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All 735 seats in theBundestag, including 137overhang andleveling seats 368 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 61,172,771 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 76.4% ( 0.2pp) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results of the election. The main map shows constituency winners, and results for the proportional list seats are shown in the bottom left. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2021 German federal election | |||
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The2021 German federal election was held inGermany on 26 September 2021 to elect the members of the20thBundestag.State elections inBerlin andMecklenburg-Vorpommern were also held. Incumbent chancellorAngela Merkel, first elected in2005, chose not to run again, marking the first time that an incumbentChancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany did not seek re-election.
With 25.7% of total votes, theSocial Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) recorded their best result since 2005, and emerged as the largest party for the first time since2002. The rulingCDU/CSU, which had led agrand coalition with the SPD since2013, recorded their worst ever result with 24.1%, a significant decline from 32.9% in2017.Alliance 90/The Greens achieved their best result in history at 14.7%, while theFree Democratic Party (FDP) made small gains and finished on 11.4%. TheAlternative for Germany (AfD) fell from third to fifth place with 10.4%, a decline of 2.3 percentage points.The Left suffered their worst showing since their official formation in 2007, failing to cross the5%electoral threshold by just over one-tenth of a percentage point. The party was nonetheless entitled to full proportional representation, as it won threedirect mandates. TheSouth Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW) was exempt from the 5% threshold and won1 seat, the first time it held national representation since 1949.
With a fifthgrand coalition being dismissed by both the CDU/CSU and the SPD, the FDP and the Greens were consideredkingmakers. On 23 November, following complexcoalition talks, the SPD, FDP and Greens formalized an agreement to form atraffic light coalition, which was approved by all three parties.Olaf Scholz andhis cabinet were elected by the Bundestag on 8 December.
Irregularities in Berlin led to repeat elections inFebruary 2023 (state) andFebruary 2024 (federal). The result of the federal repeat election meant that the FDP lost a seat in the Bundestag, while 3 other seats were moved from Berlin to different states.
The 2017 federal election was held after a four-yeargrand coalition between theCDU/CSU and theSPD. Though the CDU/CSU remained the biggest parliamentary group, both it and the SPD suffered significant losses. The SPD leadership, recognising the party's unsatisfactory performance after four years in government, announced that it would go into opposition.[2] With the CDU/CSU having pledged not to work with either theAfD orThe Left before the federal election, the only remaining option for a majority government was aJamaica coalition consisting of the CDU/CSU,FDP, andthe Greens.[3][4] Exploratory talks between the parties were held over the next six weeks, though the FDP withdrew from the negotiations on 20 November, citing irreconcilable differences between the parties on migration and energy policies.[5][6] ChancellorAngela Merkel consulted with PresidentFrank-Walter Steinmeier, who implored all parties to reconsider in order to avoid fresh elections.[7][8]
The SPD and their leaderMartin Schulz indicated their willingness to enter into discussions for another coalition government with the CDU/CSU.[9] The SPD leadership voted to enter into exploratory discussion on 15 December 2017[10] and at a party congress in January 2018 a majority of the party's delegates voted to support the coalition talks.[11][12] The text of the final agreement was agreed to by the CDU/CSU and the SPD on 7 February, though was conditioned on the approval of a majority of the SPD's party membership.[13] The 463,723 members of the SPDvoted to approve or reject the deal from 20 February to 2 March,[14][15] with the result announced on 4 March. A total of 78.39% of members cast valid votes, of which 66.02% voted in favor of another grand coalition.[16] Merkel was voted in by the Bundestag for a fourth term as chancellor on 14 March, with 364 votes for, 315 against, 9 abstentions, and 4 invalid votes, just 9 more votes than the 355 needed for a majority.[17] The new government was officially referred to as theFourth Merkel cabinet.[18][19]
Merkel's final government was subject to intense instability. The2018 German government crisis saw the longstanding alliance between the CDU and CSU threaten to split overasylum seeker policy. Interior Minister and CSU leaderHorst Seehofer threatened to undercut Merkel's authority by closing German borders for asylum seekers registered in anotherEuropean Union (EU) country. The split, eventually repaired following a summit with EU countries, threatened to bring down the government.[20] Following his party's historically low result in the2018 Bavarian state election, Seehofer was replaced as CSU leader by new Bavarian Minister-PresidentMarkus Söder at a party conference in January 2019, while he retained his position as Interior Minister in the Fourth Merkel cabinet.[21]
In October 2018, Merkel announced that she would resign as leader of the CDU at the party's conference in December 2018 and step down asChancellor of Germany at the forthcoming election, following poor results at state elections for the CSU in Bavaria and for the CDU inHesse.[22][23] Merkel's allegedly preferred candidate for the party leadership,Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, narrowly defeatedFriedrich Merz, who had been a rival of Merkel around 2002 and had left politics in 2009 criticising her decisions and leadership.[24] Kramp-Karrenbauer struggled to unify the party's liberal and conservative factions, and in February 2020, when she failed to lead the Thuringia state CDU towards a solution of thegovernment crisis there, she announced her intention to withdraw her interest in running as the CDU nominee for chancellor at the election and step down as party leader.[25] A party convention to elect a new leader was scheduled for April but was repeatedly delayed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.The election was held in January 2021, withArmin Laschet, incumbent Minister-President ofNorth Rhine-Westphalia, winning with 52.8% of delegate votes. Merz was his main opponent at 47.2%.[26]
The other party in the coalition government, the SPD, also had leadership instability. Following their worst general election result since 1945, at the beginning of the new government the party electedAndrea Nahles as their leader in April 2018. Nahles had already been elected leader of the SPD parliamentary group after the federal election in September when the party still planned to go into opposition.[27][28] She was unsuccessful in improving the party's stock with the electorate as it continued to slide in opinion polls and was for the first time in history well beaten by the centre-left partyAlliance 90/The Greens at the2019 European Parliament election. She resigned on 2 June 2019, precipitating aleadership election for the SPD.[29] Progressive candidatesNorbert Walter-Borjans andSaskia Esken defeated the more moderate candidatesOlaf Scholz andKlara Geywitz, and were elected co-leaders by the party's membership. Their election raised prospects of the coalition government collapsing and early elections being called, althoughReuters reported that the duo would seek to achieve agreement from the CDU/CSU on increasing public spending rather than allow the government to collapse.[30] In August 2020, the party appointed Merkel's deputyVice-Chancellor Scholz as its candidate for chancellor at the election, despite him having lost to Walter-Borjans and Esken in the party leadership election.[31]
Cem Özdemir andSimone Peter stood down as co-leaders of the Greens after the failed Jamaica negotiations, andAnnalena Baerbock andRobert Habeck were elected as their successors in January 2018. Dissatisfaction with the SPD and the federal government saw a rise in Greens' polling numbers throughout 2018. They scored record results in theBavarian andHessian state elections in October and subsequently surpassed the SPD in public opinion, settling in second behind the CDU/CSU for the next three years. The party had its best ever showings at the 2019 European Parliament election,2020 Hamburg state election, and2021 Baden-Württemberg state election. They briefly polled in first place during two brief periods, first after the 2019 European Parliament election and again after the nomination of chancellor candidates in April 2021.[32]
