Presidential elections were held in France on 23 April and 7 May 2017. Incumbent presidentFrançois Hollande of theSocialist Party (PS) was eligible to run for a second term, but declared on 1 December 2016 that he would not seek reelection in light of low approval ratings, making him the first incumbent head of state of theFifth Republic not to seek reelection. As no candidate won a majority in the first round, arunoff was held between the top two candidates,Emmanuel Macron ofEn Marche! (EM) andMarine Le Pen of theNational Front (FN), which Macron won with a difference of more than 30% of the vote.
François Fillon ofThe Republicans (LR)—after winning the party'sfirst open primary—and Le Pen of the National Front led first-roundopinion polls in November 2016 and mid-January 2017. Polls tightened considerably by late January; after the publication of revelations that Fillon employed family members in possibly fictitious jobs in a series of politico-financial affairs that came to be colloquially known as "Penelopegate", Macron overtook Fillon to place consistently second in first-round polling. At the same time,Benoît Hamon won theSocialist primary, entering fourth place in the polls. After strong debate performances,Jean-Luc Mélenchon ofLa France Insoumise (FI) rose significantly in polls in late March, overtaking Hamon to place just below Fillon.
The first round was held under a state of emergency that was declared following theNovember 2015 Paris attacks.[1] Following the result of the first round, Macron and Le Pen continued to the 7 May runoff.[2] It was the first time since2002 that a National Front candidate continued to the second round and the first time in the history of the Fifth Republic that the runoff did not include a nominee of the traditional left or right parties;[3] their combined share of the vote from eligible voters, at approximately 26%, was also a historic low.[4]
Estimations of the result of the second round on 7 May indicated that Macron had been elected by a decisive margin; Le Pen immediately conceded defeat.[5] After theInterior Ministry published preliminary results, the official result of the second round was proclaimed by theConstitutional Council on 10 May. Overall, 43.6% of the registered electorate voted for Macron; in 2002, by contrast, two-thirds of eligible voters voted against then-FN candidateJean-Marie Le Pen.[6] When Macron took office on 14 May, he became the youngest holder of the presidency in French history and the youngest French head of state sinceNapoleon. He namedÉdouard Philippe asPrime Minister the next day. Theinitial government was assembled on 17 May;legislative elections on 11 and 18 June gave En Marche! a substantial majority.
ThePresident of the French Republic andFrench Co-Prince of Andorra is elected to a five-year term in a two-round election under Article 7 of theConstitution: if no candidate secures an absolute majority of votes in the first round, a second round is held two weeks later between the two candidates who received the most votes.[7] In 2017, the first and second rounds were held 23 April and 7 May.[8]
Each presidential candidate must meet a specific set ofrequirements in order to run. They must be a French citizen of at least 18 years old. It is also necessary for candidates to be on anelectoral roll, proving their eligibility to vote.
To be listed on the first-round ballot, candidates must secure 500 signatures[9] (often referred to asparrainages) from national or local elected officials from at least 30 differentdepartments oroverseas collectivities, with no more than a tenth of these signatories from any single department.[10] The official signature collection period followed the publication of theJournal officiel on 25 February to 17 March.[11] The collection period had initially been scheduled to begin on 23 February, but a visit by Prime MinisterBernard Cazeneuve to China on that date forced a delay.[12] French prefectures mailed sponsorship forms to the 42,000 elected officials eligible to give their signature to a candidate, which must then be delivered to theConstitutional Council for validation. Unlike in previous years, a list of validated signatures was posted on Tuesday and Thursday of every week on the council's website; in the past, signatories were published only after the official candidate list had been verified after the end of the collection period. The end of the signature collection period also marked the deadline for the declaration of personal assets required of prospective candidates. The final list of candidates was declared on 21 March.[11]
Speaking time of candidates and supporters from 1 February to 10 April recorded by theCSA[13]
TheConseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) ensured that all candidates receive equal time in broadcast media "under comparable programming conditions" from 19 March onward.[8] The CSA warned on 8 March that the amount of speaking time broadcasters had given Fillon and his supporters was "unusually high", even given the unusual circumstances surrounding his candidacy.[14] After the official start of the campaign on 10 April, the CSA strictly enforced equal time in broadcast media. Campaigning for the first round of the election ended at midnight on 21 April, two days before the vote. The Constitutional Council verified the results of the first round between the 24–26 April and officially certified the vote tallies on 26 April, with the same procedure being used for the second round. The new President of the French Republic was set to be proclaimed on 11 May and undergo theirinvestiture ceremony on 14 May at the latest.[8]
On 18 March 2017, theConstitutional Council published the names of the 11 candidates who received 500 valid sponsorships, with the order of the list determined by drawing lots.[15]
A former member of theRPR,RPF andUMP, Dupont-Aignan left the latter party on the eve of the2007 presidential election due to disagreements withNicolas Sarkozy. He subsequently founded thesovereignist political partyDebout la République (DLR), which was later renamedDebout la France (DLF) in 2014. He previously stood as a candidate in the2012 presidential election, in which he garnered 1.79% of the vote in the first round. Claiming the mantle ofGaullism, he sought to position himself betweenLe Pen andFillon.[17] Five days after his elimination in the first round, he announced his support for Le Pen in the second round.[18]
When Le Pen, a lawyer by occupation, stood in the2012 presidential election, she came in third with 17.90% of first-round votes. She rose within the ranks of theNational Front (FN), founded and previously led by her fatherJean-Marie Le Pen, culminating in a bitter leadership struggle which she won in 2011. Her campaign programme prioritised the national interests of France and an exit from theeurozone,[17] emphasising her party's traditional concern about security and immigration, as well as socioeconomic issues and the sovereignty of the French state, on matters of currency, borders, the economy and rule of law.[19] Her campaign was punctuated by judicial inquiries into her party and personal associates.[17]
The youngest candidate in the race and a former cabinet member who had never run for elected office, Macron described himself as "neither of the right nor the left". He was appointed deputy Secretary-General of theÉlysée in 2012 and becameEconomy Minister in 2014, lending his name to the "Macron law" to promote economic growth and opportunities. He founded theEn Marche! movement in April 2016 before resigning from the cabinet on 30 August.[17] The most explicitly pro-European of the candidates, Macron intends to implement reforms to modernize the French economy.[19] Macron secured support across the political spectrum, but primarily among liberal-leaning figures;[20] notable supporters include perennial centrist candidateFrançois Bayrou, president of theDemocratic Movement (MoDem),[21] as well asMinister of DefenceJean-Yves Le Drian.[22]
