 Destruction from the earthquake | |
 Map of main shock and aftershocks – M 4.0 or greater (map data) | |
| UTC time | 2021-08-14 12:29:08 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 620986707 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | 14 August 2021 |
| Local time | 08:29:08 |
| Magnitude | 7.2Mw |
| Depth | 10 km (6.2 mi) |
| Epicenter | 18°25′01″N73°28′48″W / 18.417°N 73.480°W /18.417; -73.480[1] |
| Fault | Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone |
| Type | Oblique-reverse |
| Total damage | US$1.5–1.7 billion |
| Max. intensity | MMI VIII (Severe)[1] |
| Peak acceleration | 0.47g[2] |
| Tsunami | 3 cm (0.098 ft) |
| Aftershocks | At least 900[3] |
| Casualties | |
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At 08:29:09EDT on 14 August 2021, amagnitude 7.2earthquake struck theTiburon Peninsula of southernHaiti.[1] It had a 10-kilometre-deep (6.2 mi)hypocenter nearPetit-Trou-de-Nippes, approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) west of the capital,Port-au-Prince.[5][6] Tsunami warnings were briefly issued for the Haitian coast.[7][6] At least 2,248 people were confirmed killed as of 1 September 2021[update] and more than 12,200 injured, mostly in theSud Department. An estimated 650,000 people were in need of assistance.[8] At least 137,500 buildings were damaged or destroyed.[9][10]
It is thedeadliest earthquake anddeadliest natural disaster of 2021. It is also the worst disaster to strike Haiti since the2010 earthquake.UNICEF estimates more than half a million children were affected.[11][12] The Haitian Civil Protection General Directorate (DGPC) warned of a possible large humanitarian crisis resulting from the earthquake.[13]USAID providedUS$32 million in foreign aid to Haiti for reconstruction efforts following the devastating earthquake.[14][15] This earthquake had the most casualties of any disaster since the2018 Sulawesi earthquake. The economic loss from this earthquake is estimated at over 1.5 billion US dollars, nearly 10% of the country'sgross domestic product.[4]
Haiti lies within the complex plate boundary zone between theNorth American plate to the north and theCaribbean plate to the south. This zone is interpreted to contain a number of microplates, particularly theGonâve microplate, which is bounded to the north by theSeptentrional-Oriente fault zone and to the south by theWalton fault zone and theEnriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone, all of which are active left lateraltransform faults. Although dominated by lateral motion the plate boundary zone also accommodates a component of north–south shortening.[16] This has led to overalltranspression along the main strike-slip faults. The largest earthquake in the region prior to the 2021 event was in 1952, and measured 6.2 magnitude, occurring 35 km to the west.[17]
In the Tiburon Peninsula, the main structure is the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone, which runs along its length. This fault zone carries almost half of the left lateral displacement between the North American and Caribbean plates, with a displacement rate of about 7 mm per year.[1] The epicentre of the 2010 Haiti earthquake was located at the eastern end of the peninsula and was caused by movement on previously unknownthrust faults that form part of the overall fault zone, without rupturing the main strike-slip fault strand.[18] The same fault zone is thought to have been the source of the1751 and1770 earthquakes that destroyed the capitalPort-au-Prince.[19]
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The earthquake occurred as a result ofoblique-reverse faulting on an 80 km (50 mi) section of theEnriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone,[20] 125 km (78 mi; 67 nmi) west of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince, consistent with its location and the observedfocal mechanism. It had an estimatedhypocentral depth of 10.0 km (6.2 mi).[1]
Finite-faultinversion and back projection indicated an earthquake rupture on two separate strike-slip and reverse faults that are not connected to the main strand of the plate boundary fault. The initial rupture occurred on ablind thrust fault, but movement transitioned to left-lateral strike-slip faulting. The rupture jumped arestraining bend onto anotherstrike-slip fault;[20] both separate branches of the plate boundary fault, and previously unidentified. The rupture process of the earthquake indicate the highly oblique motion between the two tectonic plates.[21] The restraining bend where the rupture jumped from a reverse fault to a strike-slip fault was located beneathPic Macaya. The reverse fault, located east of the bend experienced an estimated maximum slip of 2.7 m (8.9 ft). The strike-slip fault produced up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft) of left-lateral displacement.[20]
