Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tropical cyclone season
icon
This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR
(October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJuly 29, 2015
Last system dissipatedApril 27, 2016
Strongest storm
NameWinston
(Most intense tropical cyclone in theSouthern Hemisphere)
 • Maximum winds280 km/h (175 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure884hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances18[nb 1]
Total depressions11[nb 1]
Tropical cyclones 8[nb 1]
Severe tropical cyclones 5
Total fatalities50 total
Total damage$1.4 billion (2015USD)
(Second-costliestSouth Pacific cyclone season recorded)
Related articles
South Pacific tropical cyclone seasons
2013–14,2014–15,2015–16,2016–17,2017–18

The2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season was one of the most disastrousSouth Pacific tropical cyclone seasons on record, with a total of 50 deaths and $1.405 billion (2016USD) in damage. Throughout the season, 8 systems attained tropical cyclone status, whilst 5 became severe tropical cyclones. The most notable cyclone of the season by far wasWinston, which attained a minimum pressure of 884 hPa (mbar; 26.10 inHg), and maximum ten-minute sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h), making it the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Southern Hemisphere. Winston went on to devastateFiji, causing $1.4 billion (2016USD) in damage and 44 deaths across the country.

The 2015–16 season marked the period of the year when mosttropical cyclones form within theSouth Pacific Ocean to the east of 160°E. The season officially ran from November 1, 2015, to April 30, 2016, however a tropical cyclone could form at any time between July 1, 2015, and June 30, 2016, and would count towards the season total. During the season, tropical cyclones are officially monitored by theFiji Meteorological Service and the Meteorological Service of New Zealand (MetService). Other warning centres like the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the United StatesJoint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) will also monitor the basin. The FMS and MetService both use theAustralian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate wind speeds over a period of ten minutes, while the JTWC estimated sustained winds over a 1-minute period, which are subsequently compared to theSaffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale(SSHWS).

Seasonal forecasts

[edit]
Source/RecordTropical
Cyclone
Severe
Tropical Cyclone
Ref
Record high:1997–98: 161982–83: 10[2]
Record low:2011–12:  32008–09:  0[2]
Average (1969–70 – 2014–15):7.3 —[3]
Fiji Meteorological Service10–144–8[3]
NIWA October11–13>6[4]
RegionChance of
above average
Average
number
Actual
activity
Western South Pacific15%71
Eastern South Pacific48%107
Source:BOM's Seasonal Outlooks for Tropical Cyclones.[5]

After the occurrences of Tropical Cyclone Raquel and Tropical Depression 01F during July and August 2015, theFiji Meteorological Service (FMS) noted that the ongoing2014–16 El Niño event, might mean that more tropical cyclones occur in the basin than usual during the season.[6][7] It was also noted that during previous El Niño episodes the season started early, with systems developing before the start of the season on November 1.[6][7] As a result, the FMS expected the tropical cyclone season to start during October 2015.[6][7] During September 24, Météo-France announced that there was a 90% chance of either amoderate tropical storm, severe tropical storm or tropical cyclone, impacting the waters surrounding French Polynesia during the season.[8] Ahead of the cyclone season, the FMS, the BoM, Météo-France, New Zealand's MetService andNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research(NIWA) and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2015.[4]

The outlook took into account the strongEl Niño conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had ENSO neutral and weak El Niño conditions occurring during the season.[4] The outlook called for an above average number of tropical cyclones for the 2015–16 season, with eleven to thirteen named tropical cyclones to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of 10–12.[4] At least six of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while four could become category 4 severe tropical cyclones. It was also noted that Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 196 km/h (122 mph) were known to occur during El Niño events.[4] In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook the BoM and the FMS, issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region.[3][5] The BoM issued a seasonal forecast for both the Western and Eastern South Pacific.[5] The Western region between 142.5°E and 165°E was predicted to have a 15% chance of having an above average number of tropical cyclones, while the Eastern region between 165°E and 120°W was predicted to have a 48% chance of having an above average number of tropical cyclones.[5] Within their outlook the FMS predicted that between ten and fourteen tropical cyclones, would occur within the basin compared to an average of around 7.3 cyclones.[3] Between four and eight of these tropical cyclones were expected to intensify into category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while 3-7 might intensify into Category 4 or 5 severe tropical cyclones.[3] They also reported that the tropical cyclone genesis trough was expected to be displaced far eastwards of its long term average position.[3] This was based on the expected and predicted ENSO conditions, and the existence of the Pacific warm pool of sub-surface temperature anomalies in this region.[3]

