 A collage showing various landmarks in the haze. Top:An-Nur Great Mosque,Pekanbaru,Indonesia Bottom-left:Darussalam Grand MosquePalangkaraya,Indonesia Bottom-right:Swissôtel The Stamford,Singapore | |
| Duration | 28 June 2015[1] – 29 October 2015[2][3] |
|---|---|
| Location |  Brunei Cambodia (suspected) Indonesia (origin) Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam |
| Outcome | State of emergency declared in six Indonesian provinces School closures in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore Swimming World Cup disrupted Kuala Lumpur Marathon cancelled Sultan of Selangor's Cup cancelled |
| Deaths | Indonesia: 19 died due to respiratory infections.[2] |
| Non-fatal injuries | Indonesia: 503,874 (by 23 October 2015)[9] |
| Property damage | $35-47 billion (2015 USD) |
The2015 Southeast Asian haze was anair pollution crisis affecting several countries inSoutheast Asia, includingBrunei,Indonesia (especially its islands ofSumatra andBorneo),Malaysia,Singapore, southernThailand,Vietnam,Cambodia and thePhilippines.
Thehaze affectedIndonesia from at least late June,[1] to the end of October, turning into an international problem for other countries in September. It was the latest occurrence of theSoutheast Asian haze, a long-term issue that occurs in varying intensity during every dry season in the region.[10] It was caused byforest fires resulting fromslash-and-burn practices, principally on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra andKalimantan, which then spread quickly in thedry season.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
On 4 September 2015, theIndonesian National Board for Disaster Management stated that six Indonesian provinces had declared astate of emergency due to the haze; these wereRiau,Jambi,South Sumatra,West Kalimantan,Central Kalimantan andSouth Kalimantan.[20] On 14 September, a state of emergency was again declared inRiau, this time by theIndonesian government.[16][21] Thousands of residents ofPekanbaru, Riau's capital, fled to the nearby cities ofMedan andPadang.[22][23] On 24 October, thePollutant Standards Index (PSI) hit a record high of 1801, recorded in the province of Central Kalimantan.[24][25]
More than 28 million people in Indonesia alone were affected by the crisis, and more than 140,000 reported respiratory illness.[9][26] According to a 2016Harvard-Columbia University study, the haze caused more than 100,000 additionaldeaths, most of them (> 90,000) in Indonesia.[27][28] But later, the claim was refuted by Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysian health authorities.[29] The haze caused by the Indonesian forest fires has been shown to increase haze-related illnesses, such as upper respiratory illnesses and acute conjunctivitis, in Singapore.[30]
The Indonesian government estimated that the haze crisis would cost it between 300 and 475 trillionrupiah (up to US$35 billion orS$47 billion) to mitigate.[31] School closures due to the haze were implemented in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; these affected nearly four million students in Malaysia alone.[32][33][34] Among the events disrupted or even cancelled due to the haze were the2015 FINA Swimming World Cup in Singapore and theKuala Lumpur Marathon inMalaysia.
Heavy rains in Sumatra and Kalimantan in the last days of October 2015 significantly reduced the size and number of fires, and improved the air quality in most affected areas.[2][3][35][36] In turn, the NEA of Singapore stopped issuing haze advisories from 15 November 2015.