The Left also underwent a change in leadership, withKatja Kipping andBernd Riexinger stepping down after nine years as party co-leaders. They were succeeded byJanine Wissler andSusanne Hennig-Wellsow at a party conference held digitally on 27 February 2021. Wissler is considered a member of the party's left wing, formerly aligned with theSocialist Left faction, while Hennig-Wellsow is considered a moderate and part of the party's pragmatic wing. Both support their party's participation in federal government, particularly Hennig-Wellsow, who played a major role in thered–red–green coalition government of The Left, the SPD, and the Greens in the state ofThuringia.[33]
Germany uses themixed-member proportional representation system, a system ofproportional representation combined with elements offirst-past-the-post voting. The Bundestag has 598 nominal members, elected for a four-year term; these seats are distributed between the sixteen German states in proportion to the states' number of eligible voters.[34]
Each voter can cast two votes: aconstituency vote (first vote) and astate party list vote (second vote). Based solely on the first votes, 299 members are elected insingle-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting. The second votes are used to produce a proportional number of seats for parties, first in the states, and then in the Bundestag. Seats are allocated using theSainte-Laguë method. If a party wins fewer constituency seats in a state than its second votes would entitle it to, it receives additional seats from the relevant state list. Parties can file lists in every single state under certain conditions, such as a fixed number of supporting signatures. Parties can receive second votes only in those states in which they have filed a state list.[34] If a party, by winning single-member constituencies in one state, receives more seats than it would be entitled to according to its second vote share in that state, the excess seats become known asoverhang seats; to avoidnegative vote weight, those overhang seats are compensated for in the other states, restoring proportionality according to second votes cast nationwide.[34]
To qualify for proportional seat distribution, a party must receive moresecond votes nationwide than theelectoral threshold of5%. This requirement is waived for parties winning at leastthree single-member constituencies.[f] As result of this waiver,[g] parties have benefited on three occasions, such as theDP in the1957 West German federal election and thePDS in the1994 German federal election. Parties representing recognized national minorities are exempt from the electoral threshold. As of 2021, these minorities are theDanish,Frisians,Sorbs, andRomani people.[34][35]
TheBasic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany and the Federal Election Act provides that federal elections must be held on a Sunday or on a federal holiday[h] no earlier than 46 and no later than 48 months after the first sitting of the preceding session, unless asnap election is called or astate of defence is declared.[36] Under this rule, the 2021 federal election had to take place on a Sunday between 29 August and 24 October (inclusive), as the previous 19th Bundestag had held its first sitting on 24 October 2017.[37] ThePresident of Germany sets the exact date for the election.[38] On 9 December 2020, PresidentFrank-Walter Steinmeier ordered the election to be held on 26 September 2021.[39]
For the fourth time since2009, the 2021 federal election was observed byOSCE,[40] providing four experts from three OSCE states.[41]
TheCenter for Monitoring, Analysis and Strategy (CeMAS) found that false claims of voter fraud had become commonplace onTelegram in Germany, with accusations againstDominion Voting Systems being common despite the company's technology not being used in German elections. CeMAS researcher Miro Dittrich said, "We have seen far-right actors try to claim election fraud since at least 2016, but it didn't take off. WhenTrump started telling the 'big lie', it became a big issue in Germany, sometimes bigger than the pandemic, becausefar-right groups and the AfD are carefully monitoring the success Trump is having with this narrative."[42]
The table below lists the parliamentary groups of the 19thBundestag.
| Name | Ideology | Leading candidate(s) | Leader(s) | 2017 result | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes (%) | Seats | |||||||
| CDU/CSU | CDU | Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands | Christian democracy | Armin Laschet | Armin Laschet | 26.8% | 246 / 709 | |
| CSU | Christian Social Union in Bavaria Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern | Markus Söder | 6.2%[i] | |||||
| SPD | Social Democratic Party of Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands | Social democracy | Olaf Scholz | Saskia Esken Norbert Walter-Borjans | 20.5% | 153 / 709 | ||
| AfD | Alternative for Germany Alternative für Deutschland | Völkisch nationalism | Alice Weidel Tino Chrupalla | Jörg Meuthen Tino Chrupalla | 12.6% | 94 / 709 | ||
| FDP | Free Democratic Party Freie Demokratische Partei | Liberalism | Christian Lindner | Christian Lindner | 10.7% | 80 / 709 | ||
| Linke | The Left Die Linke | Democratic socialism | Janine Wissler Dietmar Bartsch | Janine Wissler Susanne Hennig-Wellsow | 9.2% | 69 / 709 | ||
| Grüne | Alliance 90/The Greens Bündnis 90/Die Grünen | Green politics | Annalena Baerbock[b] Robert Habeck | Annalena Baerbock Robert Habeck | 8.9% | 67 / 709 | ||
After the election ofMinister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia, Armin Laschet as federal CDU chairman in January 2021, he became the presumptive CDU nominee for the Union's joint chancellor candidacy. Laschet was challenged byMinister-President of Bavaria Markus Söder of the CSU, who consistently polled well among voters and had been discussed as a potential candidate since mid-2020.[43] As the contest intensified in March/April 2021, Söder was backed by the CSU as well as some state and local CDU associations, while Laschet received the support of most of the CDU. The two men failed to come to an agreement by the given deadline of 19 April,[44] leading the federal CDU board to hold an impromptu meeting to break the deadlock. The board voted 31 to 9 in favour of Laschet.[45] After the vote, Söder announced his support for Laschet as chancellor candidate.[46]
On 10 August 2020, the SPD nominated incumbentVice Chancellor andFinance MinisterOlaf Scholz as their lead candidate for the election. Scholz, who served asMayor of Hamburg from 2011 to 2018, unsuccessfully sought the SPD leadership in the2019 leadership election.[47] Scholz was formally elected at a party conference on 8–9 May 2021, supported by 96% of delegates.[48]
The AfD's lead candidates were chosen via a membership vote held from 17 to 24 May 2021. The ticket of party co-chairmanTino Chrupalla and Bundestag co-leaderAlice Weidel were elected with 71% of votes; they were opposed by the ticket of formerGerman Air Force lieutenant-generalJoachim Wundrak and MdBJoana Cotar, who won 24%. 14,815 votes were cast, corresponding to a turnout of 48%.[49]
On 21 March 2021, the FDP association in North Rhine-Westphalia elected federal chairmanChristian Lindner as top candidate for the party list in that state.[50] He was re-elected as chairman on 14 May, winning 93% of votes with no opponent. The vote also served to confirm him as lead candidate for the federal election.[51]
The Left announcedJanine Wissler andDietmar Bartsch as their co-lead candidates on 2 May 2021. Wissler was elected federal party co-leader earlier in the year alongsideSusanne Hennig-Wellsow, who chose not to seek the co-lead candidacy. Bartsch had co-chaired The Left's Bundestag group since 2015, and was previously co-lead candidate in the 2017 federal election.[52] Wissler and Bartsch were formally selected by the party executive on 8–9 May, receiving 87% of the votes.[53]
Due to their rise in national opinion polling since 2018, the Greens were expected to forgo the traditional dual lead-candidacy in favour of selecting a single chancellor candidate. Party co-leadersAnnalena Baerbock andRobert Habeck were considered the only plausible candidates.[54] Baerbock was announced as chancellor candidate on 19 April.[55] Both Baerbock and Habeck were co-lead candidates for the party's election campaign.[56]
A total of 47 parties and lists were approved to run in the 2021 federal election, including the seven which won seats in the 19th Bundestag. Of these, 40 ran party lists in at least one state, while 7 ran onlydirect candidates. In addition, 196independent candidates ran in the variousdirect constituencies.[57]
In the table below, green shading indicates that the party ran a list in the indicated state. The number in each box indicates how manydirect candidates the party ran in the indicated state.