Both the Island Climate Update and the FMS tropical cyclone outlooks assessed the risk of a tropical cyclone affecting a certain island or territory.[3][4] As the tropical cyclone genesis trough of low pressure was expected to be located near to and to the east of theInternational Date Line, normal or slightly above normal activity was expected for areas near the dateline.[3][4] With the exception of Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Niue, and Tonga, the Island Climate Update predicted that all areas would experience an elevated risk of being affected by multiple tropical cyclones.[4] The FMS's outlook predicted that the Solomon and Northern Cook Islands, Wallis and Futuna, Tokelau, Samoa, and French Polynesia had a highly elevated chance of being affected by a tropical cyclone.[3] Vanuatu, Fiji, Niue, and the Southern Cook Islands had an elevated risk, while a normal risk was anticipated for New Caledonia, Tuvalu, and Tonga.[3]

Seasonal summary

[edit]

As the 2015–16 tropical cyclone year opened, Tropical Cyclone Raquel was active within the Australian region and affecting the Solomon Islands with heavy rain and high winds. The system subsequently moved into the basin as a weakening tropical depression during July 2, before it was last noted within the Australian region during July 5; it is considered a storm from the previous season, not of this season. Later that month RSMC Nadi started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 01F, which had developed to the north-northeast of Honiara in the Solomon Islands. Over the next few days the system slowly organised further, before it was classified as Tropical Cyclone 01P by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, on August 2. In mid-October, Tropical Depression 02F formed. Despite being in a favorable environment, the weak storm dissipated on October 18. In late November, two systems formed in succession: Tropical Depressions 03F and 04F. 03F later strengthened into Tropical Cyclone Tuni. Both dissipated on December 2.[citation needed]

Later that month, the basin became more active, with Tropical Depressions 05F, 06F, and 07F forming just days apart. 05F later strengthened into TropicalCyclone Ula, while 07F caused fatalities in the Solomon Islands. Ula subsequently weakened, but later rapidly re-intensified into a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, reaching its peak intensity. Meanwhile, 06F developed to the north of Wallis Island, but was absorbed by Ula. Victor ended the first slew of storms, dissipating on January 24. Following this, the basin was dormant for three weeks; however, a slew of storms began forming in February.Winston led off the month, forming on February 7. Similar to Ula, the storm attained a preliminary peak, weakened, but later rapidly re-intensified into a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, making landfall near Suva, Fiji, at peak strength. This made Winston the strongest tropical cyclone on record to impact Fiji. Winston then moved southwest, out of the basin, on February 26, dissipating on March 1. Cyclone Tatiana briefly moved into the basin on February 12, but dissipated the next day, as it exited the basin. Yalo and a tropical depression followed to this: Yalo dissipated on February 26, while 12F dissipated on March 1. The basin became dormant again as the season wound down. Despite this, Tropical Depression 13F formed on March 19, and dissipated three days later. The basin once again became dormant again, as the end of March neared, until another tropical depression formed in early April. One of the three depressions became Cyclone Zena, which caused more problems to the nearly decimated Fiji.Amos formed in late April and moved over Samoa and American Samoa.[citation needed]