Hamon, a left-wing critic ofHollande's policies, was the surprise winner of theSocialist primary in January 2017, defeating formerPrime MinisterManuel Valls. Hamon's primary victory was driven in part by his support for auniversal basic income, which remained integral to his program. He negotiated the withdrawal and support ofYannick Jadot ofEurope Ecology – The Greens (EELV) in February, becoming the joint candidate of both parties.[17] He also advocated for the legalization of cannabis and reforming the structure of government to a "Sixth Republic".[19] He endorsedEmmanuel Macron in the second round.[2]
Arthaud first ran for the presidency in the2012 election under the LO banner, receiving 0.56% of votes in the first round. A professor of economics, she described the objective of her candidacy as being to, "make the workers' voice heard", hoping to "allow workers, the unemployed and exploited to defend their interests, as opposed to [those who pocketed] millions and millions".[17] She claims that she is the only communist candidate, and wants to see borders disappear and overthrow capitalism.[19] She intended to cast ablank vote in the second round.[2]
A long-time radical left-wing activist, as well as a trade unionist and Ford mechanic inBlanquefort, Poutou led opposition to the shutdown of the local factory. He also ran in the2012 presidential election, obtaining 1.15% of votes. He launched his political activities atLutte Ouvrière before joining theRevolutionary Communist League (LCR) which became the NPA in 2009.[17] With Marxist and anarchist roots, he crusades against capitalism and espouses radical-left ideas.[19] He offered no voting instructions to his supporters for the second round.[2]
Cheminade foundedSolidarity and Progress in 1996 and is the figurehead of theLaRouche movement in France. He proposes leavingNATO, theEU, theeurozone and returning to thefranc. He supportscolonisation of the Moon to facilitateexploration of Mars. He was a candidate twice before, in1995 and2012, collecting 0.28% and 0.25% of the vote, respectively, but failed to appear on the ballot in 1981, 1988, 2002 and 2007.[17] His position on the second round is unclear,[2] only specifying that he, personally, would not cast a vote for Le Pen while also denouncing the forces of "financial occupation".[23]
Lassalle, a former member of theDemocratic Movement (MoDem) and associate ofFrançois Bayrou running under the banner of Résistons!, considered himself the "defender of rural territories and a humanist ecology". He became famous for a successful 39-dayhunger strike protesting the movement of theTotal factory fromAccous to theLacq basin 65 km (40 mi) away. In 2013, he walked 6,000 km (3,700 mi) on foot to "meet the French".[17] He opted to cast ablank vote in the second round.[24]
Denouncing the "liberal drift" of the party, Mélenchon left thePS in 2008 to found theLeft Party. He made a previous presidential run in2012, coming in fourth with 11.10% of votes,[17] with the backing of theFrench Communist Party (PCF). A critic of thepresidency of François Hollande, he launched his 2017 bid without consulting the PCF, instead choosing to start his own movement,La France Insoumise (FI).[19] He later won the PCF's support by a narrow margin.[25] His programme underlined left-wing and environmental principles,[17] including the establishment of aSixth Republic, redistribution of wealth, renegotiatingEU treaties, environmental planning and protecting the independence of France, namely from theUnited States. He sought a withdrawal from NATO and was largely criticised for refusing to denounce authoritarian leaders, most notablyNicolas Maduro.[19] He ran an innovative campaign, gathering a large following on social media[26] and holding simultaneous meetings in multiple cities via hologram.[27] He intended to consult with his movement before making any pronouncement on the second round.[2] After a few days, he stated that he would not vote for the FN, but never explicitly provided any further voting instructions.[28]
Asovereignist, Asselineau surprised political observers with his ability to secure the 500 sponsorships required to stand as a candidate. Formerly of theRPF andUMP, he founded thePopular Republican Union (UPR) in 2007 and has agitated for the French to exit from theEU.[17] Sometimes classified as a far-right Eurosceptic, he has denounced "American imperialism" and proposed leavingNATO.[19] He offered no endorsement in the second round.[2]
Fillon led a prolific political career starting from the early 1970s. The surprise winner of theprimary of the right offered a liberal economic program ending the35-hour workweek, dismissing 500,000 civil servants, abolishing thewealth tax (ISF), streamlining the labour code, and reforming thehealth insurance system. However, his campaign was hobbled in January 2017 following the publication of allegations of fictitious employment of family members, including his wife, collectively known as "Penelopegate". He initially said he would drop his bid if placed under formal investigation, but continued his candidacy after such investigations began on 15 March.[17] He endorsedEmmanuel Macron in the second round.[2]
A candidate must secure 500 signatures from elected officials in order to appear on the first-round ballot,[10] with the signature collection period ending on 17 March.[11] The table below lists sponsorships received by the Constitutional Council by candidate.[29]
Colour legend
1–50
51–100
101–150
151–200
201–250
251–300
301–350
351–400
401–450
451–500
500+
Signatures received by the Constitutional Council as of 18 March[29]
The 2017 presidential election was the first in the history of theFifth Republic in which a sitting president did not seek a second term. On 1 December 2016, incumbent presidentFrançois Hollande, acknowledging his low approval ratings, announced he would not seek a second term. His then-Prime MinisterManuel Valls declared on 5 December 2016 that he would run in theSocialist primary on 22 January 2017,[36] but he was defeated by Benoît Hamon in its second round on 29 January.[37]
François Bayrou, the three-time centrist presidential candidate and leader of theDemocratic Movement (MoDem) – who came fourth in2002, third in2007, and fifth in2012 – initially supported the candidacy ofAlain Juppé inthe primary of the right against his long-time adversaryNicolas Sarkozy, whom he vowed to run against if he won the primary.[38] However, Fillon's victory in the primary – which saw the elimination of Sarkozy in the first round and the defeat of Juppé in the runoff – led Bayrou to reconsider lodging a bid for the presidency, despite his2014 election promise during his successful mayoral campaign inPau that he would not seek the presidency if he won. After an extended period of suspense, he finally announced on 22 February that he would not run for a fourth time, instead proposing a conditional alliance withEmmanuel Macron, who accepted his offer.[21]
On 9 July 2016,Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV) announced that it would hold a primary election before the 2017 presidential election. Those wishing to be nominated required the support of 36 of its "federal councilors" out of 240; nominations were open to individuals in civic society as well. The vote was open to both party members as well as sympathizers who could register to vote in the primary. The announcement came just days after prominent environmentalistNicolas Hulot's surprise declaration that he would not offer himself as a presidential candidate on 5 July.[39] EELV were the first party to hold a presidential primary for the 2017 election, with two rounds held on 19 October and 7 November 2016. It was contested bydeputy, formerMinister of Territorial Equality and Housing, and ex-party leaderCécile Duflot, as well as threeMEPs –Karima Delli,Yannick Jadot, andMichèle Rivasi.[40]