The earthquake produced significantafterslip in its aftermath. During the first four days, afterslip east of Pic Macaya released the energy equivalent to a Mw 7.0 earthquake. Movement propagated to the surface three days after the mainshock.[20]
Two weeks after the 2010 earthquake, a paper was published aboutcoulomb stress transfer due to the event. The paper identified two sections east and west of the 2010 rupture which had accumulated significant strain as a result. The 2021 rupture may have been encouraged by the 2010 event due to stress transfer.[21] Although it struck west of the 2010 rupture, a largeseismic gap exists between the two events. It is thought that stresses on that section are still insufficient to trigger anearthquake rupture.[22]
At least 900 aftershocks have been recorded following themainshock, the strongest beingMw 5.8 in magnitude and centered approximately 65 kilometers further west on theTiburon Peninsula. Additional tremors shook Les Cayes city on 19 August 2021.[3][23] On 21 December, a 4.4 magnitude aftershock struck the area,[24] causing further damage and injuring 150 people, most of them indirectly.[25] On 24 January 2022, the same region was struck by two aftershocks, measuring 5.3 and 5.1 Mw , respectively.[26] The aftershocks killed two people; one from a landslide inFonds-des-Nègres, and the other inAnse-à-Veau by a collapsing wall. Fifty-two people were also injured. At least 191 houses were destroyed and 600 suffered damage inNippes.[27][28]
| Date and time (UTC) | Location | M | MMI | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-08-14 12:29:08 | 13 km SSE of Petit Trou de Nippes | 7.2 | VIII | [1] |
| 2021-08-14 12:49:33 | 20 km WNW of Cavaillon | 5.2 | V | [29] |
| 2021-08-14 16:08:03 | 10 km NW of Baradères | 5.1 | VII | [30] |
| 2021-08-14 18:11:10 | 12 km NNE of Baradères | 5.1 | III | [31] |
| 2021-08-15 02:37:53 | 11 km NW of Petit Trou de Nippes | 5.0 | III | [32] |
| 2021-08-15 03:20:45 | 12 km NNE of Chardonnière | 5.8 | VII | [33] |
Interactive map of 2021 Haiti earthquake
According to the USGSPAGER service, theModified Mercalli intensity scale (MMI) of the earthquake reached VII (Very Strong) inLes Cayes and MMI V (Moderate) inPort-au-Prince.[34] The earthquake was also felt inJamaica, where the intensity reached MMI IV (Light) inKingston.[35][34]
| Modified Mercalli intensities in selected locations[34] | |||
| MMI | Locations | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| MMI VIII (Severe) | Nan Cotie Gross Mary | ||
| MMI VII (Very strong) | Les Cayes,Corail Port-à-Piment Petit Trou de Nippes Jérémie | ||
| MMI VI (Strong) | Miragoâne Léogâne | ||
| MMI V (Moderate) | Port Au Prince Jacmel | ||
| MMI IV (Light) | Kingston Santiago de Cuba | ||
Widespread tsunami warnings were issued throughout the Caribbean, with waves up to 3 to 10 feet (1–3 metres) high initially expected to hitPort au Prince.[1][36] The tsunami warning was later rescinded.[36] The tsunami only reached 3 cm (0.098 ft) in height in that location.[1]
At least 8,444landslides were triggered across a 2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi) area. A large portion (89.4 percent) of these reported landslides occurred on thehanging wall of the fault—particularly atPic Macaya National Park which accounted for 72.2 percent of the total or 6,100 reports. The total area of these landslides was 45.6 km2 (17.6 sq mi). Landsliding was more widespread than compared to the 2010 earthquake.[37]
The city of Les Cayes, Haiti's third-largest city, was the closest to theepicenter of the earthquake. The city suffered extensive damage including many collapsed homes, places of worship, and commercial buildings.[38] According to theHaitian Civil Protection Agency, at least 37,300 or more homes were destroyed and 46,000 others were damaged as of 16 August.[39][40] The Haitian Civil Protection General Directorate later reported that more than 60,700 homes have been destroyed and 76,100 others have sustained damages as of 18 August.[10] There were also a number of hotels that were severely damaged or collapsed.[41] At least 53 medical facilities suffered partial damage while six were totally destroyed. In addition to that, the quake damaged or destroyed 1,060 schools.[4][42]