During the season, most of the island nations in the basin were impacted by systems impacting land. In particular, Raquel, Tropical Depressions 01F, 02F and 07F affected the Solomon Islands. The Samoan Islands were impacted by Tuni, Ula, Victor and Amos. Ula, Winston and Zena impacted Fiji. Individually, Ula affected Tuvalu and New Caledonia, while Winston also affected Tonga, and Vanuatu, and after leaving the basin, Niue, and eventually Queensland. Yalo affected French Polynesia in late February.[citation needed]

Systems

[edit]

Tropical Depression 01F

[edit]
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 29 – August 4
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)
See also:List of off-season South Pacific tropical cyclones

The first tropical depression of the season was first noted as a tropical disturbance during July 29, while it was located about 920 km (570 mi) to the north-northeast ofHoniara in theSolomon Islands.[9][10] The system lay to the north of an upper level subtropical ridge of high pressure in an area of moderate vertical wind shear.[9] Over the next couple of days the system slowly organised further as it steered south-eastwards into an area of decreasing vertical wind shear.[11]As a result of further organization it was classified as a tropical depression during August 1. Late on August 4, the FMS issued its final advisory on the system as it reported that the system was not expected to develop.[citation needed]

Tropical Depression 02F

[edit]
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 12 – October 18
Peak intensity45 km/h (30 mph)(10-min);
1001 hPa (mbar)

During October 12, Tropical Disturbance 02F developed along the South Pacific convergence zone, while it was located about 450 km (280 mi) to the northwest ofRotuma.[12][13] The system was located within a favourable environment for further development, with low to moderate vertical wind shear, and it lay under an upper-level ridge of high pressure.[12][14]Despite all of this, the system dissipated on October 18.[citation needed]

Tropical Cyclone Tuni

[edit]
Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 23 – November 30
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph)(10-min);
992 hPa (mbar)
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(December 2015)

On November 23, Tropical Disturbance 03F developed within a trough of low pressure, about 500 km (310 mi) to the northeast of Suva, Fiji.[15] The system lay in an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear, to the south of an upper-level ridge of high pressure.[15]

Across American Samoa, Tuni produced strong winds and heavy rains. Sustained winds of 90 km/h (56 mph) were observed in Tututila at an elevated location. Some trees were uprooted. Plantations, shacks, and garages sustained damage with total losses amounting to US$5 million.[16] There was no significant damage recorded in Niue, as the system brushed the island nation.[17]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ula

[edit]
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationDecember 26 – January 12
Peak intensity185 km/h (115 mph)(10-min);
944 hPa (mbar)
Main article:Cyclone Ula
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(February 2016)

In late December 2015, a long-lived and powerfulwesterly wind burst triggered the formation of a tropical disturbance in the south Pacific, along with its twin in the central North Pacific, which becameTropical Depression Nine-C.[18]During December 26, Tropical Disturbance 05F developed within a monsoon trough, about 465 km (290 mi) to the south-east of the Honiara in the Solomon Islands. The system lay under an upper level ridge of high pressure in an area of moderate to high vertical wind shear. Over the next few days the system moved eastwards and gradually developed further, becoming a tropical depression during December 29, while it was located to the north of the Samoan Islands.[citation needed]

Tropical Depression 07F

[edit]
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationDecember 28 – January 1
Peak intensityWinds not specified;
995 hPa (mbar)
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(February 2016)

Three people died in seagoing accidents related to Tropical Depression 07F, while four others went missing.[19]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Victor

[edit]
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationJanuary 14 – January 22
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph)(10-min);
958 hPa (mbar)

On January 10, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 08F had developed about 100 km (60 mi) to the northwest ofPenrhyn in theNorthern Cook Islands.[20] A few days later, the system was classified as an invest, until JTWC classified it with a low-chance of developing to a tropical cyclone on January 13.[21] Later in that same day, 08F was upgraded to a tropical depression.[22] On January 14, the JTWC issued a TCFA alert as 08F was located in moderate wind shear and warm sea-surface temperatures, which were conductive for tropical development.[23] Hours later, the JTWC upgraded 08F to a tropical cyclone as it was designated as07P and started issuing advisories, located 368 mi (592 km) east ofPago Pago,American Samoa.[24] On January 15, 08F was upgraded to a Category 1 tropical cyclone and was therefore namedVictor.[25]On January 18, Victor intensified into a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone, while the JTWC upgraded it to a Category 2 cyclone.[citation needed]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston

[edit]
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 7 – February 26
Peak intensity280 km/h (175 mph)(10-min);
884 hPa (mbar)
Main article:Cyclone Winston

Tropical Disturbance 09F developed on February 7, 2016, to the northwest ofPort Vila,Vanuatu.[26] Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeastward,[27] acquiringgale-force winds by February 11.[28] The following day it underwentrapid intensification and attained ten-minutemaximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph).[29] Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter.[30] After turning northeast on February 14,[31] Winston stalled to the north ofTonga on February 17.[32] Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and theSaffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on February 19.[33][34] It reached its record intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph) and a pressure of 884 hPa (mbar; 26.10 inHg), shortly before makinglandfall onViti Levu, Fiji.[35][36] This made it the strongest storm to ever strike the nation, as well as the strongest tropical cyclone of the Southern Hemisphere in history.[37][38]

On February 26, Winston exited the South Pacific basin and entered theAustralian region basin.[39]

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened,[40] and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20.[41] Striking Fiji at Category 5 intensity on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 44 people.[42][43] Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.[44][45] Total damage from Winston amounted to$FJ 2.98 billion ($1.4 billion 2016USD), making it the costliest cyclone on record in the basin, until it was surpassed byCyclone Gabrielle in 2023.[46][47]

Tropical Cyclone Tatiana

[edit]
Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 12(Entered basin) – February 13(Exited basin)
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph)(10-min);
983 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Cyclone Tatiana moved into the South Pacific basin from the Australian region during February 12, as it peaked as a Category 2 tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph).[48] The system subsequently moved southwards and rapidly weakened during the next day, crossing back into BoM's area of responsibility.[48] On the next day it degenerated into a remnant low.[48]

Tropical Cyclone Yalo

[edit]
Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 24 – February 26
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph)(10-min);
993 hPa (mbar)

During February 23, Tropical Disturbance 11F developed underneath an upper-level ridge of high pressure, about 850 km (530 mi) to the northwest ofTahiti,French Polynesia.[49] By the next day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as it was located over in favorable conditions of developing further.[50]The JTWC later upgraded 11F to a tropical storm, giving the system the identifier of14P, early on February 25.[citation needed]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Zena

[edit]
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationApril 5 – April 7
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph)(10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2020)

Severe Tropical Cyclone Zena passed nearFiji. This storm interfered withSurvivor, causing the contestants to be temporarily evacuated on day 2.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Amos

[edit]
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationApril 20 – April 24
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph)(10-min);
965 hPa (mbar)
Main article:Cyclone Amos

Tropical Disturbance 17F was first noted on April 13, while it was located about 130 km (80 mi) to the northwest of the Fijian dependency ofRotuma.[51]The system subsequently moved south-eastwards towards the Fijian Islands, before it passed near or overVanua Levu during April 16. After passing over Fiji, the system gradually developed further as it moved north-eastwards towards the Samoan Islands. The system was subsequently named Amos during April 20, after it had developed into atropical cyclone and started to move north-westwards towards theisland nation ofTuvalu.[citation needed]

Other systems

[edit]
Cyclone Raquel entering the basin on July 2, 2015

As the 2015–16 tropical cyclone year opened on July 1, TropicalCyclone Raquel was located in the Australian region to the north-west of Honiara.[52] Over the next 24 hours, the system recurved eastwards and weakened into a tropical depression, as it entered the basin on July 2.[53] The system subsequently moved westwards and out of the basin during July 4, as it impacted the Solomon Islands, with high wind gusts and heavy rain.[52][53] Tropical Disturbance 04F was first noted on December 1, while it was located about 640 km (400 mi) to the northeast of Papeete in French Polynesia.[54] Over the next day the poorly organised system moved westwards, underneath an upper-level ridge of high pressure before it dissipated during December 2.[55][56] During December 27, Tropical Disturbance 06F developed to the north ofWallis Island, in an area of moderate to high vertical wind shear.[57]

