 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
630 seats in theChamber (C) · 315 seats in theSenate (S) 316 seats needed for a majority in theChamber 160 seats needed for a majority in theSenate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 46,505,499(C) · 45,210,950 (S) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 33,923,321 (C) · 72.94% ( 2.26pp)31,231,814 (S) · 73.01% ( 2.10pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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  Election results maps by constituencies for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The2018 Italian general election was held on 4 March 2018 after theItalian Parliament wasdissolved by PresidentSergio Mattarella on 28 December 2017.[1] Voters were electing the 630 members of theChamber of Deputies and the 315 elective members of theSenate of the Republic for the 18th legislature of theItalian Republic since 1948. The election took place concurrently with theLombard andLazio regional elections.[2] No party or coalition gained anabsolute majority in the parliament, even though thecentre-right coalition won a plurality of seats as a coalition, and theFive Star Movement (M5S) won a plurality of seats as an individual party.[3]
The centre-right coalition, whose main party was the right-wingLeague led byMatteo Salvini, emerged with aplurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment M5S led byLuigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. Thecentre-left coalition, led by former Prime MinisterMatteo Renzi of the governingDemocratic Party (PD), came third;[4][5] however, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in ahung parliament.[3]
The2018 Italian government formation lasted three months and thefirst Conte government was formed on 1 June between the M5S and the League, whose leaders both becamedeputy prime ministers in a populistcoalition government led by the M5S-linked independentGiuseppe Conte asPrime Minister of Italy.[6] The2019 Italian government crisis started when the League withdrew its support of the government and the coalition ended with Conte's resignation on 20 August.[7] A new M5S-led coalition was formed with the centre-left PD and theFree and Equal left-wingparliamentary group, with Conte at its head, on 5 September 2019.[8][9] Amid the2021 Italian government crisis, thesecond Conte government was replaced by anational unity government headed byMario Draghi.[10]
In the2013 Italian general election held in March, none of the three main alliances (thecentre-right coalition led bySilvio Berlusconi, thecentre-left coalition led byPier Luigi Bersani, and theanti-establishment, populistFive Star Movement (M5S) led byBeppe Grillo) won an outright majority in theItalian Parliament. After a failed attempt to form a government by Bersani, then-secretary of theDemocratic Party (PD), andGiorgio Napolitano's reluctantly-accepted second term asPresident of Italy in the2013 Italian presidential election held in April,Enrico Letta, Bersani's deputy, received the task of forming agrand coalition government. TheLetta Cabinet consisted of the PD, Berlusconi'sPeople of Freedom (PdL),Civic Choice (SC), theUnion of the Centre (UDC), and theItalian Radicals (RI).[11]
On 16 November 2013, Berlusconi re-launchedForza Italia (FI), named like the previousForza Italia party (1994–2009).[12] Additionally, Berlusconi announced that FI would be opposed to Letta's government, causing the split from the PdL/FI of a large group of deputies and senators led by Minister of InteriorAngelino Alfano, who launched the alternativeNew Centre-Right (NCD) party and remained loyal to the government,[13] which also came to include thePopulars for Italy (PpI).[14][15][16]
Following the election ofMatteo Renzi as secretary of the PD in December 2013, there were persistent tensions culminating in Letta's resignation as Prime Minister in February 2014.[17] TheRenzi Cabinet was based on the same coalition, including the NCD, but in a new fashion.[18] The new Prime Minister had a strong mandate from the PD, which was reinforced in May by the party's strong showing in the2014 European Parliament election in Italy;[19] the2015 Italian presidential election resulted in the election ofSergio Mattarella, a former PD member, as the president of Italy in January.[20] While in power, Renzi implemented several reforms, including theItalian electoral law of 2015 (Italicum) that would be declared partially unconstitutional by theConstitutional Court of Italy in January 2017 and replaced by theItalian electoral law of 2017 (Rosatellum),[21][22] and a relaxation of labour and employment laws known as theJobs Act with the intention of boosting economic growth that would also found by the same court to be partially unconstitutional in September 2018,[23][24][25] which was upheld in July 2020,[26][27] plus a thorough reform of thepublic administration, the simplification of thecivil trial, therecognition of same-sex unions (not marriages), and the abolition of several minor taxes.[28][29][30]
As a result of theLibyan Civil War, a major problem faced by Renzi was the high level of illegalimmigration to Italy. During his tenure, there was an increase in the number of immigrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports, prompting criticism from the M5S, FI, and theNorthern League,[31][32] and causing a loss of popularity for Renzi.[33] Into 2016,opinion polls registered the PD's strength, the growth of the M5S, the Northern League, andBrothers of Italy (FdI), FI's decline, SC's disappearance, and the replacement ofLeft Ecology Freedom (SEL) withItalian Left (SI).[34]
In the2016 Italian constitutional referendum, aconstitutional reform proposed by Renzi's government and duly approved by Parliament was rejected 59% to 41%.[35][36] Under the reform, the Senate would have been composed of 100 members, of which 95 are regional representatives and five are presidential appointees.[37][38][39] Following defeat in December 2016, Renzi stepped down as Prime Minister and was replaced by Minister of Foreign AffairsPaolo Gentiloni,[40] another PD member and deputy.[41]
In early 2017, in opposition to Renzi's policies, some left-wing PD members led by Bersani,Massimo D'Alema, andRoberto Speranza launched, along with SI splinters, theDemocratic and Progressive Movement (MDP).[42][43] Contextually, the NCD was transformed intoPopular Alternative (AP).[44] In April, Renzi was re-elected secretary of the PD and became the party's candidate for Prime Minister,[45] defeating Minister of JusticeAndrea Orlando and the governor of ApuliaMichele Emiliano.[46][47]
In May 2017,Matteo Salvini was re-elected federal secretary of the Northern League and launched his own bid.[48][49] Under Salvini, the party had emphasisedEuroscepticism,opposition to immigration, and otherright-wing populist policies.[50] His aim had been to re-launch it as anationalist party, withering any notion of northern separatism. This focus became particularly evident in December 2017, when the party presented its new electoral logo droppingNord ("Northern").[51] That same month, theLeague for Salvini Premier was founded as a sister party to promote Salvini's candidature as Prime Minister. Political commentators have since described it as a parallel party of the League, with the aim of politically replacing the latter, which had been burdened by a statutory debt of €49 million.[52][53][54]