| Southeast Asian haze series |
|---|
 |
| History |
| Key topics |
| Responses |
| See also |
 Category |
Indonesia has struggled for years to contain forest fires, especially on the islands ofSumatra andBorneo. In September 2014, Indonesia ratified theASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. It is the last ASEAN country to do so.[37] The agreement calls on Indonesia to take steps to solve the problem through its own efforts or through international co-operation, or else face legal action based on the impact of the haze on its south-east Asian neighbours.[38] In 2014, Singapore also passed laws that allow it to prosecute people and firms that contribute to the haze.[39] In early August 2015, although Cambodia,Laos, Thailand,Myanmar, and Vietnam met to discuss the haze problem, Indonesia did not join the talks.[40]
The fires are caused by firms and farmers usingslash-and-burn practices as a inexpensive means to clear their land of unwanted vegetation. Sumatra and Kalimantan possess large areas ofpeatland, which is highly combustible duringdry season.Peat, which is made up of layers of dead vegetation and other organic matter, contributed heavily to carbon emissions because of the substance's high density[41] and carbon content. The haze was particularly severe in 2015 due to theEl Niño phenomenon, which caused drier conditions, causing the fires to spread more.[42]
Research published in theEnvironmental Research Letters stated that 59% of fire emissions in Sumatra and 73% in Kalimantan originated from "outside timber and palm oil concession boundaries".[43] Environmental rights activists added thatpalm oil activities were still involved in the burning. Firstly, land clearing by burning is cheap and is more often chosen by companies than any other land-clearing method. Secondly, most companies want to avoid spending money onreforestation. Any company which obtains a license for forest lands must replant them from a fund provided by the government.[44] Most companies do not replant, and to avoid detection, they burn the land. Thirdly, the companies revitalise palm plantations by cutting or burning old palm trees that are no longer productive. The regulation stipulates that such burning must be done on a bed of concrete to avoid spreading the fire, but to reduce costs, most companies do not do this.[44]
At least six of the ten countries in theASEAN region have been affected by the haze: southernThailand,Vietnam,[45][46][47] and most parts ofBrunei,Indonesia,Malaysia, andSingapore.[48] The haze affectingCambodia andCebu in thePhilippines was also suspected to have arisen from Indonesian rather than local sources.[40][49]
On 29 September 2015, theIBTimes published interactive before-and-after photos that showed the dramatically reduced visibility inSingapore and Indonesia due to haze.[50]
TheGlobal Fire Emissions Database reported that the 2015 Indonesian fires had generated around 600 million tonnes ofgreenhouse gases, an amount described as 'roughly equivalent to Germany's entire annual output'.NASA said that the 2015 haze crisis could become the worst one recorded in the region, possibly outstrippingthe 1997 crisis, which cost an estimated nine billion US dollars.[51]
Smoke from forest fires inKalimantan, blown by prevailing south-westerly winds, brought hazy conditions toBrunei.[52] A duty forecaster at the Brunei Meteorological Department, Nurulinani Haji Jahari, said heavy thunderstorms would do little to relieve the hazy conditions because westerly winds were still expected to continue bringing more smoke fromKalimantan and Sumatra. On 15 September, theTutong District recorded an all-time-highPollutant Standards Index (PSI) reading of 68; followed byBelait, with 67;Brunei-Muara, with 65; andTemburong, with 48.[53] The Bruneian public were advised by authorities to drink plenty of water and seek medical assistance if experiencing smoke-related symptoms. Authorities also warned against any open burning or other activities that might worsen the haze.[53]
Phnom Penh suffered from haze, and itsCambodian Ministry of the Environment suspected that fires set by plantation owners in Indonesia might be to blame. Uncertainty of the source remained since Indonesia released little relevant information.[40]
The 2015 haze affected Indonesia from at least late June, with the municipality ofDumai (in the province of Riau on the island of Sumatra) reporting haze beginning 28 June.[1] The problem persisted for months.[33][54]
As of 7 October 2015, more than 140,000 Indonesians had reported respiratory illnesses in the haze-affected areas.[9][55] By 15 September 2015, around 25,834 were suffering fromrespiratory infection, 538 havingpneumonia, 2,246 suffering fromskin irritation, and 1,656 suffering from eye irritation.[55] The haze blanketing the whole ofSumatra island and parts ofKalimantan hampered tourism, aviation and maritime activities as well as the Indonesian economy.[56][57][58] A state of emergency was declared in the province ofRiau, one of the worst-affected by the haze.[21] In Riau's capital,Pekanbaru, authorities ordered the closing of schools to prevent pupils from being exposed to the haze,[33][59] and thousands were forced to flee the city.[22][23] Flight cancellations were reported daily inPekanbaru as well as inBalikpapan,East Kalimantan, due to poor visibility.[60][61]
TheIndonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics, which considers a pollution index over 350 "hazardous", reported on 22 September 2015 that the index inPalangkaraya inCentral Kalimantan hit 1,986 and the index forPontianak inWest Kalimantan reached 706.[62] These readings surpassed quintuple and double the official "hazardous" level, respectively. In late September, the province of Central Kalimantan measured a record high of 2,300 on Indonesia's PSI. On 2 October, Central Kalimantan was still experiencing a very high PSI of 1,801, such that firefighting helicopters were unable to water-bomb certain areas due to low visibility.[24]
By mid-late October the burning hotspots, increasing sharply in number, had even spread to Indonesia'sPapua region. TheTerra Aqua satellite also discovered 63 hotspots inMaluku and 17 inNorth Maluku. 1,545 hotspots were detected in Indonesia, although the exact number couldn't be ascertained as the haze covering the region was too thick. TheNusa Tenggara Islands also had hotspots: around 67 inEast Nusa Tenggara and 25 inWest Nusa Tenggara.[63] Dozens of flights were cancelled inTimika,West Papua. Both the Moluccas Islands and Sulawesi were covered by haze. In Sulawesi, around 800 hotspots were discovered by BPBD, a disaster mitigation agency. There were 57 hotspots inWest Sulawesi, 151 inSouth Sulawesi, 361 inCentral Sulawesi, 126 inSoutheast Sulawesi, 47 inGorontalo and 59 inNorth Sulawesi. The city ofPalu was covered by haze from nearby Kalimantan, causing some flight delays.