Voting materials for the first round of the ecologist primary
Duflot was considered the early favorite, though she initially opposed holding a primary, aware of the risk that she might lose it; and highlighted her experience in government. Her main proposal was to incorporate the fight against climate change into theConstitution. Jadot was perceived as her main challenger; elected as an MEP in 2009, he worked withGreenpeace France from 2002 to 2008, specializing in transatlantic trade and climate issues. WithThomas Piketty andDaniel Cohn-Bendit, he sought a "primary of all the left", which failed to materialize. He rejected the "candidacy awaited by the political-media world" – that of Duflot, among others – and represented an anti-Duflot force from the party's right wing. Rivasi only barely managed to qualify for the primary, earlier lacking the necessary sponsorships. Like Jadot, she represented the radical wing of the party – albeit on its left flank – and served as deputy forDrôme from 1997 to 2002 and led Greenpeace France from 2003 to 2004. Delli, the daughter of Algerian immigrants, first became involved in politics as part of collective movements, and sought to become an MEP in 2009 after a stint as parliamentary assistant toMarie-Christine Blandin. Also of the party's left-wing, she declared that she would defend a "popular ecology".[40]
Jadot and Rivasi advanced to the runoff after scoring 35.61% and 30.16%, respectively, in the first round; the other two candidates were eliminated, with Duflot garnering 24.41% and Delli 9.82%. Jadot won the second round of the primary on 7 November, obtaining 54.25% of the vote against Rivasi's 40.75%, becoming the nominee of the EELV in the presidential election.[41] Jadot, who claimed 496 sponsorships just before the opening of the collection period,[42] withdrew his candidacy on 23 February and endorsed Hamon, the pair having agreed on a common platform.[32] An online vote among EELV primary voters from 24 and 26 February was required to confirm the agreement; an earlier vote to open talks with Hamon and Mélenchon was approved by 89.7% of those electors.[43] The Hamon–Jadot alliance was consummated on 26 February; among those who cast a vote, 79.53% voted to support it, with 15.39% opposed and 5.08% submitting blank ballots, and an overall voter turnout of 55.25% (9,433 votes).[44] This marks the first election since1969 without a green candidate.[45]
Results of the first round by department and region
After his loss as the nominee of theUnion for a Popular Movement (UMP) in the2012 presidential election, ex-presidentNicolas Sarkozy pledged to return to being a "Frenchman among the French". However, he announced on 19 September 2014 that he would seek the presidency of the party,[46] a position he secured in an online vote on 29 November online vote with the backing of 64.50% of party members, against his main opponentBruno Le Maire's 29.18%. He succeeded the triumvirate ofAlain Juppé,François Fillon, andJean-Pierre Raffarin, which assumed the party's leadership after the resignation ofJean-François Copé.[47] Sarkozy was initially reluctant to accept the idea of holding a right-wing primary for the 2017 presidential election, but on 25 September 2014 he declared his support for a primary of the right after a warning from Juppé,[48] who on 20 August made public his intention to run for the nomination.[49]
The rules of the primary were confirmed in April 2015, scheduling the first round of an open primary for 20 November 2016, with a runoff on 27 November if no candidate received more than 50% of the vote. Those wishing to vote were required to pay €2 per ballot and sign a charter indicating their adherence to "Republican values of the right and centre".[50] In order to appear on the ballot, prospective candidates needed to present sponsorships from 250 elected officials from at least 30departments, with no more than a tenth from the same department, including at least 20parliamentarians, in addition to the signatures of at least 2,500 party members across at least 15 departments, with no more than a tenth from the same department.[51] The charter permitted other parties wishing to participate to set their own sponsorship requirements.[50] The High Authority ultimately determined that seven candidates qualified to compete in the open primary of the right and centre: Fillon, Juppé, Le Maire, Copé, Sarkozy, andNathalie Kosciusko-Morizet ofthe Republicans,[52] the party's name after May 2015,[53] as well asJean-Frédéric Poisson of theChristian Democratic Party (PCD), who was not required to present signatures as the leader of another party.[52][54] TheNational Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) were also allowed to participate, but not to present a candidate.[55]
Results of the second round by department and region
The primary was initially fought primarily between Juppé and Sarkozy, the top two candidates in primary polls.[56] Sarkozy's program emphasized the themes of Islam, immigration, security, and defense. He proposed to end family reunifications and reform the right tobirthright citizenship, halt the flow of economic migrants, and increase residence requirements to secure French nationality. He reaffirmed his interest in the "assimilation" of immigrants, and intended to ban other menus for school canteens (i.e., options for Muslim students) as well as Muslim headscarves at universities. Sarkozy also suggested that radical imams be expelled and suspected terrorists be detained by authorities and tried by a special anti-terrorist court, in addition a reduction in the age of criminal responsibility from 18 to 16. He proposed to postpone the increase the retirement age to 64 until 2024, permit exemptions to the35-hour workweek, cut 300,000 civil service jobs by increasing working hours to 37 per week, and abolish thewealth tax (ISF). Like Le Maire, he did not rule out the possibility of a referendum on theEuropean Union (EU).[57] He also sought a European treaty "refounding", the creation of a European monetary fund, to commit 2% to defense spending by 2025,[58] and to reduce public spending by €100 billion and taxes by €40 billion while reducing the budget deficit to under 3% of GDP.[59]
In contrast to Sarkozy, Juppé spoke of a "happy identity" and emphasized the importance of integration as opposed to assimilation.[60] He supported drawing up a common list of "safe countries" to differentiate refugees from economic migrants, setting a "quota" on immigrants as necessary, and to stop providing foreign aid to countries refusing to comply with their obligation to accept deported citizens. He questioned Sarkozy's proposals onSchengen and instead merely acknowledged that it was not functioning correctly, but concurred with him in exempting the acquisition of French nationality by foreigners at the age of 18 if previously convicted.[61] Juppé also demanded transparency on the funding of places of worship, civic training for imams, and, unlike Sarkozy, favored allowing women to wear the Muslim headscarf at universities. On economic issues, he proposed to end the 35-hour workweek, abolish the wealth tax, reduce corporate taxation, and set the retirement age at 65. He also pledged to slash in half the number of parliamentarians, renegotiate Schengen, and increase defense spending in absolute terms by at least €7 billion by 2022.[62]