During February 29, Tropical Disturbance 12F developed about 330 km (205 mi), to the northwest of Papeete on the island of Tahiti in French Polynesia.[58] However, during that day as the system moved southwards in an area of low vertical wind shear, atmospheric convection decreased in magnitude before it was last noted during March 1.[59][60] Tropical Disturbance 13F was first noted on March 19, about 500 km (310 mi) to the northwest ofNouméa inNew Caledonia.[61] Over the next couple of days the system moved east-southeast, before it was last noted during March 21, to the southeast of New Caledonia.[62]

On April 2, Tropical Disturbance 14F formed from an active monsoon trough over Vanuatu.[63] The system moved in a slow eastward motion over in an area of favorable environments, thus, RSMC Nadi forecast the system to reach tropical cyclone intensity.[64] During April 5, 14F began to weaken with a lack of further organisation and therefore, RSMC Nadi issued its final bulletin later that day.[65] In the same time when 14F was formed, RSMC Nadi had reported of the formation of Tropical Disturbance 15F just to the east ofFiji.[66] Again, 15F was located over in favorable environments with deep convection and a developing LLCC.[67] During April 4, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system, however it was also mentioned that organization started to weaken.[68][64] 15F passed Fiji and rapidly diminished on April 6.[69] During April 20, Tropical Disturbance 18F developed within an area of low to moderate vertical wind-shear, to the south of an upper-level ridge of high pressure to the north of the Southern Cook Islands.[70][71]

Storm names

[edit]
See also:Tropical cyclone naming

Within the Southern Pacific a tropical depression is judged to have reached tropical cyclone intensity should it reach winds of 65 km/h (40 mph) and it is evident that gales are occurring at least halfway around the center. Tropical depressions that intensify into a tropical cyclone between the Equator and 25°S and between 160°E and 120°W are named by the FMS. However, should a tropical depression intensify to the south of 25°S between 160°E and 120°W it will be named by MetService in conjunction with the FMS. If a tropical cyclone moves out of the basin and into the Australian region, it will retain its original name. The namesTuni,Ula,Victor,Winston,Yalo,Zena andAmos would be used for the first (and only, in the case of Ula, Winston, Yalo and Zena) time this year, after replacing the namesTui,Ursula,Veli,Wes,Yali,Zuman andAlan after the1997-98 season. The names that were used for the 2015-16 season are listed below:[72]

  • Zena
  • Amos
  • Bart (unused)
  • Cook (unused)
  • Donna (unused)

If a tropical cyclone enters the South Pacific basin from theAustralian region basin (west of 160°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by theAustralian Bureau of Meteorology. The following storms were named in this manner:

  • Tatiana

Retirement

[edit]

After the season, the namesUla,Winston,Yalo andZena were all retired, and replaced withUlu,Wanita,Yates andZidane respectively.[72]

Season effects

[edit]

This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific to the east oflongitude 160°E during the 2015–16 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, landfalls, deaths, and damages. All data is taken from RSMC Nadi and/or TCWC Wellington, and all of the damage figures are in 2015 USD.