In Java, forest fires burned inWest Java andMount Merapi,Central Java. A forest fire, which trapped hikers and killed at least seven of them onMount Lawu inMagetan Regency inEast Java, was later reported to have been caused by abonfire.[64] This incident caused local areas to be evacuated. The haze in Palangkaraya was so thick that it turned the air yellow and exceeded the 'dangerous' threshold by 10 times. The annual parliamentary meeting was interrupted, as the smoke from outside entered the room, causing all of the politicians to use masks and tissues in the room.[65][66] Most schools in the affected area were closed until further notice due to the haze. In Riau andPalembang, students were advised to go to school only twice a week. Sometimes they did not even go to school for a whole week due to the haze, causing wide concern among parents and government officials. At least ten companies, seven of which are foreign companies, were declared as the prime suspects for fire in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Two of the companies' certificates were suspended by the government. Indonesian presidentJoko Widodo ordered all hospitals andpuskesmas (community health clinics) to be open for 24 hours. On 20 October, there were 825 new hotspots in Sumatra, with the visibility in Riau deteriorating to 50 meters. Around 66 flights in Pekanbaru were cancelled. At noon, the haze worsened as the air became yellow.[67] The Government of Riau, later made a statement that the haze crisis has killed their citizens slowly by suffocating them.
On 21 October, it was reported that the number of people with respiratory problems had risen to 78,829 in Riau alone. Many reported they suffered from dizziness and sore eyes. Most of the victims killed by the haze were students and newborn babies.[68] A nine-year-old third-grade student died because of the smoke and the doctors and nurses who tried to save the child reported that the child's lungs were fully filled with smoke. A 15-month-old baby also died in Jambi. The photos of the dead body, taken with the baby's mother, went viral onFacebook.[69][70] The haze crisis also interrupted the search for a missingEurocopter EC130 with five people on board inLake Toba. The sole survivor reported that the cause of the crash was the haze.
UnhealthyAir Pollution Index (API) readings were recorded in 24 areas in the states ofSarawak, withSelangor andLangkawi inKedah being the worst hit by the haze.[71][72][73][74] Residents with asthma and pulmonary problems were told to stay indoors until the air quality in their areas improved. Malaysia's aviation and maritime sectors were put on high alert following a worsening in view of the reduced visibility caused by the haze.[75] The education ministry stated all schools had to close if the API readings surpassed 200. As a result, on 15 September, schools in the four states of Sarawak, Selangor,Negeri Sembilan andMalacca together with theFederal Territories ofKuala Lumpur andPutrajaya were ordered to close temporarily.[73][76][77] On 3 October, the officials decided to cancel theStandard Chartered KL Marathon 2015 due to the worsening haze.[78] On 4 October, as haze reached unhealthy levels in many parts of the country, the government announced that all states except for Kelantan, Sabah and Sarawak were to close schools again for two days.[73][79] The API in Shah Alam, Selangor even hit the hazardous level of 308.[73][80] Until 20 October, around 1,909,842 students from 3,029 schools in Malaysia were affected,[81] which increased to 2,696,110 students and 4,778 schools by 22 October.[82] Flights were also delayed and cancelled in the east coast of Sabah due to continuous haze from Kalimantan.[83] It was a concern in the week leading up to the2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix as the event could have come under threat of haze.