After several strong debate performances by Fillon, however, a second-round Juppé–Sarkozy duel no longer appeared inevitable.[63] Fillon's rise was propelled by his proposals for a rigorous economic program. Seeking €100 billion in cuts, he proposed eliminating 500,000 civil service jobs by 2022 and a return to the 39-hour workweek for civil servants. Like the other primary candidates, he planned to eliminate the wealth tax; in addition, Fillon suggested abolishing the 35-hour workweek – capping it at the 48-hour maximum allowed within the EU – and the implementation of other liberal economic measures. He also adopted a staunchly conservative social program, opposing adoption by same-sex couples and arguing France had no religious problem apart from Islam itself. Like Sarkozy, he sought to expand the capacity of French prisons, but unlike his former superior, he opposed banning religious symbols in public places. He also professed a more pro-Russian stance than other candidates, urging cooperation in Syria against theIslamic State and supporting the "pragmatism" ofVladimir Putin's intervention in theSyrian civil war.[64]
The first round of the primary on 20 November saw the unexpected elimination of Sarkozy, with Fillon coming in first with 44.1%, Juppé at 28.6%, and Sarkozy at 20.7% of the vote, and all other candidates far behind. A second round between Fillon and Juppé was confirmed, and Sarkozy announced that he would vote for his former Prime Minister soon after the results became clear.[65][66] Fillon scored a landslide victory in the 27 November runoff with 66.5% of the vote to Juppé's 33.5% and became the Republicans' nominee; voter turnout – at 4.4 million – was even higher than in the first round.[67][68]
Results of the first round by department and region
At the 2012Toulouse Congress, theSocialist Party (PS) modified its statutes to guarantee the selection of a candidate of the left through open primaries, with the National Council of the Socialist Party announcing the timetable and organization of the primaries at least one year beforehand.[69] On 11 January,Libération published an editorial in favor of a "primary of the left and ecologists",[70] and on 9 April the National Council of the Socialist Party unanimously approved the idea of holding such a primary in early December.[71] On 18 June, the National Council finally confirmed that it would organize a primary to select a candidate for the 2017 presidential election. Applications could be submitted from 1 to 15 December, with two rounds of voting planned for 22 and 29 January 2017.[72] Prospective PS candidates were required to sign the primary's charter of ethics requiring candidates to rally behind its winner and to secure the support of 5% of one of the following groups: members of the National Council; Socialist parliamentarians, regional and departmental Socialist councilors in at least 4 regions and 10 departments; or Socialist mayors representing more than 10,000 people in at least 4 regions and 10 departments.[73] The conditions for becoming a candidate of other member parties of the BAP – the PRG, UDE, PE, andDemocratic Front (FD) – were determined by the respective parties' leadership.[74]
The EELV declared on 20 June that it would not participate in the primary,[75] and theFrench Communist Party (PCF) did likewise the following day.[76] After declaring his candidacy for the presidential election,Emmanuel Macron ofEn Marche! also declined to participate,[77] as didJean-Luc Mélenchon under the banner ofla France Insoumise, saying that he did not want to run in a primary withFrançois Hollande since he would not be able to support Hollande if he won.[78] He later reaffirmed this by saying that with the exclusion of the EELV and PRG the primary was not truly "of the left" but a "primary of the Socialist Party".[79] On 1 December, Hollande declared that he would not seek a second term, becoming the first President of the Fifth Republic to renounce a reelection bid. His announcement reflected his high personal unpopularity and resentment among Socialist colleagues regarding remarks he made about cabinet members and other associates in the bookUn président ne devrait pas dire ça... (A president should not say that...) byGérard Davet andFabrice Lhomme, journalists atLe Monde.[80]
Results of the second round by department and region
On 17 December, the High Authority declared that seven candidates qualified to appear on the ballot: four from the Socialist Party – formerPrime MinisterManuel Valls,Arnaud Montebourg,Benoît Hamon, andVincent Peillon – andFrançois de Rugy of the PE, Sylvia Pinel of the PRG, andJean-Luc Bennahmias of the PD.[81] Early opinion polling placed Valls and Montebourg first and second, respectively, with Hamon a close third.[82] Shortly after declaring his candidacy on 5 December, Valls proposed to abolisharticle 49.3 of the French constitution, a procedure that allows bypassing legislative approval, in a "democratic renaissance"; as Prime Minister, he invoked it on six occasions, using it to pass theMacron andEl Khomri laws.[83] He also proposed a 2.5% increase in public spending while keeping the budget deficit under 3%, guaranteeing a "decent income" of €800, reducing thegender pay gap by half, pausing theenlargement of the European Union, appending a charter of secularism to the Constitution, consolidating the nuclear industry, and mandating six months of civic service.[84][85] He was twice physically attacked during the primary campaign: on 22 December, he was flour-bombed by a protester inStrasbourg saying "we do not forget [the 49.3]!",[86] and on 17 January, he was slapped by a young Breton regionalist inLamballe, who was subsequently charged.[87]
FormerMinister of the Economy Arnaud Montebourg, a Socialist rebel known for promoting "made in France", presented a firmly left-wing project shortly after declaring his candidacy in August 2016. He promised to offer French enterprises preference in bidding, reverse the 2011 tax increases on the French middle class,[88] and repeal most of the El Khomri labor law while preserving certain "interesting" social protections such as the "right to disconnect" and "personal activity account".[89] Critical of European austerity, he declared that he would defy the requirement to maintain a budget deficit under 3% of GDP and intended to strengthen intelligence services, require six months of civic service, and achieve gender equality.[88] He also proposed €30 billion in spending to stimulate economic growth, lower thegeneral social contribution (CSG) to increase individuals' purchasing power by €800 a year, create 5,000 new posts in hospitals, call a referendum on a new republic, promulgate a law on the separation of banking activities (as Hollande did), impose a Europeancarbon tax, and establish a national anti-terrorism prosecutor.[90]
The signature proposal ofBenoît Hamon was the implementation auniversal basic income for all French citizens, rolled out in stages beginning in 2018, partially funded by a tax levied on property combining the existing property tax (taxe foncière) and thesolidarity tax on wealth (ISF), in addition to a tax on robots to fund social protections in general. Like fellow Socialist dissidents, Hamon criticized the El Khomri labor law and promised to repeal it if elected, and suggested that it be replaced with legislation acknowledging the need for greater social protections, including the right to disconnect and recognizing burnout as an occupational disease.[91] He also proposed to reduce the35-hour workweek to 32 hours, saying that it was time to put an end to the "myth" of economic growth. Another of his flagship proposals was to legalize cannabis, using funds for "prevention" rather than "repression".[92]