NameDatesPeak intensityAreas affectedDamage
(USD)
DeathsRefs
CategoryWind speedPressure
01FJuly 29 – August 4Tropical depressionNot specified1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg)Solomon Islands, VanuatuNoneNone
02FOctober 12–18Tropical depression45 km/h (30 mph)1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg)VanuatuNoneNone
TuniNovember 26–30Category 1 tropical cyclone75 km/h (45 mph)992 hPa (29.29 inHg)Tuvalu, Samoan Islands, Niue, Tonga$5 millionNone
04FDecember 1–2Tropical disturbanceNot specified1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)French PolynesiaNoneNone
UlaDecember 26 – January 12Category 4 severe tropical cyclone185 km/h (115 mph)944 hPa (27.88 inHg)Tuvalu, Samoan Islands, Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatu, New CaledoniaMinimal1
06FDecember 27–30Tropical disturbanceNot specified997 hPa (29.44 inHg)Wallis and FutunaNoneNone
07FDecember 28 – January 1Tropical depressionNot specified995 hPa (29.38 inHg)Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, FijiNone3[73]
VictorJanuary 14–22Category 3 severe tropical cyclone150 km/h (95 mph)958 hPa (28.29 inHg)Northern Cook Islands, Niue, TongaNoneNone
WinstonFebruary 7–26Category 5 severe tropical cyclone280 km/h (175 mph)884 hPa (26.10 inHg)Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Niue$1.4 billion44
TatianaFebruary 12–13Category 2 tropical cyclone95 km/h (60 mph)983 hPa (29.03 inHg)NoneNoneNone
YaloFebruary 24–26Category 1 tropical cyclone75 km/h (45 mph)993 hPa (29.32 inHg)Cook Islands, French PolynesiaNoneNone
12FFebruary 29 – March 1Tropical disturbanceNot specified1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg)French PolynesiaNoneNone
13FMarch 19–22Tropical disturbanceNot specified998 hPa (29.47 inHg)New Caledonia, VanuatuNoneNone
14FApril 1–5Tropical disturbanceNot specified1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)VanuatuNoneNone
15FApril 2–6Tropical disturbanceNot specified998 hPa (29.47 inHg)FijiMinorNone
ZenaApril 5–7Category 3 severe tropical cyclone130 km/h (80 mph)975 hPa (28.79 inHg)Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, TongaMinimal2[74]
AmosApril 20–24Category 3 severe tropical cyclone150 km/h (95 mph)965 hPa (28.50 inHg)Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Samoan IslandsMinimalNone
18FApril 20–27Tropical disturbanceNot specified1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)French PolynesiaNoneNone
Season aggregates
18 systemsJuly 29 – April 27280 km/h (175 mph)884 hPa (26.10 inHg)$1.405 billion50