In September 2017,Luigi Di Maio was selected as candidate for Prime Minister and political head of the M5S, replacing Grillo;[55][56] in the following months, Grillo was accused by critics of continuing to play his role asde facto leader of the party, while an increasingly important, albeit unofficial, role was assumed byDavide Casaleggio, son ofGianroberto, a web strategist who founded the M5S along with Grillo in 2009 and died in 2016.[57][58][59] In January 2018, Grillo separated his ownblog from the movement; his blog was used in the previous years as anonline newspaper of the M5S and the main propaganda tool.[60] This event was seen by many as the proof that Grillo was slowly leaving politics.[61]
The autumn registered some major developments to the left of the political spectrum. In November, the RI,Forza Europa, and individualliberals launched a joint list namedMore Europe (+E), led by the long-time RI leaderEmma Bonino.[62] In December, the MDP, SI, andPossible launched a joint list namedFree and Equal (LeU) under the leadership ofPietro Grasso, thepresident of theSenate and former anti-mafia prosecutor.[63] That same month, theItalian Socialist Party, theFederation of the Greens,Civic Area, andProgressive Area formed a list namedTogether in support of the PD,[64] and theCommunist Refoundation Party, theItalian Communist Party,social centres, minor parties, local committees, associations, and groups launched afar-left joint list namedPower to the People (PaP) under the leadership ofViola Carofalo.[65][66]
In late December 2017, the centrist post-NCDPopular Alternative (AP), which had been a key coalition partner for the PD, divided itself among those who wanted to return into the centre-right's fold and those who supported Renzi's coalition. Two groups of AP splinters (one led byMaurizio Lupi and the other byEnrico Costa) formed, along withDirection Italy,Civic Choice,Act!,Cantiere Popolare, and theMovement for Autonomies, a joint list within the centre-right namedUs with Italy (NcI).[67] The list was later enlarged to theUnion of the Centre and other minor parties.[68] The remaining members of the AP,Italy of Values,Centrists for Europe,Solidary Democracy, and minor groups joined forces in the pro-PDPopular Civic List (CP) led by Minister of HealthBeatrice Lorenzin.[69]
On 28 December 2017, President Mattarella dissolved theparliament and a newgeneral election was called for 4 March 2018.[70]
On 21 February 2018,Marco Minniti, theItalian Minister of the Interior, warned: "There is a concrete risk of the mafias conditioning electors' free vote."[71] TheSicilian Mafia have been active in Italian election meddling; theCamorra and'Ndrangheta organisations have also taken an interest.[72]
In late February 2018, Berlusconi indicatedAntonio Tajani, the president of theEuropean Parliament, as his candidate for the premiership if the centre-right coalition won the general election,[73] and if FI achieved a plurality of the votes inside the coalition, condition that did not occur, resulting in a victory of the League, the party led by Salvini.[74]
The first phase of the electoral campaign was marked by the statement of President Mattarella to parties for the presentation of "realistic and concrete" proposals during the traditional end of the year's message, in which he also expressed the wish for a high participation in the ballot.[75]
The electoral programme of the PD included, among the main points, the introduction of a minimum hourly wage of €10, a measure that would affect 15% of workers, that is those workers who do not adhere to the national collective agreements, plus a cut of the contributory wedge for permanent contracts, a relocation allowance and an increase in subsidies for theunemployed, a monthly allowance of €80 for parents for each minor child, fiscal detraction of €240 for parents with children, and the progressive reduction of the rates of IRPEF and IRES, respectively theincome tax and thecorporate tax.[76][77][78] Regardingimmigration, which had been a major problem in Italy for the previous years, the PD advocated a reduction in migrant flows through bilateral agreements with the countries of origin and pretended to a halt toEuropean Union funding for countries likeHungary andPoland that have refused to take in any of the 600,000 migrants who have reached Italy through the Mediterranean over the past four years.[79] Among the PD's allies, the CP proposed freenursery schools, atax exemption forcorporate welfare, and other measures regarding public health, including the contrast to the long waiting list inhospitals, the abolition of the so-called "supertickets", and an extension of home care for the elderly.[80] +E advocated the re-launch of the process ofEuropean integration andfederalisation of the European Union towards the formation of theUnited States of Europe.[81] This was also supported by the PD, with the PD's leader Renzi saying the United States of Europe is the future.[82] In opposition to the PD's policies implemented by Minister of InteriorMarco Minniti, +E advocated thesocial integration of migrants.[83]
The main proposal of the centre-right coalition was atax reform based on the introduction of aflat tax; for Berlusconi, it was initially based on the lowest current rate (23%) with the threshold raised to €12,000, then proceeding to a gradual reduction of the rate, while according to Salvini the tax rate should be only 15%. The economic newspaperIl Sole 24 Ore estimated the cost of this measure at around €25 billion per year calculated with a 20% rate, or €40 billion with 15%.[84] Berlusconi also proposed the cancellation of IRAP, a tax on productivity, plus increase of minimum pensions to €1,000, the introduction of a "dignity income" to fightpoverty, the end of contribution on youth recruitment, changes to theFornero Law, which regulatedpensions, and the launch of aMarshall Plan forAfrica to reduce illegal immigration to Italy.[85] Within FI, there were some representatives of theAnimalist Movement led byMichela Vittoria Brambilla, whose main focus was the banning offur clothing and stricter controls incircuses, free veterinary care, and the establishment of anombudsman foranimal rights.[86] The League proposed the complete replacement of the Fornero Law and the possibility of retirement with 41 years of contributions, the "scrapping" of tax records for taxpayers in difficulty, an operation that should yield up to €35 billion to the state, and the disbandment of Equitalia, the company that deals with the collection of taxes, plus the abolition of the limit on the use ofcash and the regularization ofprostitution;[87] moreover, Salvini's main aim was a drastic reduction ofillegal immigration by reintroducing border controls, blocking arrivals, and repatriating all migrants who have no right to stay in Italy.[88] The FdI proposed free nurseries, a check for €400 per month for newborns up to the six years old to increasepopulation growth, parental leave paid to 80% up to the sixth year of birth, increase in salaries and equipment tolaw enforcement, the increased use of theItalian Army as a measure to fight crime, and a new law onself-defense.[89]
