[294]
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sara Duterte[a] | Lakas–CMD | 32,208,417 | 61.53 | |
| Kiko Pangilinan[b] | Liberal Party | 9,329,207 | 17.82 | |
| Tito Sotto[c] | Nationalist People's Coalition | 8,251,267 | 15.76 | |
| Willie Ong | Aksyon Demokratiko | 1,878,531 | 3.59 | |
| Lito Atienza | PROMDI | 270,381 | 0.52 | |
| Manny SD Lopez | Labor Party Philippines | 159,670 | 0.31 | |
| Walden Bello | Partido Lakas ng Masa | 100,827 | 0.19 | |
| Carlos Serapio | Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi | 90,989 | 0.17 | |
| Rizalito David | Democratic Party of the Philippines | 56,711 | 0.11 | |
| Total | 52,346,000 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 52,346,000 | 93.43 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 3,682,855 | 6.57 | ||
| Total votes | 56,028,855 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 67,523,697 | 82.98 | ||
| Source:Congress (vote totals); COMELEC (election day turnout,absentee turnout) | ||||
| Sara Duterte | 61.53% | |||
| Francis Pangilinan | 17.82% | |||
| Tito Sotto | 15.76% | |||
| Willie Ong | 3.59% | |||
| Others | 1.30% | |||
| Island group | Duterte | Pangilinan | Sotto | Others | Total | % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| Luzon | 15,670,038 | 53.04 | 6,213,978 | 21.03 | 5,941,446 | 20.11 | 1,720,955 | 5.82 | 29,546,417 | 56.44 |
| Visayas | 5,906,250 | 57.33 | 2,291,398 | 22.24 | 1,623,693 | 15.76 | 480,006 | 4.66 | 10,301,347 | 19.68 |
| Mindanao | 10,071,619 | 85.59 | 710,214 | 6.04 | 664,492 | 5.65 | 321,539 | 2.73 | 11,767,864 | 22.48 |
| Absentee | 560,510 | 76.74 | 113,617 | 15.56 | 21,636 | 2.96 | 34,609 | 4.74 | 730,372 | 1.40 |
| Total | 32,208,417 | 61.53 | 9,329,207 | 17.82 | 8,251,267 | 15.76 | 2,557,109 | 4.89 | 52,346,000 | 100 |
| Region | Duterte | Pangilinan | Sotto | Others | Total | % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| I | 2,146,327 | 72.33 | 212,472 | 7.16 | 503,075 | 16.95 | 105,363 | 3.55 | 2,967,237 | 5.67 |
| CAR | 683,414 | 77.77 | 69,066 | 7.86 | 96,754 | 11.01 | 29,512 | 3.36 | 878,746 | 1.68 |
| II | 1,400,203 | 77.07 | 138,403 | 7.62 | 222,702 | 12.26 | 55,448 | 3.05 | 1,816,756 | 3.47 |
| III | 3,264,777 | 53.78 | 930,863 | 15.33 | 1,576,940 | 25.98 | 297,720 | 4.90 | 6,070,300 | 11.60 |
| NCR | 3,206,709 | 54.72 | 1,212,379 | 20.69 | 926,197 | 15.81 | 514,492 | 8.78 | 5,859,777 | 11.19 |
| IV-A | 3,614,018 | 49.06 | 1,582,160 | 21.48 | 1,694,615 | 23.00 | 476,036 | 6.46 | 7,366,829 | 14.07 |
| IV-B | 684,689 | 44.59 | 366,365 | 23.86 | 389,168 | 25.34 | 95,387 | 6.21 | 1,535,609 | 2.93 |
| V | 669,901 | 21.96 | 1,702,270 | 55.79 | 531,995 | 17.44 | 146,997 | 4.82 | 3,051,163 | 5.83 |
| VI | 1,508,367 | 38.89 | 1,398,752 | 36.06 | 760,188 | 19.60 | 211,299 | 5.45 | 3,878,606 | 7.41 |
| VII | 2,790,568 | 68.59 | 561,276 | 13.80 | 539,555 | 13.26 | 177,277 | 4.36 | 4,068,676 | 7.77 |
| VIII | 1,607,315 | 68.28 | 331,370 | 14.08 | 323,950 | 13.76 | 91,430 | 3.88 | 2,354,065 | 4.50 |
| IX | 1,242,316 | 76.40 | 161,270 | 9.92 | 164,079 | 10.09 | 58,424 | 3.59 | 1,626,089 | 3.11 |
| X | 2,010,943 | 84.77 | 160,872 | 6.78 | 132,854 | 5.60 | 67,548 | 2.85 | 2,372,217 | 4.53 |
| XI | 2,279,473 | 92.32 | 54,182 | 2.19 | 92,555 | 3.75 | 42,809 | 1.73 | 2,469,019 | 4.72 |
| XII | 1,611,516 | 82.00 | 132,985 | 6.77 | 154,445 | 7.86 | 66,393 | 3.38 | 1,965,339 | 3.75 |
| XIII | 1,258,406 | 86.93 | 88,478 | 6.11 | 65,994 | 4.56 | 34,707 | 2.40 | 1,447,585 | 2.77 |
| BARMM | 1,668,965 | 88.42 | 112,427 | 5.96 | 54,565 | 2.89 | 51,658 | 2.74 | 1,887,615 | 3.61 |
| Absentee | 560,510 | 76.74 | 113,617 | 15.56 | 21,636 | 2.96 | 34,609 | 4.74 | 730,372 | 1.40 |
| Total | 32,208,417 | 61.53 | 9,329,207 | 17.82 | 8,251,267 | 15.76 | 2,557,109 | 4.89 | 52,346,000 | 100 |
Eachprovince andcity that isindependent of a province and is acongressional district by itself sent its certificates of canvass to Congress. Each diplomatic post, local absentee voters and detainee voters also sent their respective certificates of canvass. TheSpecial Geographic Area of Bangsamoro, and jointlyTaguig andPateros sent their respective certificates of canvass. From there, the results were tallied ina joint session of Congress.