| Party | State | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW | BY | BE | BB | HB | HH | HE | MV | NI | NW | RP | SL | SN | ST | SH | TH | ||
| Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) | 38 | – | 12 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 30 | 64 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 8 | |
| Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) | – | 46 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) | 38 | 46 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 30 | 64 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 8 | |
| Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 38 | 44 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 27 | 63 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 8 | |
| Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 38 | 46 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 30 | 64 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 8 | |
| The Left (DIE LINKE) | 38 | 45 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 30 | 64 | 14 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 8 | |
| Alliance 90/The Greens (GRÜNE) | 38 | 46 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 30 | 64 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 8 | |
| Free Voters (FREIE WÄHLER) | 38 | 46 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 21 | 6 | 22 | 57 | 15 | 4 | 12 | 8 | 11 | 6 | |
| Die PARTEI | 33 | 31 | 12 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 8 | 52 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 7 | 7 | |
| Human Environment Animal Protection Party (Tierschutzpartei) | 8 | 6 | 12 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 3 | 9 | 3 | 3 | – | – | 1 | – | – | |
| National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) | – | 1 | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Pirate Party Germany (PIRATEN) | 3 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | 1 | |
| Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) | 16 | 46 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 5 | – | – | 5 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 13 | 1 | – | 4 | |
| V-Partei3 – Party for Change, Vegetarians and Vegans (V-Partei3) | 1 | 11 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | – | 1 | – | |
| Democracy in Motion (DiB) | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Bavaria Party (BP) | – | 24 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Animal Protection Alliance (Tierschutzallianz) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | |
| Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany (MLPD) | 22 | 9 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 31 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 8 | |
| Party for Health Research (Gesundheitsforschung) | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | |
| German Communist Party (DKP) | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | 1 | – | 2 | 12 | 1 | – | – | – | 3 | – | |
| Human World (MENSCHLICHE WELT) | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| The Greys – For all Generations (Die Grauen) | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Civil Rights Movement Solidarity (BüSo) | 2 | 5 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | |
| Party of Humanists (Die Humanisten) | 10 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | – | |
| Garden Party (Gartenpartei) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | |
| The Urbans. A HipHop Party (du.) | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | |
| Socialist Equality Party, Fourth International (SGP) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany (dieBasis) | 36 | 46 | 11 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 21 | 5 | 27 | 60 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 7 | |
| Alliance C – Christians for Germany (Bündnis C) | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | |
| Third Way (III. Weg) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | |
| Citizens' Movement for Progress and Change (BÜRGERBEWEGUNG) | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| The Pinks/Alliance 21 (BÜNDNIS21) | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| European Party LOVE (LIEBE) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Liberal Conservative Reformers (LKR) | 3 | 7 | 10 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 8 | 7 | 3 | – | 4 | – | 6 | 2 | |
| Party for Progress (PdF) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Lobbyists for Children (LfK) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| South Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW)[j] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | – | |
| Team Todenhöfer – The Justice Party (Team Todenhöfer) | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Independents for Citizen-oriented Democracy (UNABHÄNGIGE) | – | 2 | – | 3 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Volt Germany (Volt) | 13 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | – | – | 15 | 10 | – | – | – | 2 | – | |
| From now... Democracy by Referendum [de] (Volksabstimmung) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei" (B*) | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| The Others (sonstige) | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Family Party of Germany (FAMILIE) | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Grey Panthers (Graue Panther) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 1 | |
| Climate List Baden-Württemberg (KlimalisteBW) | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Thuringian Homeland Party (THP) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |
| Independents and voter groups | 15 | 26 | 9 | 18 | – | 2 | 15 | 2 | 21 | 31 | 22 | 1 | 22 | 7 | 2 | 3 | |
| Party | BW | BY | BE | BB | HB | HH | HE | MV | NI | NW | RP | SL | SN | ST | SH | TH | |
| Total constituencies | 38 | 46 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 30 | 64 | 15 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 8 | |
In July 2021, the respective state electoral committees rejected the lists of the AfD inBremen and the Greens inSaarland. The AfD list was rejected for formal reasons, while the Green list in Saarland was declared invalid due to a controversial nomination process, in which one third of the state delegates were excluded from the nomination convention. Both state parties filed motions against the rulings. The federal electoral committee dismissed the motion of the Saarland Greens, while the AfD list in Bremen was permitted to run in the elections. The Green Party will thus not be eligible for the proportional vote in Saarland for the first time in the party's history.[58]
The federal election was impacted by incumbent chancellorAngela Merkel's decision not to run again,[59] and candidates to present themselves as the natural successor to Merkel.[60]