In the first round of the primary on 22 January, Hamon and Valls received 36.03% and 31.48%, respectively, and advanced to the runoff on 29 January. Montebourg, who secured only 17.52% of votes,[93] declared that he would cast his second-round vote for Hamon soon after the result became apparent.[94] Among the remaining candidates, Peillon secured 6.81% of the vote, de Rugy 3.83%, Pinel 2.00%, and Bennahmias 1.02%. Overall turnout stood at 1.66 million.[93] The legitimacy of the first-round results published by the organizers of the primary was questioned by observers in the French press, who noted that an overnight update added 352,013 votes without significantly changing each candidate's percentage, with vote totals for each candidate increasing by 28%.Christophe Borgel [fr], president of the organizing committee of the primary, claimed that the anomaly was nothing more than a "bug" induced by pressure to update the level of participation in the first round, effectively acknowledging that the results of the primary were manipulated. Only on 23 January did the High Authority of the primary publish "validated" results.[95] In the second round of the primary on 29 January, Hamon defeated Valls by a comfortable margin, 58.69% to 41.31%; turnout, at 2.05 million, was considerably higher than in the first round. As the winner of the primary, Hamon became the Socialist nominee for president.[96]
On 22 February, François de Rugy announced his support for Emmanuel Macron, breaking the commitment requested of former candidates to back the winner of the primary. While acknowledging that Hamon was the legitimate PS nominee, de Rugy said he preferred "coherence to obedience".[97] On 13 March,Le Parisien reported that Valls, rather than backing Hamon, would urge voters to support Macron in the first round of the presidential election;[98] Valls denied the report at the time,[99] but on 29 March declared that he would vote for Macron but would not rally behind his candidacy.[100] On 8 April the High Authority of the PS reminded party members to abide by the "principle of loyalty".[101] On 15 March, the PRG announced its support for Hamon, securing concessions on issues pertaining to European governance, and confirmed an agreement with the Socialist Party for thelegislative elections; this followed a period of hesitation after the primary in which the party contemplated Macron's candidacy, which secured several of its parliamentarians' support.[102]
On 25 January 2017, the satirical weeklyLe Canard enchaîné first alleged thatFrançois Fillon employed his wifePenelope as his parliamentary assistant from 1998 and 2002 and for six months in 2012, with no evidence that she completed any substantial work. She collected a monthly salary of €3,900 to €4,600. After her husband's appointment asMinister of Social Affairs in 2002 and during his later tenure asMinister of National Education, she went on to serve until 2007 as a parliamentary aide toMarc Joulaud, Fillon's substitute, earning an increased salary upwards of €7,900 and with still no evidence of substantial work. The article claimed that she received a total of over €500,000 as a parliamentary aide, as well as €100,000 as a literary adviser to theRevue des deux Mondes. Its owner, billionaireMarc Ladreit de Lacharrière, is a close friend of François Fillon. While deputies in theNational Assembly can employ family members, those are still required to complete legitimate work, evidence of which the paper was unable to find.[103] Based on that information and on the same day, theNational Financial Prosecutor's office (PNF) initiated a preliminary investigation into possible embezzlement and misuse of public funds.[104]
On 26 January, François Fillon appeared onTF1 to respond to these allegations, stating that his wife had "edited my speeches" and "stood in for me at events when I couldn’t be there", also claiming that the reason that she was never seen working in the Palais Bourbon was because "she was never on the front line". In the interview, he disclosed that he also paid two of his children while aSenator for theSarthe between 2005 and 2007, claiming that he employed them in their capacity as lawyers. He also pledged to resign if he would be personally placed under investigation.[105] However, on 27 January, it was revealed that both Marie and Charles Fillon were only law students when their father employed them during his stint in the Senate, contrary to his statements the previous day.[106] Interrogated by investigators the same day, former editor-in-chief of theRevue des deux MondesMichel Crépu claimed that only "two or maybe three" bylines in the review were attributed to her, also saying that he had seen "no trace" of any work by her that would "resemble [that of] a literary adviser".[107]
On 1 February, a week after its initial report,Le Canard enchaîné published revelations that the total sum received by Penelope Fillon in fictitious jobs apparently totaled more than €930,000; with the addition of the period from 1988 to 1990, her income as a parliamentary assistant now totaled €831,440. In addition, the satirical weekly also revealed that the payments to two of Fillon's children reached nearly €84,000, with €57,084 net for Marie Fillon and €26,651 for Charles Fillon.[108] Video excerpts of a May 2007Sunday Telegraph interview with Penelope Fillon surfaced on 2 February, in which she claimed that she had "never been his assistant", referring to her husband; The footage aired onEnvoyé spécial onFrance 2 that evening.[109] The PNF expanded investigation into the fictitious employment affair to include Fillon's two eldest children the same day to verify the veracity of their work, afterLe Canard enchaîné reported that neither Marie nor Charles Fillon were lawyers at the time their father served in the Senate.[110] In a video on 3 February, François Fillon insisted that he would maintain his candidacy and called on his supporters to "hold the line", seeking to assuage worries from within his own camp about the maintenance of his candidacy.[111]
On 6 February, Fillon held a press conference at which he "apologized to the French people" and acknowledged that he had committed an "error" in employing family members as parliamentary assistants, but appended that he "never broke the law". He also argued that his wife's "salary was perfectly justified", adding that everything reported by the press on the issue was "legal and transparent". He said he would not reimburse the payments received by his wife or children, and, saying that he had "nothing to hide", divulged his property holdings. In addition to promising that his lawyers would question the competency of the PNF to carry out the investigation, he lambasted a "media lynching" of his campaign. His remarks followed Juppé's declaration that "NO means NO" earlier in the day in response to rumors that he might replace Fillon as the party's candidate should he decide to drop his bid.[112]
Sarkozy in 2015
Le Canard enchaîné continued its run of stories on Fillon in its issue of 8 February, revealing that Penelope Fillon collected severance payments totaling €45,000, with €16,000 in August 2002 for the period 1998–2002 and €29,000 in 2013 for seventeen months of employment for which she earned €65,839. The satirical weekly also asserted that she received a double salary during the summer of 2002, as she was hired by Joulaud's office on 13 July, more than a month before her contract as a parliamentary assistant with her husband expired, on 21 August. Although aides are eligible to collect severance payments, the law does not permit such a high level for parliamentary assistants. An article in the same issue reported that Marie Fillon was simultaneously employed as a parliamentary assistant while training to become a lawyer, taking the first post in October 2005 and entering theEFB in January 2006. Fillon responded to the claims in a press release by saying thatLe Canard enchaîné conflated the amount his wife collected in November 2013 with reported earnings in August 2007 after the conclusion of her work with Joulaud,[113] and denounced the paper's allegations as "lies".[114]