| Percentage of the vote won by each candidate per province and city. | Municipal level breakdown | |||
| Presidential Candidates | ||||
 Marcos |  Robredo |  Pacquiao |  Moreno |  Municipal breakdown |
| Vice Presidential Candidates | ||||
 Duterte |  Pangilinan |  Sotto |  Municipal breakdown | |
Margin of victory is less than 5% for the presidential election:
| Margin of victory is less than 5% for the vice presidential election:
|
Margin of victory is more than 50% for the presidential election:
| Margin of victory is more than 50% for the vice presidential election:
|
| Swing in percentage of the vote won by each candidate per province and Metro Manila city from 2016 vice presidential election to the 2022 presidential election | |
| Presidential candidates | |
_-_Bongbong_Marcos.svg) Marcos | _-_Leni_Robredo.svg) Robredo |
| Candidate | Party | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bongbong Marcos | Partido Federal ng Pilipinas | 31,104,175 | |
| Leni Robredo | Independent[a] | 14,822,051 | |
| Manny Pacquiao | PROMDI | 3,629,805 | |
| Isko Moreno | Aksyon | 1,900,010 | |
| Panfilo Lacson | Independent[b] | 882,236 | |
| Faisal Mangondato | Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi | 259,576 | |
| Ernesto Abella | Independent | 113,242 | |
| Leody de Guzman | Partido Lakas ng Masa | 92,070 | |
| Norberto Gonzales | Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas | 89,097 | |
| Jose Montemayor Jr. | Democratic Party of the Philippines | 59,944 | |
| Turnout | |||
| Registered voters | 67,442,714 | ||
| Clustered precincts reporting | 106,008 out of 107,785 | ||
| As of May 13, 2022, 2:47 PMPhilippine Standard Time[295] | |||
| Candidate | Party | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sara Duterte | Lakas–CMD | 31,561,948 | |
| Francis Pangilinan | Liberal Party | 9,232,883 | |
| Tito Sotto | Nationalist People's Coalition | 8,183,184 | |
| Willie Ong | Aksyon | 1,851,498 | |
| Lito Atienza | PROMDI | 267,530 | |
| Manny SD Lopez | Labor Party Philippines | 157,877 | |
| Walden Bello | Partido Lakas ng Masa | 99,740 | |
| Carlos Serapio | Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi | 89,920 | |
| Rizalito David | Democratic Party of the Philippines | 55,478 | |
| Turnout | |||
| Registered voters | 67,442,714 | ||
| Clustered precincts reporting | 106,008 out of 107,785 | ||
| As of May 13, 2022, 2:47 PMPhilippine Standard Time[295] | |||
Despite calls to extend voting hours due to technical difficulties with the vote-counting machines (VCMs), theCOMELEC closed voting at 7:00 pm, although they allowed those within 30 meters of the polling precinct by that time to cast their votes.[296]
Transmission of election returns began shortly after closing. Within four hours, about 80,000 returns were transmitted to the commission, an improvement from 2016 and 2019 where it took ten and eleven hours respectively.[297] The COMELEC attributed the speed to improvements in the facilities, the training of workers and technicians, and the services by telecommunication companies.[297][298]
At around 11 pm, three hours after initial results of the elections were released, Marcos made a short speech thanking his supporters for voting for him. Despite leading in the preliminary results, he acknowledged that the counting was not yet over. He also urged his supporters to be vigilant and watch their votes.[299] Shortly after 3:00 am, Robredo issued a statement to thank her supporters, and called their campaign "historic" for being led by volunteers. She reiterated that she would not back down, noting that not all votes have been counted yet and that other issues had yet to be resolved, but called on her supporters to listen to the voice of the electorate.[300]
Isko Moreno conceded to Marcos the day after the elections. He urged his supporters to support Marcos.[301] Pacquiao conceded to Marcos and bid him well wishes.[302] Willie Ong also conceded to Duterte, wishing both her and Marcos success.[303] Faisal Mangondato and Carlos Serapio also conceded, via a statement released by their political party, saying that Marcos and Duterte "obtained the People’s Mandate."[304] Manny SD Lopez conceded to Duterte, saying "Whatever the Filipino electorates considered in their choice of candidates, we have to respect, for this is the essence of democracy."[305] Independent candidate Ernesto Abella also conceded several days after the election, saying he respected the results and acknowledging Marcos as the next president.[202]
Lacson, while he did not concede, said that he was retiring to his home in Cavite. His running mate, Tito Sotto, conceded the vice presidency in a separate statement, and wished the incoming administration, without naming names, "good luck."[306] In a thanksgiving event at theAteneo de Manila University, Robredo and Pangilinan urged their supporters to accept the results of the election, while not explicitly conceding.[307]