As of 3 October, thePhilippine island ofCebu suffered its seventh straight day of haze. Therefore, it was suspected, although not confirmed, that the haze was originating from Indonesian and not local sources, possibly as a result of monsoon winds blowing north-east from fires in Indonesia towards the direction of the centralPhilippines.[49][84] As a result, somePhilippine aircraft had difficulties landing atMactan–Cebu International Airport.Visual Flight Rules in the country were suspended, so that "only airline operations using airplanes with instrument flying capabilities are allowed to take off and land".[85] ThePhilippines at first did not believe haze from Indonesia was reaching the country,[85][86] but later suspected it was due to the fact that the haze did not disappear within a day as per the usual haze that is particular to the region ofCebu City.[49] Gerry Bagtasa, an atmospheric scientist, however concluded that the haze in Cebu was both from Indonesian and local sources due to several factors including effects byTyphoon Koppu, locally known as Typhoon Lando, and thenorth-east monsoon. The interaction made a pocket of air above Cebu where a visible haze accumulated. Bagtasa said that the haze had already reached the island ofMindanao and other parts ofVisayas when it was reported in Cebu but was too thin to be visible.[87]
By mid-October, haze from Indonesia had reachedMindanao. On 20 October, it was reported that thePhilippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in Southern Mindanao had been monitoring the haze for days. The weather body said that haze had been visible in Davao City since 17 October.Typhoon Koppu and thenorth-east monsoon were linked to the haze affecting Mindanao. Haze was also reported in the cities ofCagayan de Oro,General Santos,Iligan,Davao, andZamboanga.[88][89]
Haze affected operations of airports in Mindanao and Visayas.[90] It was also observed inMetro Manila since 23 October although as of 25 October it was not linked to sources from Indonesia but to local pollution. At 12:00 (GMT+8) on 25 October, the research monitoring station inUniversity of the Philippines Diliman recorded aPM2.5 measurement of above 150 micrograms, which is deemed as "hazardous".[91] There were concerns about haze from Indonesia reaching Metro Manila and it was theorised that this could happen if another typhoon hit the country.[92]
Some outdoor activities in Singapore were postponed following the haze.[93][94] It was a concern in the week leading up to the2015 Singapore Grand Prix as the event could have come under threat of haze.[95][96] The haze rose into the "very unhealthy" range of thePollutant Standards Index on 14 September, with a reading of 223 at 8 p.m.[97] It rose further to 249 at 9 p.m. before dropping back to the "unhealthy" range for the rest of the night. Thunderstorms and rain had improved the situation in the afternoons of the 15th and 16th, while a change in prevailing wind direction improved the situation from the 20th to the 22nd.
The haze deteriorated again on the evening of the 23rd and the morning of the 24th as denser haze from Sumatra was blown into the country by prevailing southerly winds.[98] On 24 September, the PSI reading at 7 p.m. rose into the "hazardous" range for the first time in 2015 with a reading of 313. It rose further to 317 at 8 p.m., which prompted theMinistry of Education (MOE) to close all primary and secondary schools on the 25th due to the worsening haze conditions.[34] The haze deteriorated further during the small hours, reaching a record high for the year at 5 a.m. with a reading of 341. However, the 3-hour PSI quickly fell back into the "moderate" range at 1 p.m. the next day. The PSI had been hovering at the unhealthy range from the late afternoon to the evening, and the MOE announced schools to reopen on 28 September 2015. Since that day, PSI levels have remained at the unhealthy range, even rising up to very unhealthy on a few occasions.[99]
On 24 September 2015,Ministry of Manpower (MOM) lodged a police report over ahoax post on social media (WhatsApp andFacebook) that claimed it had declared a "voluntary non-work day" on Friday, 25 September 2015 as a result of the haze.[100][101][102]
On 25 September 2015, the government, for the first time, named five firms:Asia Pulp and Paper,Rimba Hutani Mas,Sebangun Bumi Andalas Wood Industries,Bumi Sriwijaya Sentosa andWachyuni Mandira as responsible for the haze and instructed them to take measures to extinguish fires on their land, not to start new ones, and to submit action plans on how they would prevent future fires. The Minister for the Environment and Water Resources stressed that the haze was a man-made problem that should not be tolerated. Under Singapore's Transboundary Haze Pollution Act, those guilty can be fined up to $100,000 a day, capped at $2 million, for causing unhealthy haze.