The2021 European floods, with at least 184 deaths in western parts of Germany, put the climate issue back on the agenda in July. The SPD called for "everything to be done to stop global warming," while the CDU/CSU wanted to "speed up climate protection measures".[61] By the end of July, 56 per cent of Germans believed that the floods made it "even more important than before" to combat climate change, and 73 per cent believed the government was not doing enough in this area; only the AfD's supporters were overwhelmingly of the opposite opinion.[62] Following those events, six people under the age of 30 began a hunger strike in front of the Reichstag building at the end of August. They demanded a sincere dialogue with the leaders of the main political parties before the elections and the establishment of a citizens' convention to decide on ambitious measures for the climate.[63]
During the deadly 2021 floods, while visitingErftstadt on 18 July, the CDU/CSU lead candidateArmin Laschet was caught laughing on camera and making jokes while PresidentFrank-Walter Steinmeier was speaking. Laschet was heavily criticized, despite his apology saying: "It was stupid and shouldn't have happened and I regret it." Both the CDU/CSU and Laschet's ratings suffered heavily in opinion polls and the SPD took the lead.[64][65]
During the campaign, Scholz rejected tax cuts for the rich as immoral,[66] pledged to "increase taxes on the wealthy, spend on cleaner technology and expand social programs",[67] and aminimum wage increase to 12 euros.[68] In general, there was broad agreement among left-leaning parties on issues such as climate change, education, finance, health, and higher taxes for the rich, and The Left being morepro-European than similar left-wing parties likeLa France Insoumise,[69] while issues of disagreement were foreign policy and security.[70] Writing forThe Guardian,Philip Oltermann commented: "Paradoxically, some Social Democrats see such commonalities as an obstacle rather than a boon for an effective power-sharing deal: since all three parties already call for a wealth tax, for example, it's unclear what policy Die Linke could sell its supporters as a win even if were to get its hands on the coveted labour ministry."[69] Both the SPD and the Greens did not speak much on the subject but did not rule it out in public, although in private they were more sceptics. One SPD delegate was quoted as saying: "To prepare the ground for a robust and functioning coalition, you need to make sure that no one walks out of talks looking like a loser. That's difficult enough with two, but it becomes even more difficult when you have three partners."[69] Oltermann posited that The Left could see entering federal government as "a final chance to reverse the party's decline, even if it means moving some of its red lines of old."[69]
In its election manifesto, The Left called for abolishingNATO in favour of a "collective security system with Russia's involvement", to which Scholz said that this is an example of minimum criteria to govern which is not negotiable.[71] The Left's lead candidates stated that those demands are a tribute to the party's historicanti-imperialist roots rather than reflecting ambitions to govern at the federal level and a discussion on the future of NATO is also being led by centrists such as France'sEmmanuel Macron.[69] The party struck the anti-NATO demand from its immediate policy measures andJanine Wissler responded that foreign policy was more than NATO.[72]Gregor Gysi, a member of the left wing of the party, stated that such demands are more of a vision, are not to be implemented as soon as possible, and should not be seen as inflexible preconditions for a left-wing coalition.[73]
As significant issues remain, attempts among willing delegates from both parties have been made over the years on how such issues could be solved in a coalition; the solution of an internal vote preceding foreign policies votes, such as foreign deployments, on a case-by-case analysis was deemed to be unworkable by many in the SPD. The Greens see foreign policy differences with The Left as big as financial and debt disagreements with the FDP.[69] The Left joining the federal government would have broken a taboo due to being a democratic successor of East Germany's ruling party, and for its pacifist and anti-militarist stance,[69] and could be seen as following examples in Spain and Sweden.[74] Atraffic light coalition (SPD–FDP–Greens) was seen as the more likely scenario but a R2G coalition, which would be favoured by the left-wing leadership[73] and rank-and-file party members,[72] was not excluded if coalition talks with FDP fail due minimum wage increase or the wealth tax.[69]
For the first time since2002, the four major television broadcasters (public servicesZDF andARD with its regional networks, and commercial networksRTL andProSieben/Sat.1) did not hold a joint television debate of the major candidates from CDU/CSU and SPD. Separate debates were previously prevented by incumbent chancellor Merkel, who in 2021 did not run for re-election.
The Greens had only finished 6th in the 2017 election, but from mid-2018 to mid-2021 were ranked as 2nd in polls, even first in spring of 2021. Thus, for the first time, three-way major debates were held, dubbed "Triell".[75] Four-way debates were held with the leaders of the smaller parties that were part of the parliament.
| 2021 German federal election debates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Broadcasters | P Present S Surrogate I Invited NI Not invited | ||||||
| CDU/CSU | SPD | Grüne | AfD | FDP | Linke | CSU | ||
| 17 May 2021[76] | RBB Fernsehen | NI | P Scholz | P Baerbock | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| 20 May 2021[77] | WDR,tagesschau24 | P Laschet | P Scholz | P Baerbock | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| 26 June 2021[78] | tagesschau24 | P Laschet | P Scholz | P Baerbock | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| 29 August 2021[79] | RTL,n-tv | P Laschet | P Scholz | P Baerbock | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| 30 August 2021[80] | ZDF | S Spahn | S Giffey | S Göring-Eckardt | P Weidel | P Lindner | P Bartsch | P Dobrindt |
| 12 September 2021[75] | Das Erste,ZDF | P Laschet | P Scholz | P Baerbock | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| 13 September 2021[81] | ZDF | NI | NI | NI | P Weidel | S Kubicki | P Wissler | S Blume |
| 13 September[82] | Das Erste | NI | NI | NI | P Weidel | P Lindner | P Wissler | P Dobrindt |
| 19 September 2021[83] | ProSieben,Sat.1,Kabel eins | P Laschet | P Scholz | P Baerbock | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| 23 September 2021[75] | Das Erste, ZDF | P Laschet | P Scholz | P Baerbock | P Weidel | P Lindner | P Wissler | P Söder |
Trackers of voting intentions and other election-related polling:
Although the vote share of theSouth Schleswig Voters' Association (0.12%) was well below the 5% electoral threshold, due to its status of being representative of a recognised minority group (Danes and Frisians), an exception in federal law allowed the party to win one party-list seat.