On 16 February, Fillon seemingly withdrew his earlier promise that he would terminate his candidacy if placed under formal investigation, saying "even if I am put under investigation, nothing will stop me" in private.[115] In an interview withLe Figaro published on 17 February, he insisted on continuing his campaign, declaring "I am the candidate and I will continue until victory" and that the closer to the election it was, the "more scandalous it would be to deprive the right and centre of a candidate".[116] On 24 February the PNF finally opened a judicial investigation into the "embezzlement of public funds, [...] influence-peddling and failure to comply with transparency obligations of theHATVP" against François Fillon, his wife, two of his children, and Marc Joulaud (who were left unnamed, presumably, to allow for expanding the investigation to other suspects, if necessary). The OCLCIFF, which failed to unearth any tangible proof of work by Fillon's wife as a parliamentary assistant to her husband from 1988 to 1990, 1998 to 2000, and 2012 to 2013 or to Marc Joulaud from 2002 to 2007, and was unconvinced by the two reviews in theRevue des deux Mondes attributed to Penelope Fillon, tasked three investigative judges to continue pursuing the affair.[117] These three judges were identified on 27 February asSerge Tournaire, Stéphanie Tacheau, and Aude Buresi.[118]
On 1 March, Fillon was informed that he was summoned to appear before the judges and likely to be placed under formal investigation – generally a precursor to an eventual indictment – on 15 March.[119] In the subsequent hours and days, hundreds of campaign members, allies, and supporters rescinded their support for Fillon, including theUnion of Democrats and Independents (UDI), a centre-right party whose presidentJean-Christophe Lagarde backed Juppé in the primary, suspended its participation in the campaign.[120] fifteen campaign staffers,[121] and hundreds of others; a total of 306 elected officials and members of the Fillon campaign withdrew their support for the candidate by 5 March.[122] Many of those rescinding their support speculated about the potential return of Juppé to replace Fillon as the party's candidate, with Fenech urging elected officials file sponsorships for the ex-primary candidate.[123] Meanwhile, associates of Juppé indicated that he was apparently warming to the idea of stepping in to run if needed, "ready but loyal".[124]
Alain Juppé in 2015
Despite this chain of defections, François Fillon remained defiant, holding a rally at theTrocadéro on that afternoon intended as show of force.[125] He then appeared on20 heures on France 2 that evening, during which he refused to give up his candidacy, saying that "there is no alternative" and adding that "no one today can stop me from being a candidate", insisting that "it is not the party that will decide" the fate of his candidacy. He said that the rally at the Trocadéro cemented his legitimacy, and that though he would have stepped down two months ago if indicted then, it was now too close to the presidential election and it would be unfair to voters of the right if he quit now. With a "political committee" planned for the following day, he proposed to assemble a modified campaign team, naming François Baroin,Éric Ciotti, andLuc Chatel, in an attempt to rally support around his candidacy.[126] Immediately after Fillon's appearance, Juppé announced on Twitter that he give a statement to the press in Bordeaux at 10:30 CET the day after.[127]
Juppé officially announced his abstention from the race on 6 March, saying that "for me, it is too late", and added that Fillon was at a "dead end" with his allegations of political assassination.[33] The same day, the party's "political committee" rallied behind Fillon, unanimously reaffirming its support for his candidacy.[128] The same day,Le Canard enchaîné revealed that Fillon had failed to declare to the HATVP a €50,000 loan from Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière, president of theRevue des deux Mondes.[129] The UDI renewed its support for Fillon that evening, albeit only conditionally.[130] On 13 March,Le Parisien revealed that investigators discovered suspicious wire transfers made by Marie and Charles Fillon to their father while employed by him, with Marie returning €33,000 of the €46,000 she was paid. Charles Fillon, in his hearing, referred to similar transfers to his parents' joint account, worth about 30% of his salary.[131]
On the morning of 14 March, Fillon was placed under formal investigation for misuse of public funds, embezzlement, and failure to comply with HATVP disclosure requirements.[132] On 16 March the investigation into Fillon was extended to "aggravated fraud, forgery, and falsification of records". In particular, the probe sought to determine whether documents seized during a search of the National Assembly in March were forged in order to corroborate the veracity of Penelope Fillon's work as a parliamentary assistant.[133] The investigation was also expanded into possible influence-peddling related to Fillon's consulting firm 2F Conseil, which was previously hired by billionaire Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière, owner of theRevue des deux Mondes, which employed Penelope Fillon. In 2013 de Lacharrière also provided a €50,000 loan to François Fillon, who failed to declare it as legally required.[134] OnL'Émission politique on 23 March, Fillon said thatBienvenue Place Beauvau, a book co-authored byDidier Hassoux ofLe Canard enchaîné, suggested President Hollande ran a shadow cabinet to spread rumours about his opponents, a claim Hassoux subsequently denied.[135] On 24 March, Marc Joulaud, Fillon's former substitute, was formally placed under investigation for embezzlement of public funds.[136] Penelope Fillon was placed under formal investigation for complicity in and concealment of embezzlement and misuse of public funds, as well as aggravated fraud, on 28 March.[137]
On 10 April,Mediapart revealed that Penelope Fillon had in fact been paid by the National Assembly starting in 1982, not 1986, as earlier claimed by François Fillon.[138] The edition ofLe Canard enchaîné set for publication on 12 April revealed that François Fillon secured his then-fiancée a job three times the minimum wage in a Parisian ministry as early as 1980 while he was serving as deputy chief of staff toMinister of DefenceJoël Le Theule; her contract ended in 1981, after 15 months, after the Socialists swept into power.[139]
After securing his party's nomination in itspresidential primary on 29 January 2017,Socialist Party (PS) dissidentBenoît Hamon proposed forming a "governmental majority" withJean-Luc Mélenchon ofla France Insoumise (FI) andYannick Jadot ofEurope Ecology – The Greens (EELV), seeking to "reconcile the left and the environmentalists". Though Mélenchon had earlier demonstrated hostility to the possibility of an alliance, he expressed "satisfaction" with Hamon's sentiments shortly after the primary.[140] On 23 February, Jadot cemented an agreement to withdraw his candidacy in favor of Hamon,[32] but on 26 February Hamon acknowledged that talks to secure an alliance with Mélenchon had failed, the pair only agreeing to a code of mutual respect.[141] The talks failed in part because of the candidates' differing positions on matters related to theEuropean Union (EU),European Central Bank (ECB), EU treaties, European defense, and the obligation to maintain a budget deficit below 3% of GDP, among other divergences.[142]