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcNumber of tropical lows and tropical cyclones excludes Tropical Cyclone Raquel, which was considered to have been a part of the 2014–15 season.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Queensland Regional Office (September 2015).Tropical Cyclone Raquel (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved15 September 2015.
  2. ^abClimate Services Division (October 26, 2010).Tropical Cyclone Guidance for Season 2010/11 for the Fiji and the Southwest Pacific(PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.Archived(PDF) from the original on May 19, 2024. RetrievedMay 19, 2024.
  3. ^abcdefghijkRSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (October 22, 2015)."2015–16 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)"(PDF). Fiji Meteorological Service.Archived(PDF) from the original on November 23, 2015. RetrievedOctober 22, 2015.
  4. ^abcdefgh"Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook: El Niño expected to produce severe tropical storms in the Southwest Pacific" (Press release). New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. October 14, 2015.Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. RetrievedOctober 22, 2014.
  5. ^abcdNational Climate Centre (October 14, 2015)."2015–2016 South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived fromthe original on September 23, 2015. RetrievedOctober 16, 2015.
  6. ^abcMoceituba, Atasa (August 17, 2015)."'Cyclones in October'".The Fiji Times. Suva, Fiji. Archived fromthe original on August 17, 2015. RetrievedOctober 7, 2015.
  7. ^abcMoceituba, Atasa (October 6, 2015)."Cyclone Shift".The Fiji Times. Suva, Fiji. Archived fromthe original on October 8, 2015. RetrievedOctober 7, 2015.
  8. ^"Saison chaude 2015-2016: le risque cyclonique est de plus de 90% sur la Polynésie française" [Hot season 2015–2016: the cyclone risk is over 90% in French Polynesia].La Dépêche de Tahiti (in French). Papeete, Tahiti. September 24, 2015. Archived fromthe original on 2015-10-02. RetrievedOctober 10, 2015.
  9. ^abRSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (July 29, 2015)."Tropical Disturbance Summary July 29, 2015 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedJuly 31, 2015.
  10. ^Young, Steve (August 31, 2015)."Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: July 2015".Australian Severe Weather.Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. RetrievedOctober 10, 2015.
  11. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (July 31, 2015)."Tropical Disturbance Summary July 31, 2015 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedJuly 31, 2015.
  12. ^abRSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (October 12, 2015)."Tropical Disturbance Summary October 12, 2015 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedOctober 18, 2015.
  13. ^Climate Services Division (November 8, 2015).Fiji Climate Summary: October 2015(PDF) (Report). Vol. 36. Fiji Meteorological Service.Archived(PDF) from the original on July 22, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2015.
  14. ^"Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved2015-10-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^abRSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 23, 2015)."Tropical Disturbance Summary November 23, 2015 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedDecember 1, 2015.
  16. ^American Samoa Event Report: Tropical Storm.National Weather Service Office in American Samoa (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2016. RetrievedMarch 2, 2016.
  17. ^"Niue escapes major damage from Cyclone Tuni".ABC News. 30 November 2015.
  18. ^Derek Wroe; Sam Houston (December 13, 2018).Hurricane Pali(PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Honolulu, Hawaii:Central Pacific Hurricane Center. RetrievedJuly 4, 2019.
  19. ^"Tropical Cyclone Ula – Situation Report No. 8 (as of 1600 hours, 03/01/2016)".Fiji Sun. National Emergency Operation Centre. January 3, 2016. RetrievedJanuary 9, 2016.
  20. ^"Tropical Disturbance Summary January 10, 2016 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 10, 2016. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2016.
  21. ^"SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL WEATHER ADVISORY FOR THE WESTERN AND SOUTH PACIFIC OCEANS/130600Z-140600ZJAN2016". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 13, 2016. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024.
  22. ^"Tropical Disturbance Summary For area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W". Fiji Meteorological Agency. January 13, 2016. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 14, 2016.
  23. ^"WTPS21 PGTW 141030". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 14, 2016. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024.
  24. ^"Tropical Cyclone 07P (Seven) Warning Nr 001". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 14, 2016. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2016.
  25. ^"Gale Warning 046".weather.noaa.gov. Archived fromthe original on 2016-07-11. Retrieved2025-10-12.
  26. ^Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 7, 2016. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 19, 2016.
  27. ^Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 10, 2016.Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 19, 2016.
  28. ^Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4 (Advisory). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 11, 2016.Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 19, 2016.
  29. ^Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11 (Advisory). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 12, 2016.Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 19, 2016.
  30. ^Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007 (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 13, 2016.Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  31. ^Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008 (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 14, 2016.Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  32. ^Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018 (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 17, 2016.Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  33. ^Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37 (Advisory). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 19, 2016.Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  34. ^Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027 (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 19, 2016.Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  35. ^Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42 (Advisory). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 20, 2016.Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  36. ^Jon Erdman (February 20, 2016)."Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji". The Weather Channel. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  37. ^Diamond, Howard (5 July 2017)."Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC)". Retrieved6 July 2017.