Some of the2015 FINA Swimming World Cup's events on 3 October 2015 were cancelled as the PSI was in the 'unhealthy' range.[103]
On 19 October 2015, the 1-hour PM2.5 concentration reached a record high of 471μg/m3 for the West region at 11 p.m., while the South region was at 301μg/m3 . This was a sharp increase as the highest 1-hour PM2.5 concentration in Singapore at 9 p.m. was 164μg/m3 . TheNational Environment Agency attributed this to "denser haze from the sea areas south of Singapore being blown in by the prevailing south-south=easterly winds".[104]Thunderstorms in the morning of 28 October 2015 brought respite from the haze when the PSI dropped from 61 to 26 at 9 a.m.
The National Environment Agency (NEA) announced that they would stop issuing daily haze advisories from 15 November 2015 onwards.[105]
The 2015 haze crisis in Singapore was considered as the most serious haze episode for Singapore as it lasted for a long time. It was also the first time the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) deployed a Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) Chinook helicopter and 34 SAF personnel to help fight the ongoing forest fires in Sumatra, Indonesia.[106]
The haze fromSumatra turned most parts of southern Thailand such asNarathiwat,Pattani,Phuket,Satun,Songkhla,Surat Thani,Trang andYala provinces unsightly, even reaching hazardous levels on 7 October[46][107][108][109] The Phuket Provincial Health Office (PPHO) issued a health advisory to its residents in August 2015 and in October the province saw a number of flight delays inPhuket Airport.[110][111] The air quality index in provinces of southern Thailand were increasing with the Regional Environmental Office Director Halem Jehmarikan saying the current air pollution levels were the result of the wind direction and a low pressure area, preventing the haze from being blown away. A number of hospitals saw an increase in child patients with respiratory system related symptoms.[112] Halem also added the pollution was the worst in decades compared to previous smog that faded within four hours.[113]
Ho Chi Minh City and other provinces in Southern Vietnam were enveloped in haze as of 4 October.[dubious –discuss] Vietnamese experts believe that the phenomenon was partly caused by the fire in Indonesia. According to the southern unit of the Vietnamese National Centre for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, many provinces and cities in theMekong Delta, such asSóc Trăng,Cà Mau,Kiến Giang,Đồng Tháp,Bến Tre, andCần Thơ also experienced similar foggy weather since the beginning of October.[47] Residents were told to stay indoors as southern Vietnam saw a rising number of child patients suffering irritated eyes, nosebleeds, runny noses, and sneezing. The haze was predicted to continue for three days before being gradually eased by heavy rains.[114]
Both Indonesia and Malaysia started dailycloud seeding on 15 September.[115][116] Fourteen helicopters were deployed by Indonesian authorities to dump water on fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan, and cloud seeding aircraft were deployed to Kalimantan.[117] In Malaysia, the cloud seeding operation was carried out for 10 days until 25 September in areas such asKuching,Sri Aman,Kota Samarahan andSarikei in Malaysian Borneo andKlang Valley in peninsular Malaysia.[118][119][120]
The Indonesian government also started buildingretention basins to restore moisture to the peatland in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Dry peatland, due to the dry season and also drainage for oil palm cultivation, was cited as the reason that fire spread quickly. Retention basins were built by blocking water flow in drainage canals, and the re-wetted peatland would serve to check the fire.[121][122]
Firefighting efforts involved Singapore, Malaysia and Australia. Russian-made Beriev Be-200 water bombers were involved.[123] One of them had arrived at 21 Oct 0411 hours.[124]
Free face masks were distributed to residents in areas worst affected by the haze and many schools inPeninsular Malaysia,Sarawak,Singapore as well asIndonesia were ordered to close.[118][125][126] Most Indonesian pharmacies soldoxygen cylinders to the public.[127]
Singapore launched legal action that could lead to massive fines against Indonesian companies blamed for farm and plantation fires spewing unhealthy levels of air pollution over the city-state.[128] Singapore also launched its own supplies for its residents, mainly to those elderly households who are very vulnerable to the haze with the distribution of AIR+ smart masks to 29,000 elderly residents along with WeCare PAcks, which contain food and essential items likeeyedrops,vitamin C tablets, biscuits, instant noodles and canned food.[129] In Thailand, Songkhla Province governor Songpol Sawasditham set up a "war room" to provide aid to affected residents and to combat the impact of smog from Indonesian forest fires.[113] TheThai government also launched an application called Air4ASEAN that tracked the spread of the haze from the Indonesian fires, and monitored the air quality in different countries.[40]