The M5S presented a programme whose main points are the introduction of abasic income, known as "income of citizenship", to fight poverty, a measure that would cost between €15 and €20 billion annually, plus the cut of the public debt by 40 points in relation toGDP in ten years, the adoption of measures to revitalise youth employment, a cut in pensions of over €5,000 net not entirely based on the contribution method, the reduction of IRPEF rates and the extension of the income tax threshold, the increase in spending on family welfare measures from 1.5 to 2.5% of GDP, and a constitutional law that obligesmembers of parliament to resign if they intend to change party.[90] Di Maio also proposed a legislative simplification, starting with the elimination of almost 400 laws with a single legislative provision.[91]
LeU focused on the so-called right to study, proposing in particular the abolition oftuition fees for students who take the exams regularly, with the estimated cost for the state budget of €1.6 billion. LeU also proposed the reintroducing theWorkers' Statute, which offered protections that were eliminated by the Renzi government'sJobs Act, plus fighting tax evasion, corruption, and organised crime.[92]
On 3 February 2018, adrive-by shooting event occurred in the city ofMacerata,Marche, inCentral Italy, where six African migrants were seriously wounded.[93] Luca Traini, a 28-year-old local man, was arrested and charged with attempted murder, and was also charged for the attack against the local headquarters of the ruling PD party.[94] After the attack, Traini reportedly had anItalian flag draped on his shoulders and raised his arm in thefascist salute.[95] Traini stated that the attack was "revenge" for Pamela Mastropietro, an 18-year-old Roman woman whose dismembered body had been found few days earlier, stuffed into two suitcases and dumped in the countryside; for this, three Nigeriandrug dealers were arrested, the main suspect being Innocent Oseghale, a 29-year-old failed asylum seeker.[96][97][98] Missing body parts had sparked allegations of the murder having been amuti killing also involvingcannibalism.[99][100][101]
The case sparked anger andanti-immigrant sentiment in Macerata. Traini's lawyer reported "alarming solidarity" for Traini expressed by the populace,[102] while Mastropietro's mother publicly thanked Traini for "lighting a candle" for her daughter.[103] A secondautopsy of the girl's remains, published after the attack against the African migrants, revealed that Mastropietro had beenstrangled,stabbed, and thenflayed while still alive.[104][105] The murder of Mastropietro and the attack by Traini, and their appraisal by Italian media and the public were "set to become a decisive factor" in the national elections.[106]
Traini was a member and former local candidate of the League, and many political commentators, intellectuals, and politicians criticized Salvini in connection with the attack, accusing him of having "spread hate and racism" in the country.Roberto Saviano, the notable anti-mafia writer, labeled Salvini as the "moral instigator" of Traini's attack.[107] Salvini responded to critics by accusing the centre-left government of responsibility for Mastropietro's death through allowing migrants to stay in the country and having "blood on their hands", asserting that the blame lies with those who "fill [Italy] withillegal immigrants".[108]
Prime Minister Gentiloni stated that he "trusts in the sense of responsibility of all political forces. Criminals are criminals and the state will be particularly harsh with anyone that wants to fuel a spiral of violence." Gentiloni added that "hate and violence will not divide Italy".[109] Minister Minniti condemned the attack against the Africans, saying that any political party must "ride the hate".[110] Renzi, whose party was also accused about its position on immigration, stated that "calm and responsibility" from all political forces would now be necessary.[111] In the constituency of Macerata, thecentre-right coalition, led by the League, won a plurality of the votes in the ballot, electing candidate Tullio Patassini, and showed an increase from 0.4% of the vote in2013 to 21% in 2018, five years later.[112]
| Party | Original slogan | English translation | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | Avanti, insieme | "Forward, Together" | [113][114] | |
| Five Star Movement | Partecipa, Scegli, Cambia | "Participate, Choose, Change" | [115][116] | |
| Forza Italia | Onestà, Esperienza, Saggezza | "Honesty, Experience, Wisdom" | [117][118] | |
| League | Prima gli Italiani | "Italians First" | [119][120] | |
| Free and Equal | Per i molti, non per i pochi | "For the Many, Not the Few" | [121][122] | |
| Brothers of Italy | Il voto che unisce l'Italia | "The Vote that Unites Italy" | [123][124] | |
| More Europe | Più Europa, serve all'Italia | "More Europe, Italy Needs It" | [125][126] | |
| Together | Insieme è meglio | "Together Is Better" | [127][128] | |
| Popular Civic List | Il vaccino contro gli incompetenti | "The Vaccine Against the Incompetents" | [129][130] | |
| Power to the People | Potere al Popolo | "Power to the People" | [131][132] | |
| CasaPound | Vota più forte che puoi | "Vote As Strong As You Can" | [133][134] | |
Differently from many otherWestern world countries, electoral debates between parties' leaders are not so common before general elections in Italy;[135][136] the last debate between the two main candidates to premiership dated back to the2006 Italian general election betweenSilvio Berlusconi andRomano Prodi.[137] With few exceptions, almost every main political leader had denied his participation to an electoral debate with other candidates,[138] preferring interviews with TV hosts and journalists;[139][140][141] however, many debates took places between other leading members of the main parties.[142]
| 2018 Italian general election debates | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Organiser | Moderator | P Present NI Non-invitee A Absent invitee | ||||||||
| Centre-left | Centre-right | M5S | LeU | ||||||||
| 7 November | La7 (Di Martedì) | Giovanni Floris | P Renzi | NI | A Di Maio | NI | |||||
| 12 December | Rai 3 (#cartabianca) | Bianca Berlinguer | P Martina | P Brunetta | NI | NI | |||||
| 16 January | Rai 3 (#cartabianca) | Bianca Berlinguer | P Orlando | P De Girolamo | NI | NI | |||||
| 30 January | Rai 3 (#cartabianca) | Bianca Berlinguer | P Emiliano | P Fedriga | NI | NI | |||||
| 13 February | La7 (Otto e mezzo) | Lilli Gruber | NI | P Salvini | NI | P Boldrini | |||||
| 13 February | Rai 3 (#cartabianca) | Bianca Berlinguer | P Lorenzin | NI | P Giarrusso | NI | |||||
| 27 February | Rai 3 (#cartabianca) | Bianca Berlinguer | NI | P De Girolamo | NI | P Speranza | |||||
As a consequence of the2016 Italian constitutional referendum and of two different rulings of theConstitutional Court of Italy, the electoral laws for the two houses of theItalian Parliament lacked uniformity. In October 2017, the PD, AP, FI, the League, and minor parties agreed on a new electoral law,[143] which was approved by the Chamber of Deputies with 375 votes in favour and 215 against[144] and by the Senate with 214 votes against 61; the reform was opposed by the M5S, the MDP, SI, FdI and minor parties.[145]
The so-calledRosatellum bis,[146] named afterEttore Rosato (PD leader in the Chamber of Deputies), is amixed electoral system, with 37% of seats allocated using afirst-past-the-post (FPTP) voting and 63% using the proportionallargest remainder method, with one round of voting.[147][148] The 630 deputies were to be elected as follows:[149]
The 315 elective senators were to be elected as follows:[149]
A small, variable number ofsenators for life were to be members of the Senate.