Leody de Guzman, while citing irregularities on election day, conceded;[308] his running mate, Walden Bello, slammed Marcos, saying the country may face "six years of instability" and that a large part of the country will "refuse to grant legitimacy and credibility to the rule of a family of thieves".[309]
On May 10, several groups protested in front of the COMELEC main office at thePalacio del Gobernador in Intramuros.[310] They alleged massiveelectoral fraud, citing reports of1,800 defective or malfunctioning VCMs, the voters being asked to leave their ballots at the precinct for mass feeding after some VCMs broke down, and the fast transmission of results. Protesters were reportedly chanting "Marcos, Magnanakaw" (lit. 'Marcos, Thief'), a chant popularized during the 1980s.[311] Meanwhile, the Office of the Student Regent of theUniversity of the Philippines called on their students to walk out, announcing that there will be "no classes under a Marcos presidency."[312][313]
The electoral commission has denied and debunked claims of electoral fraud.[314] Election watchdog Legal Network for Truthful Elections (LENTE) disputed claims that the speedy transmission of returns was suspicious,[315] while the COMELEC stated that leaving ballots behind if VCMs malfunction is part of the protocol to avoid voter disenfranchisement.[316] TheParish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV) found no irregularities in the partial and unofficial count.[317][318] Meanwhile, the PPCRV and other statisticians dismissed claims of a programmed consistent percentage gap between Marcos and Robredo, after a viral post in social media claimed the consistency was evidence of fraud. According to the post, at every incremental update in the counting, Robredo's count never deviated from 47 percent of the number of votes that Marcos had, a phenomenon they considered suspicious.[318]
On May 16 and 17, 2022, respectively, two of the petitions against Marcos' candidacy that were later dismissed by Comelecwere filed post-election at the Supreme Court.[319][320] The consolidated petitions were dismissed by the Court on June 28.[321]
In 2023,Eliseo Rio Jr., a former acting secretary of theDepartment of Information and Communications Technology, investigated along with a team of forensics experts, the transmission of election returns to the COMELEC after he had doubts about the high transmission rate, and alleged that a large portion of election returns fromMetro Manila,Cavite andBatangas were transmitted through theIP address 192.168.0.2, an address commonly used within local area networks. He along with otherspetitioned the Supreme Court and later the Comelec to pave the way for an investigation of the phenomenon.[322][323][324] Asked about the allegations in July 2023, COMELEC ChairmanGeorge Garcia stated that the IP address was accurate, as it was being used within local networks for 20,300 of their modems, and stated that "there was nothing illegal about it. It does not matter if the IP have the same address. What is important is that the transmitted election results are accurate."[323] Election watchdogs, including the National Movement for Free Elections, were present during the testing and aware that only one IP address was used.[323]
Marcos was congratulated by diplomats from several countries after initial results showing his victory were released. Chinese ambassador to ManilaHuang Xilian paid the president-elect a courtesy visit on May 12, saying China was looking forward “to bring[ing] the two countries' Relationship of Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation to new heights.”.[325] United States Secretary of StateAntony Blinken welcomed Marcos's election, stating that the United States was looking forward to working with him to "strengthen the enduring alliance between the United States and the Philippines."[326] Meanwhile, other countries such asJapan expressed their willingness to work with the incoming administration.[327][328]
U.S. presidentJoe Biden later called Marcos to congratulate him. Biden said he was looking forward to working with Marcos to strengthenPhilippines–United States relations and expand cooperation on key issues.[329][330] However, White House coordinator for the Indo-Pacific Kurt Campbell said there were “historical considerations” that could pose challenges.[331]
On May 19, Marcos said that he had held “very substantial” talks with Chinese PresidentXi Jinping, who had expressed support for his independent foreign policy. He said that ties with China would expand and “shift to a higher gear”, promising to upgrade relations in “not only diplomatic, not only trade, but also in culture, even in education, even in knowledge, even in health, to address whatever minor disagreements that we have right now”.[331]
The animosity between Pacquiao and Duterte did not happen overnight. The grumblings started in December 2020, when Senator Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III relinquished his post as PDP-Laban president to Pacquiao.
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