A report published by theInter-American Development Bank estimated the total losses at US$1.6 billion, or 9.6% of Haiti'sgross domestic product (GDP). The report stated that the estimate was based on a fatality figure of 2,500. The total damage cost range from US$1.5 to 1.7 billion.[43]
The Immaculee Conception Church ofLes Anglais, a historical landmark constructed in 1907, collapsed when the quake struck during aMass.[44] The collapse of the facade of the church killed 17 people. Two individuals trapped under the rubble were rescued by nearby construction workers.[45] At Toirac village, just outside Les Cayes, 20 people died in the collapse of the St. Famille du Toirac church during a funeral Mass.[46] In Marceline, a small town 30 minutes away from Les Cayes, the main Catholic church collapsed. Two women cleaning the church were killed. In the Les Cay Diocese, more than 220 Catholic places of worship were destroyed.[47]
Haitian prime ministerAriel Henry declared a state of emergency due to the high number of casualties and the severe damage.[48] At least 2,248 people died in the earthquake, including 1,852 inSud, 227 inGrand'Anse, 167 inNippes and two inNord-Ouest.[49][4][3][50] The Hôtel Le Manguier in Les Cayes collapsed in the earthquake, killing several people, includingGabriel Fortuné, the former senator and former mayor of Les Cayes.[51][52] Portions of the Catholic bishop's residence in Les Cayes collapsed, killing a priest and two employees and injuring CardinalChibly Langlois.[53] In addition to the deaths, at least 12,763 people have been injured and 329 are still missing.
A report published byUNICEF on 30 August 2021 stated that at least 800,000 people, 250,000 of them children, had been affected by the quake and are in need of humanitarian aid. An estimated 81,000 Haitians have no access to safe drinking water.[42] TheUnited Nations (UN) in Haiti said 650,000 Haitians are in need of humanitarian aid, and theWorld Food Programme stated that 754,200 are experiencingfood insecurity.[9]
According to the UN, Haiti needs more than $187 million of aid to support Haiti after the disaster.[54]
Search and rescue teams of Haitian police and Haitian health department workers were joined by volunteers.[55] Foreign charities, nongovernmental organizations, and other volunteer groups sent workers, supplies, and equipment to help in the recovery and search and rescue.[56]
On 23 August, rescue workers found 24 people, 20 adults, and four children, alive under the rubble of a collapsed building near the mountainPic Macaya. The survivors were then transported toCamp-Perrin, where they received further treatment for their injuries.[57] Just a few days before, on 17 August 16 people were rescued from a former UN-occupied building in Les Cayes. Rescuers also recovered nine bodies from the building.[58]
The UN requested over $180 million to aid in recovery efforts related to providing basic living assistance to victims and the surrounding area.[59] Due to the destruction of critical markets and agriculture, the UN Food and Agriculture Administration requested $20 million to aid in recovering farming practices. Grand'Anse, Nippes, and Sudd have been cited as being the most negatively impacted by food loss and scarcity.[59]
Shelter has been cited as the greatest need of the affected region. More than 50,000 homes and shelters were destroyed. Haitian people are sleeping in homes missing roofs and walls, open fields, and public buildings.[60]
The earthquake was also said to have triggered a surge in violent crimes andprotests already spiraling out of control.[61] The earthquake is also said to have triggered additional burden on working women and caused a temporary setback in their career progressions.[62]
Rescue efforts were hindered due to rain from Tropical Depression Grace on 16 August.[63] TheNational Hurricane Center forecasted Tropical Depression Grace to produce up to 15 inches (380 mm) of rainfall in some spots in Haiti, threatening rescue and recovery efforts in the affected area.[64] Torrential rain and flood brought by the storm threatened the affected area with the potential for mudslides.[65]
As a direct result, many villages were left disconnected so the villagers started voluntary rebuilding efforts. The trust towards the government is low in the areas as the citizens do not expect help due to the great complications, further mobilizing the voluntary project.[66]
According to Prime Minister and acting President Ariel Henry, local hospitals have been overrun by the large inflow of injured victims after the earthquake. Henry declared a month-long state of emergency for the country after the quake.[38]