For Italian residents, each house members were to be elected in single ballots, including the constituency candidate and his/her supporting party lists. In each single-member constituency, the deputy or senator is elected on a plurality basis, while the seats in multi-member constituencies are allocated nationally. In order to be calculated in single-member constituency results, parties need to obtain at least 1% of the national vote. In order to receive seats in multi-member constituencies, parties need to obtain at least 3% of the national vote. Elects from multi-member constituencies would come fromclosed lists.[150]
The voting paper, which is a single one for the first-past-the-post and the proportional systems, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and in close conjunction with them the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative candidates.[151] The voter was able to cast their vote in three different ways:[152]
Below are the main electoral lists that are running in the election.[153]
| Coalition | List | Main ideology | Leader | Contested constituencies | Seats in 2013 | Seats in 2018 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | S | C | S | Total | C | S | Total | ||||||
| Centre-left coalition | Democratic Party (PD)[a] | Social democracy | Matteo Renzi | 28 | 20 | 297 | 111 | 408 | 281 | 98 | 379 | ||
| Popular Civic List (CP)[b] | Christian democracy | Beatrice Lorenzin | 28 | 20 | N/a | N/a | N/a | 29 | 29 | 58 | |||
| Together (IEI)[c] | Progressivism | Giulio Santagata | 27 | 19 | N/a | N/a | N/a | 6 | 3 | 9 | |||
| More Europe (+E)[d] | Liberalism | Emma Bonino | 28 | 20 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 7 | |||
| Centre-right coalition | Forza Italia (FI)[e] | Liberal conservatism | Silvio Berlusconi | 27 | 19 | 98 | 98 | 196 | 56 | 48 | 104 | ||
| Us with Italy –UDC (NcI–UDC)[f] | Christian democracy | Raffaele Fitto | 28 | 20 | N/a | N/a | N/a | 31 | 20 | 51 | |||
| League (Lega)[g] | Right-wing populism | Matteo Salvini | 28 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 36 | 15 | 13 | 28 | |||
| Brothers of Italy (FdI) | National conservatism | Giorgia Meloni | 27 | 19 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 12 | 3 | 15 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | Populism | Luigi Di Maio | 29 | 21 | 109 | 54 | 163 | 88 | 35 | 123 | |||
| Free and Equal (LeU)[h] | Social democracy | Pietro Grasso | 28 | 20 | 37 | 7 | 44 | 46 | 19 | 65 | |||
| Italian Republican Party –ALA (PRI–ALA) | Liberalism | Denis Verdini | 13 | 11 | N/a | N/a | N/a | 0 | 13 | 13 | |||
| South Tyrolean People's Party –PATT (SVP–PATT) | Regionalism | Philipp Achammer | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 7 | |||
| List | Main ideology | Leader | Contested constituencies | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | S | ||||
| Power to the People (PaP)[a] | Communism | Viola Carofalo | 28 | 20 | |
| CasaPound (CPI) | Neo-fascism | Simone Di Stefano | 28 | 20 | |
| The People of the Family (PdF) | Christian right | Mario Adinolfi | 26 | 18 | |
| Italy for the Italians (IAI)[b] | Neo-fascism | Roberto Fiore | 21 | 14 | |
| Human Value Party (PVU) | Humanism | Pasquale Ruga | 18 | 12 | |
| Communist Party (PC) | Communism | Marco Rizzo | 16 | 13 | |
| For a Revolutionary Left (PSR)[c] | Trotskyism | Claudio Bellotti | 13 | 10 | |
| 10 Times Better (10VM) | Liberalism | Andrea Dusi | 14 | N/a | |
| People's List for the Constitution (LdP) | Left-wing populism | Antonio Ingroia | 9 | 7 | |
| National Bloc for Freedoms (BNL)[d] | Monarchism | Massimo Mallucci | 5 | N/a | |
| Great North (GN) | Regionalism | Marco Reguzzoni | 4 | 2 | |
| Autodeterminatzione[e] | Autonomism | Anthony Muroni | 1 | 1 | |
| Pact for Autonomy (PpA) | Autonomism | Massimo Moretuzzo | 1 | 1 | |
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| Region | Time | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 12:00 | 19:00 | 23:00 | |
| Abruzzo | 19.38% | 61.29% | 75.25% |
| Aosta Valley | 21.24% | 59.01% | 72.27% |
| Apulia | 17.97% | 53.68% | 68.94% |
| Basilicata | 16.27% | 53.12% | 71.11% |
| Calabria | 15.11% | 49.55% | 63.78% |
| Campania | 16.96% | 52.59% | 68.20% |
| Emilia-Romagna | 22.72% | 65.99% | 78.26% |
| Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 22.56% | 62.45% | 75.11% |
| Lazio | 18.88% | 55.47% | 72.58% |
| Liguria | 21.78% | 61.04% | 71.96% |
| Lombardy | 20.92% | 62.29% | 76.81% |
| Marche | 19.81% | 62.22% | 77.28% |
| Molise | 17.88% | 56.46% | 71.76% |
| Piedmont | 20.44% | 61.88% | 75.17% |
| Sardinia | 18.34% | 52.49% | 65.39% |
| Sicily | 14.27% | 47.06% | 62.72% |
| Tuscany | 21.17% | 63.87% | 77.34% |
| Trentino-Alto Adige | 20.85% | 60.57% | 74.34% |
| Umbria | 20.55% | 64.86% | 78.22% |
| Veneto | 22.24% | 64.61% | 78.72% |
| Total | 19.43% | 58.42% | 72.94% |
| Source:Ministry of the InteriorArchived 9 March 2018 at theWayback Machine | |||
Thecentre-right coalition emerged with a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishmentFive Star Movement became the party with the largest number of votes. Thecentre-left coalition came third. As no political group or party won an outright majority, the election resulted in ahung parliament.[3]
 | ||||||||||||||
| Coalition | Party | Proportional | First-past-the-post | Overseas | Total seats | +/− | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||||
| Centre-right coalition | League | 5,698,687 | 17.35 | 73 | 12,152,345 | 37.00 | 49 | 240,072 | 21.43 | 2 | 125 | +109 | ||
| Forza Italia | 4,596,956 | 14.00 | 59 | 46 | 1 | 104 | +1 | |||||||
| Brothers of Italy | 1,429,550 | 4.35 | 19 | 12 | 0 | 32 | +25 | |||||||
| Us with Italy–UDC | 427,152 | 1.30 | 0 | 4 | 11,845 | 1.09 | 0 | 4 | New | |||||
| Total seats | 151 | 111 | 3 | 265 | – | |||||||||