Residents and non-governmental organisations inRiau andCentral Kalimantan complained about the lack of aid and inaction from theIndonesian government over the ongoing forest fires.[130][131] An NGO (non-governmental organisation) called the "Mandate of People's Suffering" as well as some Riau residents even wrote to the Malaysian government requesting aid.[132][133] Some residents and leaders in Riau claimed that the central government was intentionally providing a slow and inadequate response, although the situation had been worsening over time. They explained that foreign aid had been blocked,[134] even though the government had shown an inability to combat the fires itself, and that sub-standard masks were handed out to locals.[135][136][137] The Indonesian government was also criticised for promising to cutCO
2 emissions by 20% but failing to provide any commitment to zero deforestation as the country has overtakenBrazil interms of deforestation.[138] Indonesia has received a new record from theGuinness World Records as the country with the fastest destruction of forest due to fire. During the crisis, Indonesia surpassed theUnited States as the second largest producer ofCO
2 in the world due to the haze,[139] just behindChina. The haze, which sent air pollution levels up to 'very unhealthy' levels in neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore, also affected the Pacific nations ofGuam,Palau and theNorthern Marianas. Guam's Office of Homeland Security and Civil Defence spokesperson Jenna Gaminde warned the public to expect the haze to reduce visibility and adversely affect those with respiratory issues. Western Melanesia was currently susceptible to winds fromTyphoon Koppu and Champi pulling smoke plumes from vast fires in Indonesia andPapua New Guinea. TheWorld Resources Institute said in an October report that since early September, carbon emissions from the fires had exceeded average US daily output on 26 out of 44 days.[140][141] If the haze continues until next year, the haze could be the worsthaze crisis in Southeast Asia since the1997 Southeast Asia haze.[142] Robert Field, aNASA scientist fromColumbia University, stated:
If the forecasts for a longer dry season hold, this suggests 2015 will rank among the most severe events on record.[51]
Weak enforcement of environmental laws have been criticised; in previous forest burnings, many of the perpetrators, who mostly comprised employees of Indonesian palm oil companies, had been caught with strong evidence of criminal activity but still managed to escape from getting heavier penalties.[56]
A group ofMalaysians gathered in front of the Indonesian embassy inKuala Lumpur to show their protest over Indonesia's illegal fires.[143] In Thailand, around 50Thais held a peaceful protest in front of the Indonesian consulate in Songkhla to demand that the Indonesian government expedite their action in combating the fires.[144] Another 20 Thais representing the "Hatyai-Songkhla Residents Affected by Haze from Indonesia" group also sent a letter to the Indonesian consulate asking Indonesia to take responsibility and give its commitment to solve the issue.[145] Tensions also arose with Singapore when Singapore's largest supermarketNTUC FairPrice withdrew paper products made by an Indonesian company,Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) as APP was named as one of the companies responsible for the haze.[134][146]
Indonesia – PresidentJoko Widodo has instructed government agencies to revoke the permits of any palm oil companies involved in the burning of forests and urged the arrest of those responsible.[147] While Jokowi conceded in September 2015 that the recurrent haze was "not a problem that you can solve quickly", he insisted that Indonesia had "gone to great lengths" to tackle the problem, and declared: "You will see results soon and in three years we will have solved this".[148] Around 25,000Indonesian National Armed Forces troops had been deployed to battle the fires.[149] While Indonesian Member of Parliament (MP) Hamdhani Mukhdar Said apologised to both Malaysia and Singapore over the haze,[150] Indonesia's Vice-PresidentJusuf Kalla restated his position that Indonesia has no obligation to apologise to neighbouring countries for the haze caused by "forest fires" lasting "a month at the most" when these countries were not "grateful" for the "months" of "fresh air from our green environment and our forests when there are no fires".