European Union: Three millioneuros in emergency funding were made available by the EU to meet the most pressing requirements. In order to channel emergency personnel and supplies fromFrance,Luxembourg,The Netherlands,Spain,Norway, andSweden, it activated theEU Civil Protection Mechanism. TheUN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, was one of the first humanitarian partners to mobilize and offer help in order to ensure a prompt and well-coordinated response between humanitarian actors and Haiti's civil protection, thanks to funding from the European Union.[67]
Argentina: Foreign MinisterFelipe Solá ordered the deployment ofWhite Helmets Commission to the area to assist local authorities in humanitarian missions. Solá further stated that Argentina is willing to deploy more personnel in rescue missions.[68]
Canada:Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau said that the nation is "ready to assist in any way" in the wake of the event. A travel advisory was issued against traveling to Haiti by theCanadian government.[69]
Mexico: TheMexican government sent aC-295 and aC-130 from theMexican Air Force, loading 15,400 kg (33,069.3 lb) of medicine and supplies for the people affected.[70] On 16 August, three aircraft from Mexico'sSecretariat of National Defense and Navy arrived in Haiti, carrying aid. The first two aircraft which arrived transported food supplies, sanitation items, and medical supplies. Additional food and survival items arrived on the third aircraft. Rescue and recovery equipment such as forklifts, water filtration devices, lamps, blankets and shovels were also sent to Haiti.[71]
United Nations: The UN requested to the Brazilian government, the deployment to Haiti of Brazilian forces of theArmy andMarine Corps, in order to secure the stability in the face of ongoing humanitarian crisis.[72] The request was confirmed by PresidentJair Bolsonaro.[72] TheBrazilian Armed Forces also participated in theUnited Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) between 2004 and 2017.
United States:PresidentJoe Biden authorized the US response for assistance in the aftermath of the earthquake, appointingUSAID AdministratorSamantha Power to coordinate in the relief.[73] TheUnited States Agency for International Development (USAID) said on 26 August that US$32 million worth of aid would be provided to Haiti to support the ongoing relief efforts. The money would be used to deliver immediate needs such as medical services, food, shelter, drinking water, and sanitary items.[74]Additionally, Mexico, Peru, Argentina, Chile and Venezuela had offered assistance in the search for survivors.[75] A group of 34 firefighters from Ecuador were dispatched to assist in search and rescue efforts.[75]
Japanese professionaltennis playerNaomi Osaka, who is ofHaitian descent, stated in a tweet that she would donate all her prize money at theCincinnati Masters to support rescue and recovery efforts ongoing in Haiti.[76][77]
American sportswear brandSkechers announced on 19 August that they would be contributing US$1 million in donations to support ongoing rescue and recovery efforts. The brand said they would be donating to three organizations;CORE (Community Organized Relief Effort),Hope for Haiti andWorld Central Kitchen.[78] Kenneth Cole is donating a percentage of their net sales to the St. Luke Foundation and asking their customers to donate $10 for extra support.[79] Amazon has sent over 35,000 emergency items to Haiti: including medical supplies, tents, water filters and more.[80]
The earthquake escalated the political turmoil in Haiti.[81] PresidentJovenel Moïse had beenassassinated in his home on 7 July 2021.[82][83] Forty four people were arrested in connection to the assassination[83] and Moïse's death left Haiti in political turmoil[84] which the earthquake later escalated.
Following the earthquake, gangs had overtaken neighborhoods and villages in Haiti. "According to the National Human Rights Defense Network, there are more than 90 gangs in the country, likely with thousands of members and far more powerful than the police," Bloomberg reports.[85] Gangs have control over major roads heading south. In mid-August, the gang announced a ceasefire to allow trucks to use the road to provide aid to southern communities. Several trucks were looted at gunpoint, despite the truce.[85] On 19 August, two of Haiti's doctors, including one of the few orthopedic surgeons, were kidnapped. It is unclear whether gangs were responsible for these abductions; however kidnapping is a common gang practice. The kidnappers contacted the doctor's families, however the ransom demands are unknown.[86]
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