| Five Star Movement | 10,732,066 | 32.68 | 133 | 10,732,066 | 32.68 | 93 | 197,346 | 17.57 | 1 | 227 | +119 | |||
| Centre-left coalition | Democratic Party | 6,161,896 | 18.76 | 86 | 7,506,723 | 22.85 | 21 | 297,153 | 26.45 | 5 | 112 | −180 | ||
| More Europe | 841,468 | 2.56 | 0 | 2 | 64,350 | 5.73 | 1 | 3 | New | |||||
| Together | 190,601 | 0.58 | 0 | 1 | N/a | N/a | 0 | 1 | New | |||||
| Popular Civic List | 178,107 | 0.54 | 0 | 2 | 32.071 | 2.85 | 0 | 2 | New | |||||
| SVP–PATT | 134,651 | 0.41 | 2 | 2 | N/a | N/a | 0 | 4 | −1 | |||||
| Total seats | 88 | 28 | 6 | 122 | – | |||||||||
| Free and Equal | 1,114,799 | 3.38 | 14 | 1,114,799 | 3.39 | 0 | 64,523 | 5.74 | 0 | 14 | New | |||
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad | N/a | N/a | 0 | N/a | N/a | 0 | 107,236 | 9.55 | 1 | 1 | −1 | |||
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants | N/a | N/a | 0 | N/a | N/a | 0 | 68,291 | 6.08 | 1 | 1 | – | |||
| Total | 630 | – | ||||||||||||
| M5S | 32.68% | |||
| PD | 18.76% | |||
| Lega | 17.35% | |||
| FI | 14.00% | |||
| FdI | 4.35% | |||
| LeU | 3.39% | |||
| +E | 2.56% | |||
| NcI | 1.30% | |||
| PaP | 1.13% | |||
| Others | 4.48% | |||
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 10,732,066 | 32.68 | 133 | |||
| Democratic Party (PD) | 6,161,896 | 18.76 | 86 | |||
| League (Lega) | 5,698,687 | 17.35 | 73 | |||
| Forza Italia (FI) | 4,596,956 | 14.00 | 59 | |||
| Brothers of Italy (FdI) | 1,429,550 | 4.35 | 19 | |||
| Free and Equal (LeU) | 1,114,799 | 3.39 | 14 | |||
| More Europe (+E) | 841,468 | 2.56 | 0 | |||
| Us with Italy –UDC (NcI–UDC) | 427,152 | 1.30 | 0 | |||
| Power to the People (PaP) | 372,179 | 1.13 | 0 | |||
| CasaPound (CPI) | 312,432 | 0.95 | 0 | |||
| The People of the Family (PdF) | 219,633 | 0.67 | 0 | |||
| Together (IEI) | 190,601 | 0.58 | 0 | |||
| Popular Civic List (CP) | 178,107 | 0.54 | 0 | |||
| South Tyrolean People's Party –PATT (SVP–PATT) | 134,651 | 0.41 | 2 | |||
| Italy for the Italians (IAI) | 126,543 | 0.39 | 0 | |||
| Communist Party (PC) | 106,816 | 0.33 | 0 | |||
| Human Value Party (PVU) | 47,953 | 0.15 | 0 | |||
| 10 Times Better (10VM) | 37,354 | 0.11 | 0 | |||
| For a Revolutionary Left (PSR) | 29,364 | 0.09 | 0 | |||
| Italian Republican Party –ALA (PRI–ALA) | 20,943 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| Great North (GN) | 19,846 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| Autodeterminatzione | 19,307 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| People's List for the Constitution (LdP) | 9,921 | 0.03 | 0 | |||
| Pact for Autonomy (PpA) | 7,079 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| National Bloc for Freedoms (BNL) | 3,628 | 0.01 | 0 | |||
| SìAmo | 1,428 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Renaissance –MIR | 772 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Italy in the Heart | 574 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Total | 32,841,705 | 100.00 | 386 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 1,471,727 | 4.33 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 33,923,321 | 72.94 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 46,505,499 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
| Party or coalition | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre-right coalition (CDX) | 12,152,345 | 37.00 | 111 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 10,727,567 | 32.68 | 93 | |||
| Centre-left coalition (CSX) | 7,506,723 | 22.85 | 28 | |||
| Free and Equal (LeU) | 1,114,799 | 3.39 | 0 | |||
| Power to the People (PaP) | 372,179 | 1.13 | 0 | |||
| CasaPound (CPI) | 312,432 | 0.95 | 0 | |||
| The People of the Family (PdF) | 219,633 | 0.67 | 0 | |||
| Italy for the Italians (IAI) | 126,543 | 0.39 | 0 | |||
| Communist Party (PC) | 106,816 | 0.33 | 0 | |||
| Human Value Party (PVU) | 47,953 | 0.15 | 0 | |||
| 10 Times Better (10VM) | 37,354 | 0.11 | 0 | |||
| For a Revolutionary Left (PSR) | 29,364 | 0.09 | 0 | |||
| Italian Republican Party –ALA (PRI–ALA) | 20,943 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| Great North (GN) | 19,846 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| Autodeterminatzione | 19,307 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| People's List for the Constitution (LdP) | 9,921 | 0.03 | 0 | |||
| Pact for Autonomy (PpA) | 7,079 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| National Bloc for Freedoms (BNL) | 3,628 | 0.01 | 0 | |||
| SìAmo | 1,428 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Renaissance –MIR | 686 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Italy in the Heart | 574 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Total | 32,841,025 | 100.00 | 231 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 1,471,727 | 4.33 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 33,923,321 | 72.94 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 46,505,499 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
The autonomous region ofAosta Valley, in northwestern Italy, elects one member to the Chamber of Deputies through a directfirst-past-the-post election. Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.
| Party/coalition | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Five Star Movement | Elisa Tripodi | 15,999 | 24.1 | |
| Aosta Valley | Alessia Favre | 14,492 | 21.7 | |
| For All | Giampaolo Marcoz | 12,118 | 18.3 | |
| League | Luca Distort | 11,588 | 17.5 | |
| Forza Italia–FdI–NVdA | Edoardo Melgara | 5,533 | 8.3 | |
| Other candidates | 6,703 | 10.1 | ||
| Total | 66,370 | 100.0 | ||
Source:"Eligendo: Camera [Scrutini] Collegio uninominale VALLE D'AOSTA - 01 (Italia) - Camera dei Deputati del 4 marzo 2018".Ministero dell'Interno (in Italian). Archived fromthe original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved5 March 2018.