 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Party-list | Constituency | Total seats | +/– | |||||
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
| Social Democratic Party | 11,901,556 | 25.71 | 85 | 12,184,094 | 26.36 | 121 | 206 | +53 | |
| Christian Democratic Union | 8,774,919 | 18.95 | 54 | 10,445,923 | 22.60 | 98 | 152 | −48 | |
| Alliance 90/The Greens | 6,814,401 | 14.72 | 102 | 6,435,360 | 13.92 | 16 | 118 | +51 | |
| Free Democratic Party | 5,291,010 | 11.43 | 91 | 4,019,562 | 8.70 | 0 | 91 | +11 | |
| Alternative for Germany | 4,809,228 | 10.39 | 67 | 4,699,917 | 10.17 | 16 | 83 | −11 | |
| Christian Social Union | 2,402,827 | 5.19 | 0 | 2,788,048 | 6.03 | 45 | 45 | −1 | |
| The Left | 2,255,860 | 4.87 | 36 | 2,286,070 | 4.95 | 3 | 39 | −30 | |
| Free Voters | 1,125,666 | 2.43 | 0 | 1,332,707 | 2.88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Human Environment Animal Protection Party | 673,669 | 1.46 | 0 | 160,863 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Grassroots Democratic Party | 630,153 | 1.36 | 0 | 732,620 | 1.59 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Die PARTEI | 460,429 | 0.99 | 0 | 540,165 | 1.17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Team Todenhöfer | 211,860 | 0.46 | 0 | 5,422 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Pirate Party Germany | 169,591 | 0.37 | 0 | 60,550 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Volt Germany | 164,272 | 0.35 | 0 | 77,594 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Ecological Democratic Party | 112,131 | 0.24 | 0 | 152,540 | 0.33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| National Democratic Party | 64,360 | 0.14 | 0 | 1,090 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| South Schleswig Voters' Association | 55,578 | 0.12 | 1 | 35,027 | 0.08 | 0 | 1 | +1 | |
| Partei für Gesundheitsforschung | 48,495 | 0.10 | 0 | 2,173 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Party of Humanists | 47,526 | 0.10 | 0 | 12,672 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Alliance C – Christians for Germany | 39,868 | 0.09 | 0 | 6,222 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Bavaria Party | 32,790 | 0.07 | 0 | 36,748 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| V-Partei3 | 31,762 | 0.07 | 0 | 10,644 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Independents for Citizen-oriented Democracy [de] | 22,736 | 0.05 | 0 | 13,421 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| The Greys – For All Generations [de] | 17,304 | 0.04 | 0 | 1,958 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei | 17,737 | 0.04 | 0 | 1,890 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Marxist–Leninist Party | 17,819 | 0.04 | 0 | 22,538 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| German Communist Party | 14,951 | 0.03 | 0 | 5,446 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Alliance for Human Rights, Animal and Nature Protection | 13,672 | 0.03 | 0 | 7,371 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| European Party Love [de] | 12,967 | 0.03 | 0 | 873 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Liberal Conservative Reformers | 11,327 | 0.02 | 0 | 11,003 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Lobbyists for Children | 9,189 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Third Way | 7,832 | 0.02 | 0 | 515 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Garden Party | 7,611 | 0.02 | 0 | 2,095 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Citizens' Movement | 7,491 | 0.02 | 0 | 1,556 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Democracy in Motion | 7,184 | 0.02 | 0 | 2,609 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Menschliche Welt | 3,786 | 0.01 | 0 | 651 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| The Pinks/Alliance 21 [de] | 3,488 | 0.01 | 0 | 373 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Party of Progress | 3,228 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Socialist Equality Party | 1,400 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität | 665 | 0.00 | 0 | 811 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Klimaliste Baden-Württemberg | 3,967 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Family Party | 1,817 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| From Now on... Democracy through Referendum [de] | 1,086 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Grey Panthers [de] | 961 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Thuringian Homeland Party | 549 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| The Others | 251 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei" | 191 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Independents and voter groups | 110,875 | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Total | 46,298,338 | 100.00 | 436 | 46,218,818 | 100.00 | 299 | 735 | +26 | |
| Valid votes | 46,298,338 | 99.12 | 46,218,818 | 98.95 | |||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 408,976 | 0.88 | 488,496 | 1.05 | |||||
| Total votes | 46,707,314 | 100.00 | 46,707,314 | 100.00 | |||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 61,172,771 | 76.35 | 61,172,771 | 76.35 | |||||
| Source:Bundeswahlleiter | |||||||||
| Party list vote share by state[191] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | SPD | Union | Grüne | FDP | AfD | Linke | Others |
 Baden-Württemberg | 21.6 | 24.8 | 17.2 | 15.3 | 9.6 | 3.3 | 8.2 |
 Bavaria | 18.0 | 31.7 | 14.1 | 10.5 | 9.0 | 2.8 | 13.9 |
 Berlin | 22.2 | 17.2 | 22.0 | 8.1 | 9.4 | 11.5 | 9.4 |
 Brandenburg | 29.5 | 15.3 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 18.1 | 8.5 | 10.3 |
 Bremen | 31.5 | 17.2 | 20.9 | 9.3 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 6.4 |
 Hamburg | 29.7 | 15.4 | 24.9 | 11.4 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 6.9 |
 Hesse | 27.6 | 22.8 | 15.8 | 12.8 | 8.8 | 4.3 | 7.9 |
 Lower Saxony | 33.1 | 24.2 | 16.1 | 10.5 | 7.4 | 3.3 | 5.4 |
 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 29.1 | 17.4 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 18.0 | 11.1 | 8.4 |
 North Rhine-Westphalia | 29.1 | 26.0 | 16.1 | 11.4 | 7.3 | 3.7 | 6.5 |
 Rhineland-Palatinate | 29.4 | 24.7 | 12.6 | 11.7 | 9.2 | 3.3 | 9.2 |
 Saarland | 37.3 | 23.6 | – | 11.5 | 10.0 | 7.2 | 10.5 |
 Saxony | 19.3 | 17.2 | 8.6 | 11.0 | 24.6 | 9.3 | 9.9 |
 Saxony-Anhalt | 25.4 | 21.0 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 19.6 | 9.6 | 8.4 |
 Schleswig-Holstein | 28.0 | 22.0 | 18.3 | 12.5 | 6.8 | 3.6 | 8.7 |
 Thuringia | 23.4 | 16.9 | 6.6 | 9.0 | 24.0 | 11.4 | 8.7 |
| State | Total seats | Seats won | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPD | CDU | CSU | Grüne | AfD | Linke | ||
| Baden-Württemberg | 38 | 1 | 33 | 4 | |||
| Bavaria | 46 | 45 | 1 | ||||
| Berlin | 12 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | ||
| Brandenburg | 10 | 10 | |||||
| Bremen | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Hamburg | 6 | 4 | 2 | ||||
| Hesse | 22 | 14 | 7 | 1 | |||
| Lower Saxony | 30 | 22 | 8 | ||||
| Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 6 | 6 | |||||
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 64 | 30 | 30 | 4 | |||
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 15 | 8 | 7 | ||||
| Saarland | 4 | 4 | |||||
| Saxony | 16 | 1 | 4 | 10 | 1 | ||
| Saxony-Anhalt | 9 | 4 | 3 | 2 | |||
| Schleswig-Holstein | 11 | 8 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Thuringia | 8 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |||
| Total | 299 | 121 | 98 | 45 | 16 | 16 | 3 |
| State | Total seats | Seats won | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grüne | FDP | SPD | AfD | CDU | Linke | SSW | ||
| Baden-Württemberg | 64 | 14 | 16 | 21 | 10 | 3 | ||
| Bavaria | 71 | 18 | 14 | 23 | 12 | 4 | ||
| Berlin | 17 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| Brandenburg | 15 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 2 | ||
| Bremen | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Hamburg | 10 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
| Hesse | 28 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 3 | |
| Lower Saxony | 43 | 13 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 3 | |
| Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 10 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | ||
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 91 | 24 | 19 | 19 | 12 | 12 | 6 | |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 21 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |
| Saarland | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Saxony | 22 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 3 | ||
| Saxony-Anhalt | 9 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 17 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | |
| Thuringia | 11 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Total | 437 | 102 | 91 | 85 | 67 | 54 | 36 | 1 |
Incumbents are denoted in bold and followed by(I).