During a trip toAlgeria on 15 February,Emmanuel Macron, candidate ofEn Marche!, remarked in an interview with local press that the French presence in the country had been a "crime against humanity" and "truly barbaric", drawing the ire of numerous right-wing French politicians.François Fillon ofthe Republicans denounced Macron's remarks as a "hatred of our history, this constant repentance is unworthy of a candidate for the presidency of the Republic".[143] Seeking to put aside the controversy in a meeting inToulon on 18 February, he attempted to qualify his remarks, saying that he was "sorry" for having "hurt" and "offended" many as a result, but nevertheless continued to insist on acknowledging that France had a responsibility for its colonial past, not just in Algeria.[144] His remarks were followed by a temporary resurgence for Fillon in polls of voting intentions.[145]
On 20 April, three days before the first round, three police officers were shot and one killed inan attack on theChamps-Élysées, interrupting the15 minutes pour convaincre (15 minutes to convince) onFrance 2, a program featuring successive interviews with the 11 candidates; in the following interviews, the remaining candidates paid tribute to the victims of the attack.[155] In the wake of the attack, Le Pen and Fillon, suspended campaign activities the following day – the final day of campaigning – while Macron canceled two trips and Mélenchon insisted on maintaining his schedule to demonstrate that he would not allow violence to interrupt the democratic process; Hamon made similar remarks, proceeding with one campaign event the following day.[156]
A report published on 25 April by the Japan-based security firmTrend Micro alleged that a group of hackers was targeting the Macron campaign. The group, known asPawn Storm (better known as Fancy Bear or APT28), is believed to be linked to the Russian state, and was responsible for previous attacks, including onTV5Monde in April and the Bundestag in May 2015. In particular, the group attempted aphishing operation, registering four domains strongly resembling those actually used by En Marche!, of which three were domiciled in Ukraine and one in France.[157]
In an interview withAssociated Press the head of the French government's cyber security agency, which investigated leaks from President Emmanuel Macron's election campaign, said that they didn't find any trace of a notorious Russian hacking group behind the attack.[158]
A voting line of French expatriates inMorges, Switzerland
The official campaign began on 10 April and ended at midnight on 21 April. During this period, theConseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel was to ensure equal speaking time for candidates in audiovisual media.[8] On French public broadcasters, ten slots were allotted to the eleven candidates from 10 to 18 and 20 April, with nine slots on 19 April and eleven slots – one for each candidate – on 21 April, the final day of active campaigning.[159]
A debate betweenFrançois Fillon,Benoît Hamon,Marine Le Pen,Emmanuel Macron, andJean-Luc Mélenchon took place on 20 March, hosted byTF1 and moderated by journalistsAnne-Claire Coudray andGilles Bouleau. It was the first time that a debate prior to the first round was held. The choice of date meant that TF1 would not be required to provide candidates with equal speaking time, asConseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) regulations do not go into force until 9 April, the start of the official campaign.Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, who was not invited, denounced the debate as a "rape of democracy",[163] and the CSA urged TF1 to guarantee fair speaking time for other candidates.[164] Dupont-Aignan filed an appeal that was rejected in part because he had already received airtime proportionate to his support.[165] On 18 March, appearing on TF1, he quit mid-interview, furious at his exclusion from the network's debate.[166] The first debate began with an introductory question – "What kind of president do you want to be?" – followed by segments on three themes lasting about 50 minutes each: what type of society France should have, what type of economic model France should adopt, and the place of France in the world. The five candidates were given two minutes to answer each question, but opponents had the opportunity to interject 90 seconds in.[167] The debate was three and a half hours long,[168] and was watched by 9.8 million (47% of the audience share) onTF1, peaking at 11.5 million.[169]
BFM TV andCNews hosted the second debate on 4 April at 20:40 CEST, moderated byRuth Elkrief andLaurence Ferrari,[170] inviting all candidates who qualified to appear on the first-round ballot.[171] The start time, earlier than that of the TF1 debate, was chosen to avoid continuing well past midnight. Three themes were addressed: employment, the French social model, and the protection of the French. The final part of the debate concerned the exercise of power and moralization of public officials. Each of the 11 candidates invited had a minute and a half to answer each question, and other candidates were permitted to challenge their answers. This was the first ever debate including all first-round candidates;[172] A total of 6.3 million people representing an audience share of 32% viewed the debate; BFM TV alone claimed 5.5 million viewers, equivalent to 28% audience share – an all-time record for the channel.[173]
France 2 intended to host a debate with all candidates on 20 April,[163] but on 28 March Mélenchon stated he was unhappy with its timing, planning not to attend, and would prefer that it be held before 17 April.[174] Macron also expressed reservations about the proposed third debate, stating that he wanted only one debate with all 11 candidates before the first round, and preferably not just three days before the first round of voting.[175] On 29 March, the CSA indicated that it was "concerned" that the date of the debate was too close to the first round, and recommended that candidates and broadcasters work to find an agreement as quickly as possible.[176]France Télévisions decided to maintain the date of 20 April due to the lack of a consensus on an alternative the following day,[177] but abandoned plans for a third debate on 5 April, instead proposing that individual candidates be interviewed byLéa Salamé andDavid Pujadas during that timeslot.[178] The plan was finally confirmed on 18 April, with France 2 offering successive 15-minute interviews to the 11 candidates with the two hosts.[179]
2017 French presidential election first-round debates
La Rotonde, where Macron celebrated the results of the first roundSupporters of Macron celebrating his victory at theLouvre on 7 May
After being eliminated in the first round, bothFrançois Fillon andBenoît Hamon called to vote forEmmanuel Macron, whileJean-Luc Mélenchon refused to pronounce in favor of either candidate, preferring to first consult activists from his movement.[2]Jean Lassalle andNathalie Arthaud opted to cast ablank vote,[2][24]Philippe Poutou andFrançois Asselineau gave no voting instructions,[2] andJacques Cheminade only stated that he would personally refuse to vote for Le Pen and denounced the forces of "financial occupation".[23]Nicolas Dupont-Aignan endorsed Le Pen during the evening of 28 April,[18] and was subsequently revealed as her choice for Prime Minister the following day.[190] On 2 May, the result of Mélenchon's consultation was published, with 36.12% voting for a blank vote, 34.83% supporting a vote for Macron, and 29.05% opting to abstain;[191] Mélenchon, for his part, issued no voting instructions, only urging his supporters not to make the "terrible error" of voting for Le Pen.[192]Jean-Marie Le Pen supported his daughter.[193]
Voting cards for the second round.