Twelve members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by Italians abroad. Two members are elected for North America and Central America (including most of theCaribbean), four members for South America (includingTrinidad and Tobago), five members for Europe, and one member for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, andAntarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation. The electoral law allows for parties to form different coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy; Forza Italia, the League, and Brothers of Italy formed a unified list for abroad constituencies.[154]
| Party or coalition | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party (PD) | 297,153 | 26.45 | 5 | |||
| League –Forza Italia –Brothers of Italy (Lega–FI–FdI) | 240,702 | 21.43 | 3 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 197,346 | 17.57 | 1 | |||
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) | 107,236 | 9.55 | 1 | |||
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) | 68,291 | 6.08 | 1 | |||
| Free and Equal (LeU) | 64,523 | 5.74 | 0 | |||
| More Europe (+E) | 64,350 | 5.73 | 1 | |||
| Popular Civic List (CP) | 32,071 | 2.85 | 0 | |||
| Latin America Tricolor Union (UniTAL) | 25,555 | 2.27 | 0 | |||
| Us with Italy –UDC (NcI–UDC) | 12,396 | 1.10 | 0 | |||
| Freedom Movement | 10,590 | 0.94 | 0 | |||
| Italian Republican Party –ALA (PRI–ALA) | 2,270 | 0.20 | 0 | |||
| Free Flights to Italy | 946 | 0.08 | 0 | |||
| Total | 1,123,429 | 100.00 | 12 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 156,755 | 12.42 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 1,262,422 | 29.84 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 4,230,854 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
 | ||||||||||||||
| Coalition | Party | Proportional | First-past-the-post | Overseas | Total seats | +/− | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||||
| Centre-right coalition | League | 5,321,537 | 17.61 | 37 | 11,327,549 | 37.50 | 21 | 226,885 | 21.98 | 0 | 58 | +39 | ||
| Forza Italia | 4,358,004 | 14.43 | 33 | 23 | 2 | 57 | –41 | |||||||
| Brothers of Italy | 1,286,606 | 4.26 | 7 | 9 | 0 | 18 | +18 | |||||||
| Us with Italy–UDC | 361,402 | 1.20 | 0 | 4 | 10,404 | 1.04 | 0 | 4 | New | |||||
| Total seats | 77 | 58 | 2 | 137 | – | |||||||||
| Five Star Movement | 9,733,928 | 32.22 | 68 | 9,733,928 | 32.22 | 44 | 174,948 | 17.64 | 0 | 112 | +58 | |||
| Centre-left coalition | Democratic Party | 5,783,360 | 19.14 | 43 | 6,947,199 | 23.00 | 8 | 279,489 | 27.08 | 2 | 53 | –57 | ||
| More Europe | 714,821 | 2.37 | 0 | 1 | 55,625 | 5.39 | 0 | 1 | New | |||||
| Together | 163,454 | 0.54 | 0 | 1 | N/a | N/a | N/a | 1 | New | |||||
| Popular Civic List | 157,282 | 0.52 | 0 | 1 | 31,293 | 3.15 | 0 | 1 | New | |||||
| SVP–PATT | 128,282 | 0.42 | 1 | 2 | N/a | N/a | N/a | 3 | –1 | |||||
| Aosta Valley | N/a | N/a | N/a | 1 | N/a | N/a | N/a | 1 | ±0 | |||||
| Total seats | 44 | 14 | 2 | 60 | – | |||||||||
| Free and Equal | 991,159 | 3.28 | 4 | 991,159 | 3.28 | 0 | 55,279 | 5.57 | 0 | 4 | New | |||
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad | N/a | N/a | 0 | N/a | N/a | 0 | 110,879 | 10.74 | 1 | 1 | – | |||
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants | N/a | N/a | 0 | N/a | N/a | 0 | 68,233 | 6.61 | 1 | 1 | – | |||
| Total | 315 | – | ||||||||||||
| M5S | 32.22% | |||
| PD | 19.14% | |||
| Lega | 17.61% | |||
| FI | 14.43% | |||
| FdI | 4.26% | |||
| LeU | 3.28% | |||
| +E | 2.37% | |||
| NcI | 1.20% | |||
| PaP | 1.06% | |||
| Others | 4.43% | |||
| M5S | 35.56% | |||
| Lega | 18.41% | |||
| FI | 18.09% | |||
| PD | 16.83% | |||
| FdI | 5.71% | |||
| LeU | 1.27% | |||
| NcI | 1.27% | |||
| Others | 2.86% | |||
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 9,733,928 | 32.22 | 68 | |||
| Democratic Party (PD) | 5,783,360 | 19.14 | 43 | |||
| League (Lega) | 5,321,537 | 17.61 | 37 | |||
| Forza Italia (FI) | 4,358,004 | 14.43 | 33 | |||
| Brothers of Italy (FdI) | 1,286,606 | 4.26 | 7 | |||
| Free and Equal (LeU) | 991,159 | 3.28 | 4 | |||
| More Europe (+E) | 714,821 | 2.37 | 0 | |||
| Us with Italy –UDC (NcI–UDC) | 361,402 | 1.20 | 0 | |||
| Power to the People (PaP) | 320,493 | 1.06 | 0 | |||
| CasaPound (CPI) | 259,718 | 0.86 | 0 | |||
| The People of the Family (PdF) | 211,759 | 0.70 | 0 | |||
| Together (IEI) | 163,454 | 0.54 | 0 | |||
| Popular Civic List (CP) | 157,282 | 0.52 | 0 | |||
| Italy for the Italians (IAI) | 149,907 | 0.50 | 0 | |||
| South Tyrolean People's Party –PATT (SVP–PATT) | 128,282 | 0.42 | 1 | |||
| Communist Party (PC) | 101,648 | 0.34 | 0 | |||
| Human Value Party (PVU) | 38,749 | 0.12 | 0 | |||
| For a Revolutionary Left (PSR) | 32,623 | 0.11 | 0 | |||
| Italian Republican Party –ALA (PRI–ALA) | 27,384 | 0.09 | 0 | |||
| Autodeterminatzione | 20,468 | 0.07 | 0 | |||
| Great North (GN) | 17,507 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| People's List for the Constitution (LdP) | 10,356 | 0.03 | 0 | |||
| United Right – Pitchforks | 6,229 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| Christian Democracy (DC) | 5,532 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| Pact for Autonomy (PpA) | 5,015 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| SìAmo | 1,402 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Modern and Solidary State (SMS) | 1,384 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Renaissance –MIR | 552 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Total | 30,210,561 | 100.00 | 193 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 1,398,216 | 4.48 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 31,231,814 | 73.01 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 42,780,033 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
| Party or coalition | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre-right coalition (CDX) | 11,327,549 | 37.50 | 58 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 9,733,928 | 32.22 | 44 | |||
| Centre-left coalition (CSX) | 6,947,199 | 23.00 | 14 | |||
| Free and Equal (LeU) | 991,159 | 3.28 | 0 | |||
| Power to the People (PaP) | 320,493 | 1.06 | 0 | |||
| CasaPound (CPI) | 259,718 | 0.86 | 0 | |||
| The People of the Family (PdF) | 211,759 | 0.70 | 0 | |||
| Italy for the Italians (IAI) | 149,907 | 0.50 | 0 | |||
| Communist Party (PC) | 101,648 | 0.34 | 0 | |||
| Human Value Party (PVU) | 38,749 | 0.12 | 0 | |||
| For a Revolutionary Left (PSR) | 32,623 | 0.11 | 0 | |||
| Italian Republican Party–ALA (PRI–ALA) | 27,384 | 0.09 | 0 | |||
| Autodeterminatzione | 20,468 | 0.07 | 0 | |||
| Great North (GN) | 17,507 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| People's List for the Constitution (LdP) | 10,356 | 0.03 | 0 | |||
| United Right – Pitchforks | 6,229 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| Christian Democracy (DC) | 5,532 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| Pact for Autonomy (PpA) | 5,015 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| SìAmo | 1,402 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Modern and Solidary State (SMS) | 1,384 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Renaissance –MIR | 354 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Total | 30,210,363 | 100.00 | 116 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 1,398,216 | 4.48 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 31,231,814 | 73.01 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 42,780,033 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
| Party/coalition | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aosta Valley | Albert Lanièce | 15,958 | 25.8 | |
| Five Star Movement | Luciano Mossa | 14,398 | 23.2 | |
| League | Paolo Sammaritani | 11,004 | 17.8 | |
| For All | Luisa Trione | 9,659 | 15.6 | |
| Forza Italia–FdI–NVdA | Orlando Navarra | 5,223 | 8.4 | |
| Other candidates | 5,696 | 9.2 | ||
| Total | 61,938 | 100.0 | ||
Source:"Eligendo: Senato [Scrutini] Collegio uninominale VALLE D'AOSTA - 01 (Italia) - Senato della Repubblica del 4 marzo 2018".Ministero dell'Interno (in Italian). Retrieved5 March 2018.