| Constituency | State | Winner | Runner-up | Vote difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dresden II – Bautzen II | Saxony | Lars Rohwer, CDU | Andreas Harlaß [de], AfD | 35 | ||
| Südpfalz | Rhineland-Palatinate | Thomas Hitschler, SPD | Thomas Gebhart (I), CDU | 41 | ||
| Steinburg – Dithmarschen Süd | Schleswig-Holstein | Mark Helfrich (I), CDU | Karin Thissen, SPD | 52 | ||
| Emmendingen – Lahr | Baden-Württemberg | Peter Weiß, CDU | Johannes Fechner, SPD | 90 | ||
| Munich West/Centre | Bavaria | Stephan Pilsinger (I), CSU | Dieter Janecek, Grüne | 137 | ||
| Mansfeld | Saxony-Anhalt | Robert Farle, AfD | Torsten Schweiger (I), CDU | 198 | ||
| Bonn | North Rhine-Westphalia | Katrin Uhlig, Grüne | Jessica Rosenthal, SPD | 216 | ||
| Leipzig-Land | Saxony | Edgar Naujok, AfD | Georg-Ludwig von Breitenbuch, CDU | 282 | ||
| Burgenland – Saalekreis | Saxony-Anhalt | Dieter Stier (I), CDU | Martin Reichardt, AfD | 321 | ||
| Hamburg-Eimsbüttel | Hamburg | Till Steffen, Grüne | Niels Annen (I), SPD | 359 | ||
InBerlin, vote casting and counting was not simple as the federal election was on the same day as theBerlin Marathon, the2021 Berlin state election and a local referendum. The Federal Returning Officer felt compelled to request a report from the State Returning Officer Petra Michaelis.[192]
In some polling stations ballot papers were missing or ran out and could not be delivered on the same day due to theBerlin marathon. Ballot papers (of which there were 115 different variants in Berlin) and postal voting documents were also swapped. Many votes were cast long after the official end of voting at 6 p.m, the last after 8 p.m. when the outcome was already being forecast.[193] At least one polling station was closed due to missing documents.[194]
In at least 16 Berlin polling stations, basic election data did not match (including impossible voter turnouts of over 100%).[195]
On 29 September 2021, Michaelis announced her resignation and that of her deputy.[196]
In 2022, the2021 Berlin state election was declared invalid, to be replaced by the February2023 Berlin repeat state election. Decision making on the federal level took even longer. In late 2023, a repeat of the federal election was ordered in 455 of 2,256 Berlin precincts.[197] The result of the repeat election on 11 February 2024 replaced the original result in those precincts, resulting in the overall result of the election being recalculated. As a result of the repeat election, the FDP lost a seat in Berlin, resulting in the size of the Bundestag being reduced from 736 to 735 members.[198] The SPD, Greens, and The Left each lost a seat in Berlin, while gaining one in Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Hesse respectively,[198] thus keeping the total number of seats won by those parties unchanged.
| Sociology of the electorate | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | SPD | Union | Grüne | FDP | AfD | Linke | Free Voters | Others | |||||
| Total vote | 25.7% | 24.1% | 14.8% | 11.5% | 10.3% | 4.9% | 2.4% | 6.3% | |||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||
| Men | 25% | 24% | 14% | 13% | 12% | 5% | 2% | 5% | |||||
| Women | 27% | 24% | 16% | 10% | 8% | 5% | 2% | 8% | |||||
| Age | |||||||||||||
| 18–24 years old | 15% | 10% | 23% | 21% | 7% | 8% | 3% | 13% | |||||
| 25–34 years old | 17% | 14% | 21% | 15% | 12% | 7% | 3% | 13% | |||||
| 35–44 years old | 20% | 19% | 18% | 12% | 15% | 5% | 3% | 8% | |||||
| 45–59 years old | 26% | 23% | 16% | 12% | 12% | 4% | 3% | 4% | |||||
| 60–69 years old | 32% | 28% | 12% | 9% | 10% | 4% | 2% | 3% | |||||
| 70 or older | 35% | 38% | 7% | 8% | 5% | 4% | 1% | 2% | |||||
| Socio-occupational classification | |||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 23% | 14% | 17% | 8% | 17% | 11% | 3% | 7% | |||||
| Blue-collar worker | 26% | 20% | 8% | 9% | 21% | 5% | 3% | 8% | |||||
| White-collar worker | 24% | 20% | 17% | 13% | 11% | 5% | 3% | 7% | |||||
| Self-employed | 16% | 26% | 16% | 19% | 9% | 5% | 3% | 6% | |||||
| Retired | 35% | 34% | 10% | 7% | 7% | 4% | 2% | 3% | |||||
| Source:Infratest dimap[199] | |||||||||||||
The SPD had their best result since2005 at 25%; it was also the first time since2002 that they emerged as the largest party in theBundestag. For the first time since 2002, the SPD swept all single-member constituency seats in the states ofBrandenburg andSaarland, where they defeatedcabinet ministersPeter Altmaier andAnnegret Kramp-Karrenbauer.[200] They also won all constituencies inMecklenburg-Vorpommern for the first time, includingVorpommern-Rügen – Vorpommern-Greifswald I, the seat of outgoing chancellorAngela Merkel.[201] It was also the first time they won any single-member constituency seats inSaxony-Anhalt andThuringia since 2005.[202][203][204]
The SPD had been written off by many political observers due to longtime internal quarrels[205][206] and poor performances in prior elections, even those in early 2021. In the2019 European Parliament election, they dropped to a historic low 15.8%, accelerating the decline of already deeply embattled and unpopular leaderAndrea Nahles.[207] When the unpopular and little-known SPD leaders[208]Norbert Walter-Borjans andSaskia Esken nominated moderateOlaf Scholz, whom they had unexpectedly defeated in the2019 leadership election, as Chancellor candidate in August 2020,[209] they were widely mocked.[210] The SPD sat at a distant third place in the polls and stayed there until their sudden surge late in the campaign.