On the evening of the first round, Macron and members of his entourage celebrated the result atLa Rotonde, abrasserie in the6th arrondissement of Paris; the move was criticized as premature and complacent, viewed as reminiscent ofNicolas Sarkozy's widely criticized post-election celebration atFouquet's in 2007.[194] On 24 April, Le Pen vacated her position as leader of the National Front on 24 April to focus on her presidential candidacy but remained a member of the party.[195] On 26 April, while Macron met with union representatives in his hometown ofAmiens employed at the localWhirlpool factory, slated to close in 2018, Le Pen arrived at the site of the factory outdoors around noon in a visit to speak with workers, catching Macron by surprise. When Macron subsequently arrived at the factory site in mid-afternoon, he was whistled and heckled by a hostile crowd, with some shouting "Marine présidente", before he subsequently spoke with the workers for half an hour.[196]
The official campaign ended at midnight on 5 May.[197] Just minutes before the election silence went into effect,emails and documents from the Macron campaign were leaked on a file-sharing website. The campaign team subsequently issued a statement claiming that they had been compromised, and alleged that the leak contained both real as well and some fabricated documents. Numerama, an online publication focusing on digital life, described the leaked material as "utterly mundane", consisting of "the contents of a hard drive and several emails of co-workers and En Marche political officials." Leaked documents included "memos, bills, loans for amounts that are hardly over-the-top, recommendations and other reservations, amidst, of course, exchanges that are strictly personal and private — personal notes on the rain and sunshine, a confirmation email for the publishing of a book, reservation of a table for friends, etc.", in addition to some documents unrelated to Macron.[198]
Though TF1 initially had plans to hold its own debate between the first and second round, it instead jointly hosted one with France 2.[200] BFM TV also originally intended to host a debate between the two rounds, and it sought to join France 2 and TF1 in co-hosting a single debate but was rebuffed; while all channels were welcome to broadcast the debate, CEO of France TélévisionsDelphine Ernotte said, it would not accept such an arrangement with BFM TV, which would mean three journalists moderating the debate.[201] UnlikeJacques Chirac, who refused to debateJean-Marie Le Pen after the latter's surprise advancement to the second round in the2002 presidential election, Macron agreed to debate Marine Le Pen on 3 May.[202] The debate, planned to start at 21:00 CEST and last 2 hours and 20 minutes, was originally to be moderated byGilles Bouleau andDavid Pujadas; however, after theConseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) raised concerns that the moderators would both be men for the first time since 1995, the final pair ofChristophe Jakubyszyn of TF1 andNathalie Saint-Cricq of France 2 was chosen.[203] A total of 16.5 million people (60% of the audience share) watched the debate.[204]
The debate was considered to have significantly damaged the image of Le Pen and the FN before the second round of the election, with Le Pen criticized for being overly aggressive, arrogant, and amateur in the topics at hand, and was also attributed as a cause of the poor performance of the FN in the subsequent legislative elections.[205]
2017 French presidential election second-round debate
* Elabe poll among viewers; Harris and Ifop-Fiducial polls among those aware of debate; Odoxa poll among a representative sample of the French population
On 8 May, Macron joined President Hollande on theChamps-Elysées to commemorate the 72nd anniversary of thesurrender of Germany. The official transfer of power took place on 14 May,[5] after which Macron nominated his prime minister and government.[211] Thelegislative elections to elect the 15thNational Assembly were held a month after the presidential election, with two rounds on 11 and 18 June 2017,[212] in which En Marche! presented its candidates under the label of La République En Marche!; a list of the movement's candidates for the legislative elections was published on 11 May.[213]
Following the second round of the presidential election on 7 May, Macron announced he would be stepping down as president ofEn Marche!, Le Pen announced that she would undertake a "profound transformation" of theNational Front, and Mélenchon urged his supporters to mobilize in the legislative elections.[5]
The campaign accounts of the eleven candidates were submitted by 7 July 2017 and published in August 2017,[214] and were validated and reimbursement announced by the National Commission for Campaign Accounts and Political Financing on 13 February 2018.
^Per convention, candidates' ages are calculated based on the date of publication of the official list of candidates by the Constitutional Council on 21 March 2017.
^ab"Les parrainages par candidat". Conseil constitutionnel présidentielle 2017. 18 March 2017.Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved18 March 2017.
Elgie, Robert. "The election of Emmanuel Macron and the new French party system: a return to the éternel marais?."Modern & Contemporary France 26.1 (2018): 15–29.
Evans, Jocelyn, and Gilles Ivaldi.The 2017 French Presidential Elections: A Political Reformation? (Springer, 2017)excerpt.
Evans, Jocelyn, and Gilles Ivaldi. "An atypical ‘honeymoon’election? Contextual and strategic opportunities in the 2017 French legislative elections."French Politics 15.3 (2017): 322–339.Online
Ferrara, Emilio. "Disinformation and social bot operations in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election."arXiv (2017)online.
Gil, Cameron Michael. "Spatial analysis of La République En Marche and French Parties, 2002–2017."French Politics (2018): 1–27.
Gougou, Florent, and Simon Persico. "A new party system in the making? The 2017 French presidential election."French Politics 15.3 (2017): 303–321.Abstract
Gougou, Florent, and Nicolas Sauger. "The 2017 French Election Study (FES 2017): a post-electoral cross-sectional survey."French Politics 15.3 (2017): 360–370.Online
Maillot, Agnès. "Setting the agenda? The Front National and the 2017 French presidential election."Irish Studies in International Affairs 28 (2017): 45–56.Online
Mény, Yves. "A tale of party primaries and outsider candidates: the 2017 French presidential election."French politics 15.3 (2017): 265–278.
Schön-Quinlivan, Emmanuelle. "‘The elephant in the room’ no more: Europe as a structuring line of political cleavage in the 2017 presidential election."French Politics 15.3 (2017): 290-302online.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_(cropped).jpg)
.jpg)
_03_(cropped).jpg)
.jpg)
_01_cropped.jpg)
.jpg)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