| Party or coalition | Votes | % | Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party (PD) | 279,489 | 27.08 | 2 | |||
| League –Forza Italia –Brothers of Italy (Lega–FI–FdI) | 226,885 | 21.98 | 2 | |||
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | 182,715 | 17.70 | 0 | |||
| Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (MAIE) | 110,879 | 10.74 | 1 | |||
| South American Union of Italian Emigrants (USEI) | 68,233 | 6.61 | 1 | |||
| Free and Equal (LeU) | 57,761 | 5.60 | 0 | |||
| More Europe (+E) | 55,625 | 5.39 | 0 | |||
| Popular Civic List (CP) | 32,660 | 3.16 | 0 | |||
| Us with Italy–UDC (NcI–UDC) | 10,856 | 1.05 | 0 | |||
| Freedom Movement | 6,960 | 0.67 | 0 | |||
| Total | 1,032,063 | 100.00 | 6 | |||
| Invalid / blank / unassigned votes | 146,430 | 12.61 | – | |||
| Total turnout | 1,160,985 | 30.27 | – | |||
| Registered voters | 4,230,854 | – | – | |||
| Source:Ministry of the Interior | ||||||
Di Maio and Renzi run in asingle-member constituency, respectively inAcerra, nearNaples, for the Chamber of Deputies and inFlorence for the Senate. Salvini ran in many multi-member constituencies through the country and he was elected inCalabria due to the mechanism of the electoral law,[155] while Meloni was elected in the single-member constituency ofLatina, Lazio, for the Chamber of Deputies.[156]
| 2018 general election (C):Acerra | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
| Luigi Di Maio | None | M5S | 95,219 | 63.4 | |
| Vittorio Sgarbi | Centre-right | FI | 30,596 | 20.4 | |
| Antonio Falcone | Centre-left | PD | 18,018 | 12.0 | |
| Others | 6,315 | 4.1 | |||
| Total | 150,148 | 100.0 | |||
| Turnout | 153,528 | 69.9 | |||
| 2018 general election (S):Florence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
| Matteo Renzi | Centre-left | PD | 109,830 | 43.9 | |
| Alberto Bagnai | Centre-right | Lega | 61,642 | 24.6 | |
| Nicola Cecchi | None | M5S | 49,925 | 19.9 | |
| Others | 28,797 | 11.4 | |||
| Total | 250,194 | 100.0 | |||
| Turnout | 256,879 | 78.6 | |||
| 2018 general election (C):Latina | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Coalition | Party | Votes | % | |
| Giorgia Meloni | Centre-right | FdI | 70,268 | 41.0 | |
| Leone Martellucci | None | M5S | 62,563 | 36.5 | |
| Federico Fauttilli | Centre-left | DemoS | 26,293 | 15.3 | |
| Others | 12,269 | 7.2 | |||
| Total | 171,393 | 100.0 | |||
| Turnout | 239,838 | 74.1 | |||
Using theGallagher index, the disproportionality of the Chamber of Deputies in the election was 5.50, while for the Senate of the Republic it was 6.12.
| Coalition | Vote share | Seat share | Difference | Difference² | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre-right coalition | 37.00 | 42.06 | +5.06 | 25.60 | |
| Five Star Movement | 32.68 | 36.03 | +3.35 | 11.22 | |
| Centre-left coalition | 22.85 | 19.36 | −3.49 | 12.18 | |
| Free and Equal | 3.39 | 2.22 | −1.17 | 1.37 | |
| Power to the People | 1.13 | 0.00 | −1.13 | 1.28 | |
| Others | 2.97 | 0.00 | −2.97 | 8.82 | |
| TOTAL | 60.47 | ||||
| TOTAL /2 | 30.24 | ||||
| √TOTAL /2 | 5.50 | ||||
| Coalition | Vote share | Seat share | Difference | Difference² | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre-right coalition | 37.49 | 42.86 | +5.37 | 28.84 | |
| Five Star Movement | 32.22 | 35.56 | +3.34 | 11.16 | |
| Centre-left coalition | 22.99 | 18.41 | −4.58 | 20.98 | |
| Free and Equal | 3.28 | 1.27 | −2.01 | 4.04 | |
| Power to the People | 1.05 | 0.00 | −1.05 | 1.10 | |
| Others | 2.97 | 0.00 | −2.97 | 8.82 | |
| TOTAL | 74.93 | ||||
| TOTAL /2 | 37.47 | ||||
| √TOTAL /2 | 6.12 | ||||
| Sociology of the electorate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | Centre-right | M5S | Centre-left | LeU | Others | Turnout |
| Total vote | 37.0% | 32.7% | 22.9% | 3.4% | 4.0% | 72.9% |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 36.8% | 32.8% | 22.9% | 3.5% | 4.0% | 72.5% |
| Women | 37.1% | 32.9% | 22.9% | 2.7% | 3.7% | 68.3% |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–34 years old | 34.4% | 35.3% | 21.5% | 5.0% | 3.8% | 70.1% |
| 35–49 years old | 37.4% | 35.4% | 20.3% | 2.7% | 4.2% | 72.2% |
| 50–64 years old | 38.3% | 34.0% | 20.1% | 3.2% | 4.4% | 72.4% |
| 65 or older | 36.9% | 27.1% | 30.1% | 3.0% | 2.9% | 66.3% |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Student | 29.9% | 32.3% | 24.4% | 8.2% | 5.2% | 66.8% |
| Unemployed | 41.8% | 37.2% | 15.1% | 0.6% | 5.3% | 63.7% |
| Housewife | 41.1% | 36.1% | 17.4% | 1.8% | 3.6% | 65.9% |
| Blue-collar | 42.6% | 37.0% | 14.1% | 1.3% | 5.0% | 72.0% |
| White-collar | 29.4% | 36.1% | 25.4% | 5.6% | 3.5% | 75.6% |
| Self-employed | 46.9% | 31.8% | 15.1% | 2.3% | 3.9% | 73.3% |
| Manager | 31.8% | 31.2% | 29.5% | 3.3% | 4.2% | 77.9% |
| Retired | 36.6% | 26.4% | 30.5% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 68.8% |
| Work sector | ||||||
| Public sector | 29.7% | 41.6% | 24.0% | 1.7% | 3.9% | 71.8% |
| Private sector | 35.6% | 34.0% | 22.0% | 4.3% | 4.1% | 72.7% |
| Education | ||||||
| Elementary school | 36.1% | 30.0% | 28.5% | 2.3% | 3.1% | 64.9% |
| Middle school | 42.7% | 33.3% | 18.4% | 2.2% | 3.4% | 70.5% |
| High school | 34.9% | 36.1% | 20.3% | 4.7% | 4.0% | 74.1% |
| University | 28.8% | 29.3% | 31.4% | 5.5% | 5.0% | 72.0% |
| Religious service attendance | ||||||
| Weekly or more | 38.2% | 30.9% | 26.0% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 68.9% |
| Monthly | 44.6% | 31.4% | 18.5% | 2.6% | 2.9% | 72.0% |
| Occasionally | 38.6% | 34.9% | 20.0% | 3.2% | 3.3% | 71.2% |
| Never | 30.8% | 33.7% | 24.8% | 5.2% | 5.5% | 69.9% |
| Source: Ipsos Italia[157] | ||||||
After the election's results were known, bothLuigi Di Maio andMatteo Salvini stated that they must receive from PresidentSergio Mattarella the task of forming a new cabinet because they led the largest party and the largest coalition, respectively.[158] On 5 March,Matteo Renzi announced that theDemocratic Party (PD) would be in the opposition during this legislature and he would resign as party leader when a new cabinet is formed.[159] On 6 March, Salvini repeated his campaign message that his party would refuse any coalition with theFive Star Movement (M5S).[160] On 14 March, Salvini offered to govern with the M5S, imposing the condition that theLeague allyForza Italia, led by the former prime ministerSilvio Berlusconi, must also take part in any coalition. Di Maio rejected this proposal on the grounds that Salvini was "choosing restoration instead of revolution" because "Berlusconi represents the past".[161]