However, even at their historic poll lows around 14%,Olaf Scholz had a significantly higher personal approval rating than both his party and the other Chancellor candidates Laschet and Baerbock.[211] After the extreme personal unpopularity, resulting from gaffes and scandal, meant that first Baerbock and then Laschet floundered, the SPD took the lead, for the first time since early 2017, in the final stretches of the election campaign. This surge also meant that some"paper candidates", a lot of them young, were unexpectedly elected to the Bundestag, for exampleJan Plobner,Jakob Blankenburg orFabian Funke.[citation needed]
That being said, the surge and eventual outcome of the election was mainly decided by older voters, who switched from the CDU/CSU to the SPD,[212] which some attributed to Scholz being very similar in his calm and moderate leadership style to incumbentAngela Merkel.[213]
The CDU/CSU had their worst result ever by far, eclipsing the previous worst of 31% in1949. Many prominent politicians were defeated in their single-member constituency seats, including ministers Altmaier,Helge Braun, Kramp-Karrenbauer, andJulia Klöckner as well asHans-Georg Maaßen andPhilipp Amthor, though all of them except Maaßen were still elected to the Bundestag via their respective state party lists.[214][k] There was speculation that chancellor candidateArmin Laschet would lose election to the Bundestag;[215] he was placed first on theNorth Rhine-Westphalia party list, and if the CDU gainedoverhang seats, that list would not be used. Due to the CDU's bad performance in terms of single-member constituency seats, Laschet was elected to the Bundestag.[216] The first time since 2005 that they did not win all single-member constituency seats inBavaria, the CSU also had their worst result in history.[217]
Reasons given for the catastrophic defeat were corruption scandals of several CDU/CSU politicians in spring 2021,[218] some minor allegations even being brought against Laschet himself.[219] In addition, Laschet was suffering from extreme personal unpopularity,[220] even in his own state.[221] Laschet did not have the incumbency advantage that helped moderately popular Merkel to win re-election three times, but still had to run on Merkel's legacy in voters minds. This meant that the otherwise popular CDU/CSU platform of increasing digitization, reducing bureaucracy and moderate climate action were not taken seriously as his party had not addressed them in sixteen years of government in the minds of many voters.[222] In one infamous campaign moment, Laschet spoke of a"Wind of Change" in his closing statement in the first three way debate,[223] which was widely ridiculed.[224] The contentious decision by the CDU establishment to have him run as CDU/CSU candidate instead of the much more popular CSU leaderMarkus Söder also played into this.[225] During the belligerent internal selection process in spring, polls showed Söder faring a lot better than Laschet in the election, often higher than the2017 result, and Söder was the preferred candidate of the base and the public at large.[226] Even fairly late into the election campaign, 70% of CDU/CSU supporters wanted to replace Laschet with Söder.[227] Söder publicly supported and defended Laschet, even on election night,[228] but was accused of backstabbing Laschet's candidacy[229] in order to become chancellor candidatein 2025.
Laschet took responsibility for the result, but initially refused to resign in hopes of becoming Chancellor through aJamaica coalition. The ensuing talks were plagued by leaks damaging Laschet[230] and after Söder prematurely declared the talks to be over,[231] both Greens and FDP decided to enter coalition talks with the SPD instead.[232] After intense pressure from his party and the public, Laschet announced on 8 October 2021 that he would step down but would moderate the nextCDU leadership election.[233] That leadership contest was the first to be decided by party members, who overwhelmingly chose conservative outsiderFriedrich Merz in December 2021, after he failed in the previous two leadership elections, toAnnegret Kramp-Karrenbauerin 2018 and Laschetin January 2021. This was seen as a rebuff to the party establishment, who had backed Kramp-Karrenbauer and Laschet, both seen as being more moderate, aligned in both policy positions and leadership style toAngela Merkel.
The Greens got their best result in history, nearly doubling from2017. This was also the first federal election in which they won single-member constituency seats outside ofBerlin-Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg – Prenzlauer Berg East; however, expectations for them were a lot higher, with them polling at over 20% in the summer and peaking at around 25%, having briefly overtaken the CDU in April and May.[234][235] Their slump in the polls was largely attributed to a number of gaffes from and the personal unpopularity ofAnnalena Baerbock,[236] though polls show that a lot of Green voters migrated to the SPD in the final weeks of the campaign to ensure the CDU would not form government.[237]
Though she won in the party-list, Baerbock lost inPotsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II to SPD'sOlaf Scholz by a large margin.[238] In addition, though the Greens won 16 single-member constituency seats, all of them exceptFlensburg – Schleswig, the constituency of futureVice ChancellorRobert Habeck, were entirely urban constituencies.
The Greens were also disqualified from running on the Saarland state list due to irregularities in the selection of list candidates.[239] The Greens had, however, won only one seat in the Saarland in the previous two federal elections.
The FDP had their second best showing sinceGerman reunification, gaining a few seats to maintain its fourth-place position.[240] This was enough to make it a kingmaker alongside the Greens in coalition talks.[241]
Like the Greens, they did well with young voters; among first-time voters, they received the highest vote share of 23%.[242] In addition, while they only marginally improved their result in theWest German states, their more significant increase in support informer East Germany amounted to their best performance there in the party's history.
The AfD lost seats and went from the third largest party andLeader of the Opposition to the fifth largest party in the Bundestag; however, they performed strongly in formerEast Germany, where they won 16 single-member constituency seats inSaxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia.[243][244] While the AfD lost vote share in Saxony, the stronger losses of the CDU still allowed them to place ahead of the CDU, becoming the most voted party in Saxony. They also won the most party list votes in Thuringia, though only by 0.6%.