[151][152] In a separate speech, Kalla said that Indonesia is "open", and requested that "Singapore, please come if you want to help. Don't just talk".[153] However, Indonesian Environment and Forestry Minister Siti Nurbaya Bakar had earlier rejected any Singaporean offers to help Indonesia by stating that Indonesia had enough resources to deal with the crisis.[154] October saw theIndonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) requesting help from Malaysia, Singapore or other countries to secure biggeraerial firefighting aircraft for Indonesia,[26] around the same time as the Indonesian cabinet finally agreed to receive international help with the crisis, with President Jokowi declaring that Indonesia was now "working with a number of countries including Singapore", and other officials saying that Russia had also offered to help.[134][149] Cabinet Secretary Pramono Anung explained why Indonesia had earlier rejected Singapore's help, saying that "if we are assisted, the government does not want them to claim the credit".[155]
Malaysia – Prime MinisterNajib Razak has demanded Indonesia take action against companies responsible for illegal forest fires blanketing parts of Southeast Asia in smoke, adding "Only Indonesia alone can gather evidence and convict the companies concerned".[156] Meanwhile,Malaysian Education MinisterMahdzir Khalid has stated "We will not compromise with anything that may bring harm to our children in schools".[156] TheMalaysian government has called Indonesia to ratify a newmemorandum of understanding to tackle transboundary haze. According to MalaysianMinister of Natural Resources and EnvironmentWan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar the MoU would let both countries "assisting and exchange ideas with each other in the case of jungle and peat soil fires while requiring Indonesia to comply with its side of the bargain".[157] TheFire and Rescue Department of Sarawak has ready to assist in putting out peat fires inPontianak, Kalimantan, Indonesia if it is instructed to do.[158]Malaysian military has also offered to help Indonesia to fight fires in both Sumatra and Kalimantan as stated byMalaysian Defence MinisterHishammuddin Hussein.[159]
Singapore – On 3 June 2015, preceding both the dry season and the 2015 haze crisis, theSingaporean government offered Indonesia an 'assistance package' to combat haze; Singapore said assistance had been "consistently" offered "since 2005". The 2015 offer included threeC-130 aircraft, oneChinook helicopter and aSingapore Civil Defence Force team.[160] The offer to deal with the crisis was again reiterated to Indonesia in September when Singapore was then affected by the haze.[161] At first, Indonesia accepted the offers[162] but rejected it under a recent statement by its Environment and Forestry Minister as confirmed by its ministry's chief spokesman, Mr Eka Soegiri.[154] Singapore has since reiterated the offer according to its formerMinister for Environment and Water Resources, DrVivian Balakrishnan.[163] Dr Vivian also delivered Singapore's national statement at the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Summit 2015 on 27 September 2015 at the UN Headquarters in New York US. The Summit has adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a long-term global development framework that includes a set of 17Sustainable Development Goals. In the statement, Minister Balakrishnan also called for closer regional and international co-operation on the issue of transboundaryhaze pollution in Southeast Asia.[164] On 7 October 2015, after the haze had affected parts of Southeast Asia for more than a month, Indonesia finally accepted Singapore's offer to help.[165] Singapore'sMinistry of Foreign Affairs said the request was sent via the Indonesian embassy in Singapore.
Thailand – Prime MinisterPrayut Chan-o-cha ordered itsForeign Ministry co-operate closely with neighbouring countries to tackle the chronic problem that has gripped parts of Southeast Asia.[108] He also instructed officials in each affectedprovince to spray water in the air to help improve visibility and to supply masks to the public.[108] Thailand has said that they would push for ASEAN-level efforts to combat the haze.[144] The Thai government has also offered them help in tackling the haze problem according to its Foreign Ministry deputy permanent secretaryVitavas Srivihok, as the Indonesian envoy had admitted his country's efforts alone were not enough to stop the fires.[166]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)