On 12 March, Renzi resigned as party leader and was replaced by deputy secretaryMaurizio Martina.[162][163] On 24 March, thecentre-right coalition and the M5S agreed on the election of presidents of the houses ofparliament,Roberto Fico of the M5S for theChamber of Deputies andMaria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati of FI for theSenate of the Republic.[164][165]
On 7 April, Di Maio made an appeal to the PD to "bury the hatchet" and consider a governing coalition with the M5S.[166] On 18 April, PresidentSergio Mattarella gave newly-elected Senate president Casellati a so-called "exploratory mandate" to form a government of M5S and the centre-right coalition, with a two-day deadline.[167] On 23 April, President Mattarella gave newly-elected Chamber of Deputies president Fico an "exploratory mandate" to form a government between M5S and the PD, with a three-day deadline. The decision came after the previous attempt by Casellati failed to show any progress.[168] On 30 April, following an interview of Renzi, who expressed his strong opposition to an alliance with the M5S, Di Maio called for new elections.[169][170][171]
On 7 May, President Mattarella held a third round of government formation talks, after which he formally confirmed the lack of any possible majority (the M5S rejecting an alliance with the whole centre-right coalition, the PD rejecting an alliance with both the M5S and the centre-right coalition, and the League's Salvini refusing to start a government with the M5S without Berlusconi's FI, whose presence in the government was explicitly vetoed by M5S's Di Maio); on the same circumstance, he announced his intention to soon appoint a "neutral government" (irrespective of the M5S and the League's refusal to support such an option) to take over from theGentiloni Cabinet, which was considered unable to lead Italy into a second consecutive election, as it was representing a majority from a past legislature, and offering an early election in July as a realistic option to take into consideration due to the deadlock situation.[172]
On 9 May, after a day of rumours, both the M5S and the League officially requested President Mattarella to give them 24 more hours to strike a government agreement between the two parties.[173] Later in the evening that same day, Berlusconi publicly announced that FI would not support a M5S–League government on avote of confidence but would still maintain the centre-right alliance, opening the doors to a possible majority government between the two parties.[174]
On 13 May, the M5S and the League reached an agreement on a government program, clearing the way for the formation of a governing coalition between the two parties, while they still negotiated the members of a government cabinet, including the prime minister. The M5S and League leaders were slated to meet with President Mattarella on 14 May to guide the formation of a new government.[175] On 17 May, the M5S and the League agreed to the details regarding the government program, officially clearing the way for the formation of a governing coalition between the two parties.[176] The final draft of their program was then published on 18 May.[177]
On 18 May, 44,796 members of the M5S cast their vote online on the matter concerning the government agreement, with 42,274, more than 94%, voting in favour.[178][179] A second vote sponsored by the League then took place on 19 May and 20 May, and was open to the general public.[180] On 20 May, it was announced that approximately 215,000 Italian citizens had participated in the League election, with around 91 percent supporting the government agreement.[181]
On 21 May, the M5S and the League proposed law professorGiuseppe Conte as Prime Minister.[182][183] On 23 May, Conte was invited to theQuirinal Palace to receive the task of forming a new cabinet and was granted a mandate by President Mattarella.[184][185] On 27 May, the designated Prime Minister Conte renounced to his office due to contrasts between the League's leader Salvini and President Mattarella. Salvini proposed the university professorPaolo Savona asMinister of Economy and Finances, but Mattarella opposed him, considering Savona tooEurosceptic andanti-German.[186] In his speech after Conte's resignation, Mattarella declared that the two parties wanted to bring Italy out of theeurozone; as the guarantor of theConstitution of Italy and country's interest and stability, he could not allow this.[187][188] On the following day, Mattarella gaveCarlo Cottarelli, an economist and formerIMF director, the task of forming a new government.[189]
In the statement released after the designation, Cottarelli specified that in case ofconfidence by theItalian Parliament, he would contribute to the approval of thebudget law for 2019, then Parliament would be dissolved and a new general election would be called for the beginning of 2019. In the absence of confidence, the government would deal only with the so-called current affairs and lead the country toward new elections after August 2018. Cottarelli also guaranteed the neutrality of the government and the commitment not to run for the next election.[190] He ensured a prudent management ofItalian national debt and the defense of national interests through a constructive dialogue with theEuropean Union.[191]
On 28 May 2018, the PD announced that they would vote the confidence to Cottarelli, while the M5S and the centre-right parties FI, the League, andBrothers of Italy (FdI) announced their vote against.[192][193] Cottarelli was expected to submit his list of ministers for approval to President Mattarella on 29 May. On 29 May and 30 May, he held only informal consultations with Mattarella. According to the Italian media, he was facing difficulties due to the unwillingness of several potential candidates to serve as ministers in his cabinet and may even renounce. Meanwhile, Salvini and Di Maio announced their willingness to restart the negotiations to form a political government, and the FdI leaderGiorgia Meloni gave her support to the initiative.[194][195][196] The government was formed the following day.[197]
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