Reasons given for their drop in support include far less media attention, largely due to the open Chancellor's race, and large swaths ofanti-lockdown andanti-vaccination voters, which the AfD campaigned hard on, voting for new parties likedieBasis andFree Voters. Leader of the AfDfaction in the Bundestag Dr.Alice Weidel was widely ridiculed for claiming on election night that they surpassed their2017 result if one added the results for dieBasis and Free Voters.[245][246]
The Left had their worst showing since 2002, when it was theParty of Democratic Socialism, slumping from 69 seats in 2017 to just 39, or 4.9%. While they fell just short of the 5%election threshold they won three dozen extras seats as they had won three single-member constituency seats (two in their stronghold in the formerEast Berlin, down from four, and one in Saxony), entitling them to proportional representation in the Bundestag according to their second votes.[247] Under a longstanding electoral law intended to benefit parties with regional appeal (as is the case with the Left in the old East Germany), any party that wins at least three constituency seats is entitled to its share of proportionally-elected seats, regardless of vote share.[248]
Apart from this symbolic defeat, their preferred government, a left-wingred–red–green coalition,[249] did not have a majority in the new Bundestag,[250] and the German financial market rallied as a result.[251][252] Vice President of the BundestagPetra Pau lost her single-member constituency ofBerlin-Marzahn-Hellersdorf by a large margin.[253] The seat had been held by The Left and its predecessor parties since the1990 federal election.
Reasons given for the massive slump were public quarrels in the party.[254][255] This included feuds surrounding the position onAfghanistan,[256] the former leaderOskar Lafontaine, who advised voting against his party in theSaarland due to alleged fraud,[257] and popular figureSahra Wagenknecht, who some in the party wanted to expel for her book "Die Selbstgerechten" in which she harshly criticizes, among other things,"Wokeness" within her party.[258] These public feuds intensified after the election,[259] for example, the convicted formerhead of government ofEast GermanyHans Modrow, who chairs The Left's "council of elders", denounced the party.[260]
From February 2022 onwards, theRussian invasion of Ukraine put a strain on The Left. Also, due to the irregularities during the 2021 elections in Berlin, affecting state level and federal level results, both elections were under ongoing scrutiny. According to court decision in 2022, the state election was repeated as a whole by the February2023 Berlin state election, with losses for The Left. A possible upcoming 2024 repeat of the federal election in parts of Berlin was a threat to the faction status of The Left in the Bundestag, and to 38 of 39 members, with only thedirect seat gained in Saxony being not affected. With theBündnis Sahra Wagenknecht establishing itself in October 2023 with 10 parliament members, the faction of The Left was dissolved in late 2023, losing funding and privileges by getting demoted to a group, or two in that case.
The 2021 election was a watershed moment for candidates with amigration background.[261][262] In terms of representation of ethnic minorities, one source suggested that the Bundestag would have 24 newMPs with "Balkan" ancestry. Its list included, however, largely people ofTurkish ancestry who mostly have roots inAnatolia.[263] TheSouth Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW), a regionalist party only contestingSchleswig-Holstein representing theDanish and Frisian minorities in Southern Schleswig, won their first seat, becoming the first regionalist party to win seats since1953.[264] Recognized minority parties are exempt from the threshold of 5%, which is how the SSW won a seat with 0.1% of the vote nationwide.[l] The SSW last contested in1961 and last won a seat in1949.[265] They named a felt discrimination ofNorthern Germany as reason for them contesting the election.[266]Stefan Seidler was seated as theirMember of the German Bundestag.[267] Seidler was offered to sit in the SPD parliamentary group as a guest by their leaderRolf Mützenich, but declined.[268]
Minor parties did exceptionally well in the 2021 election. The left-wingsatire partyDie PARTEI had their best result ever, as did theAnimal Protection Party and theregionalistFree Voters, which doubled their result and received 7.5% inBavaria, where they take part in thestate government. A few new minor parties emerged in the 2021 election, the most notable being theAnti-lockdown andAnti-vaccinationdieBasis party, which received between 1 and 1.9%.Team Todenhöfer, founded in 2020 by notorious former CDUMember of the German BundestagJürgen Todenhöfer, also first contested the 2021 election, running onAnti-militarism and receiving support from pro-Palestinian groups, but only garnered 0.5% of the vote. The 2021 election also accelerated the decline of thefar-rightNational Democratic Party, which only got 0.1% of the vote. The NPD was at a time the most successful minor/fringe party, getting 1.6%in 2005 and entering various state parliaments in formerEast Germany.
A three-partygoverning coalition, with the FDP and the Greens joining either the SPD or CDU/CSU, was discussed as a likely outcome.[269][270] While the grand coalition of the CDU/CSU and SPD could have been renewed, numerous representatives of both the CDU/CSU and the SPD ruled out this option before the federal election,[271] during the campaign,[272][273] and after.[274][275] On election night, SPD leader Scholz reiterated his goal to form a government, citing the fact that his party emerged as the largest in parliament.[276] He expressed his intention to become chancellor and his preference for atraffic light coalition with the FDP and the Greens.[277] Leading figures in the CDU/CSU such asMichael Kretschmer stated that since the CDU/CSU was knocked down to second place, it should not form the government.[278] The FDP and the Greens, having won 210 seats between them, announced that they would talk separately before deciding on whom to support as a senior coalition partner.[279] The Greens and the FDP held discussions for two days after the election.[280] On 7 October, the two parties met with the SPD for the first round of exploratory talks,[281] with a second round on 11 October.[282] On 15 October, the SPD agreed to more ambitious climate targets, as pledged by the Greens.[283] On 17 October, the Greens voted to enter formal coalition talks with the SPD and FDP.[284] The next day, the FDP voted to do the same.[285] The 20th Bundestag was officially sworn in on 26 October.[286]
On 16 November, thegeneral secretaries of the three traffic light coalition parties (SPD, FDP, Greens) announced that an agreement document was almost complete, with Scholz to become Chancellor, and that the details would be issued some time in the next week.[287] On 23 November, an agreement for a traffic light coalition was finalised.[288] The three parties announced a number of policies, including plans to phase out coal energy by 2030, eight years ahead of the previous target, as well as lower the federalvoting age to 16 years, raise theminimum wage to €12 per hour, and lower barriers to acquiring German citizenship. Annalena Baerbock will become foreign minister, while Robert Habeck will head a new "super ministry" with responsibility for climate, energy, and economy. Christian Lindner will become finance minister.[289][290] The SPD convention voted 98.8% in favour of approving the agreement on 4 December,[291] followed by the FDP with 92.4% on 5 December.[292] The results of the Greens membership ballot were announced on 6 December, with 86% voting to approve the coalition.[293] Scholz was elected as Chancellor by the Bundestag on 8 December,[294][m] with 395 votes of 707 cast, with 303 votes against.[298]
Annalena Baerbock und Robert Habeck: Erfolgreiche Doppelspitze und Spitzenduo zur Bundestagswahl[Annalena Baerbock and Robert Habeck: Successful dual leadership and top duo for the federal election]
Only Otto von Bismarck and Helmut Kohl served longer as Germany's chancellor than Angela Merkel has.
Much has been written about how Angela Merkel is about to become the joint longest-serving German leader since Bismarck, but even that underplays her achievement.
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