  38. ^Losalini Bolatagici (February 20, 2016)."Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji".Fiji Times. Archived fromthe original on 2016-02-22. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  39. ^"Tropical Cyclone Outlook for Coral Sea for the period until midnight EST Monday 29 February 2016". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 26 February 2016. Archived fromthe original on 2024-05-21. Retrieved2016-03-03.
  40. ^"Winston leaves trail of destruction". Radio New Zealand. February 20, 2016. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  41. ^Indra Singh (February 20, 2016)."Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group".Fiji Times. Archived fromthe original on February 22, 2016. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  42. ^"Fiji cyclone death toll now at 42, official says". GMA News Online. February 24, 2016. RetrievedFebruary 23, 2016.
  43. ^Maciu Bolaitamana (February 21, 2016)."West claim 10 lives". Fiji Broadcast Corporation. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2016.[permanent dead link]
  44. ^Luke Rawalai (February 20, 2016)."TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut".Fiji Times. Archived fromthe original on 2016-02-22. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  45. ^Aliki Bia (February 20, 2016)."No links to some islands in Lau Group". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Archived fromthe original on February 21, 2016. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  46. ^Tuilevuka, Nacanieli."$2.98 billion damage caused by TC Winston".Newswire. Archived fromthe original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved24 May 2016.
  47. ^"HON PM BAINIMARAMA SPEECH AT THE OPENING LEADERS DIALOGUE OF THE UN WORLD HUMANITARIAN SUMMIT, TURKEY".The Fijian Government. Retrieved24 May 2016.
  48. ^abcQueensland Regional Office (2016).Tropical Cyclone Tatiana (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2016.
  49. ^"Tropical Disturbance Summary February 23, 2016 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. February 23, 2016. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedMarch 4, 2016.
  50. ^"WTPS21 PGTW 240730". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 24, 2016. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024.
  51. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 13, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary April 13, 2016 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 21, 2024. RetrievedApril 23, 2016.
  52. ^abYoung, Steve (July 27, 2015)."Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: June 2015". Australian Severe Weather.Archived from the original on August 28, 2015. RetrievedAugust 2, 2015.
  53. ^abQueensland Regional Office (2015).Tropical Cyclone Raquel (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology.Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2015.
  54. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 1, 2015)."Tropical Disturbance Summary December 1, 2015 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedDecember 3, 2015.
  55. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 2, 2015)."Tropical Disturbance Summary December 2, 2015 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedDecember 3, 2015.
  56. ^Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 2, 2015)."Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Ocean December 2, 2015 06z". United States Navy, United States Airforce. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedDecember 2, 2015.
  57. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 27, 2015)."Tropical Disturbance Summary December 27, 2015 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 25, 2016.
  58. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 29, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary February 29, 2016 03z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedMarch 1, 2016.
  59. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 29, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary February 29, 2016 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedMarch 1, 2016.
  60. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 1, 2016)."Marine Weather Bulletin for Islands Area March 1, 2016 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedMarch 1, 2016.
  61. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 20, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary March 20, 2016 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedMarch 24, 2016.
  62. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 21, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary March 21, 2016 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedMarch 24, 2016.
  63. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 2, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary April 2, 2016 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedApril 2, 2016.
  64. ^abRSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 4, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary April 4, 2016 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedApril 6, 2016.
  65. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 5, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary April 5, 2016 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedApril 6, 2016.
  66. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 2, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary April 2, 2016 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedApril 6, 2016.
  67. ^"JOINT TYPHOON WRNCEN PEARL HARBOR, SUBJ/SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL WEATHER ADVISORY FOR THE WESTERN AND SOUTH PACIFIC OCEANS REISSUED".www.webcitation.org. Retrieved2025-09-24.
  68. ^"JOINT TYPHOON WRNCEN PEARL HARBOR. SUBJ/TROPICAL CYCLONE FORMATION ALERT".www.webcitation.org. Retrieved2025-09-24.
  69. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 6, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary April 6, 2016 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedApril 6, 2016.
  70. ^RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 20, 2016)."Tropical Disturbance Summary April 20, 2016 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedMay 22, 2016.
  71. ^"Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Ocean April 20, 2016 06z". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 20, 2016. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2024. RetrievedMay 22, 2016.
  72. ^abRA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2025).Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2025(PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2025.
  73. ^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2016-01-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  74. ^"Fijian residents prepare for long night as Cyclone Zena set to make landfall". One News NZ. April 8, 2016.

External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to2015-16 South Pacific cyclone season.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015–16_South_Pacific_cyclone_season&oldid=1323238532"
Categories:
Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2025 Movatter.jp