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All 751 seats in theEuropean Parliament 376 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 163,551,013 (42.54%[1] 0.7pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Post-election composition of each member state's delegation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The2014 European Parliament election was held in theEuropean Union (EU) between 22 and 25 May 2014. It was the 8thparliamentary election since thefirst direct elections in 1979, and the first in which theEuropean political parties fielded candidates forPresident of theCommission.
The candidates, sometimes referred to by the German termSpitzenkandidaten (English: top candidates),[2] wereJean-Claude Juncker for theEuropean People's Party,[3]Martin Schulz for theParty of European Socialists,Guy Verhofstadt for theAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party,Ska Keller andJosé Bové jointly for theEuropean Green Party andAlexis Tsipras for theParty of the European Left. TheAlliance of European Conservatives and Reformists[4] and theEuropean Alliance for Freedom declined to nominate candidates.
While theEuropean People's Party lost ground to theProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, it remained the largest faction in the new Parliament, resulting in the EPP's nomination ofJean-Claude Juncker as Commission President at theEuropean Council. In turn, theEuropean Council accepted the nomination by a simple majority (onlyDavid Cameron andViktor Orban voted against Juncker).
TheCouncil of the European Union decided to hold the 2014 elections in late May instead of early June as had been the case with previous EP elections.[5] The elections were brought forward to provide more time for the election of apresident of the European Commission, and because they would otherwise have coincided with thePentecost weekend which falls during school holidays in many member states.[6]
The ongoingEurozone crisis, an offshoot of theGreat Recession, started several months after thelast Parliament election in June 2009.[7] Although it affected most EU member states, the hardest-hit economies were those of southern Europe: Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, along with Ireland. Among other reasons, harsh austerity measures significantly affected the public approval of EU leadership. The percentage of Greeks approving the EU leadership decreased from 32% in 2010 to 19% in 2013, while in Spain, the approval dwindled more than a half from 59% in 2008 to 27% in 2013.[8] Overall, only four of the 27 members countries approved the EU leadership.[9]Peter S. Goodman suggests that "distrust about the treaties and conventions that hold together modern Europe appear at an all-time high."[10] "Europe's establishment parties are widely expected to suffer their worst performance" since 1979, with the three mainstream parties (EPP, PES, ALDE) expected to collectively gain 63% of the vote, a 10% loss since 2009.[11]
The Economist estimated in January 2014 that "anti-EU populists of the left and right could take between 16% and 25% of the parliament's seats, up from 12% today."[12]Euromoney predicted "anti-EU populists and nationalists" winning around 150 seats in the parliament, almost 20% of the total.[13] APolicy Network article from February 2014 suggested that despite the media focus on anti-EU parties, they "will undoubtedly remain modest compared to" other mainstream parties, but "their growth and their intentions to cooperate, signify important changes for the EU and European politics."[14] In several countries, far-right andright-wing populist parties were expected to be in contention to poll the most votes in this election, including parties in Austria (Freedom Party),[15] Denmark (People's Party),[16] France (National Front),[17] the Netherlands (Party for Freedom),[18] and the UK (UKIP).[19] In Greece, the left-wingCoalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) consistently led the polling in the leadup to the election.[20] In Italy the populist and anti-establishmentFive Star Movement, according to the polls, was expected to be the second most popular party after theDemocratic Party, with about 25% of votes.[21]
In January 2014,José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, said, "We are seeing, in fact, a rise of extremism from the extreme right and from the extreme left" and suggested that the election might become "a festival of unfounded reproaches against Europe."[22]
TheLisbon Treaty, which entered into force on 1 December 2009, provides that theEuropean Parliament shall endorse or veto the appointment of thepresident of theEuropean Commission on the basis of a proposal made by theEuropean Council, taking into account the European elections (article 17, paragraph 7 of theTreaty on European Union). This provision applied for the first time for the 2014 elections.
Nevertheless, senior figures such asEuropean Council presidentHerman Van Rompuy,[23] German Chancellor Angela Merkel,[24] and former Commission president Jacques Delors[25] questioned the aspiration of European political parties to link the presidency of the European Commission with the result of the European elections and insisted that the future Commission president has to suit Member States' expectations first.
Based on these new provisions, the followingEuropean political parties designated candidates for Commission president ahead of the 2014 election: theParty of European Socialists (PES),[26][27][28] theEuropean People's Party (EPP),[29] theAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE party),[30] theEuropean Green Party (EGP),[31] theParty of European Left (EL)[32] and theEuropean Democratic Party.[33]
On 6 and 7 March 2014, the congress of the European People's Party in Dublin electedJean-Claude Juncker as its presidential candidate, who run againstMichel Barnier,[34] and adopted an electionmanifesto.[35][36] Juncker set out the priorities he would have as president:[3]
Juncker also set out five priorities on the subject of immigration:
Finally he set out three foreign policy objectives:
TheCommon Candidate process of theParty of European Socialists was carried out according to the following timetable:[37]
Following the defeat of the Party of European Socialists during theEuropean elections of June 2009, the PES made the decision that PES would designate its candidate for Commission president in December 2009, which rapidly triggered debates about how to select this candidate.[38] The PES Congress gathering in Brussels in November 2011 made the decision that it would select the PES candidate through internalprimaries in each of its member parties and organisations.[39] Member parties and organisations are free to determine their own voting process, including by opening it to non-members.
The timetable of the Alliance for Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE) for designating its candidate for President of the European Commission is:[45]
In 2012, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE) members were said to be "struggling" to find a candidate for Commission president ahead of the 2014 European elections.Guy Verhofstadt was considered to be the likely nominee, but a meeting of the then-ELDR party held in Dublin from 8 to 10 November 2012 did not agree to formally nominate him yet; concerns voiced included the fact that it was considered unlikely that Verhofstadt would have a chance of getting elected as President of the European Commission, asAnders Fogh Rasmussen (the incumbentSecretary General of NATO) was expected to be appointed to the post ofPresident of the European Council orHigh Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy after the 2014 election, and two liberal politicians in the EU's top ranks were not expected to be considered acceptable. While a compromise position was reached (to nominate a candidate for Commission President "in time for the 2014 European Parliamentary election campaign"), the corresponding resolution was not passed due to disagreements on other points included in the resolution.[46] The ALDE political party finally decided to discuss candidates at the party's pre-summit meeting at the margins of the 19–20 December European Council.[47] Belgian dailyDe Standaard and EU news websiteEurActiv reported during the summit that the ALDE party has appointedMark Rutte andChristian Lindner as 'mediators' between Rehn and Verhofstadt to work out who would be the candidate.
In July 2013 European Green Party (EGP) announced that it would run an open primary online.[50] Open to all inhabitants in the union over the age of 16 who "support green values",[51] this resulted inSka Keller andJosé Bové being elected candidates. Other qualified candidates wereRebecca Harms andMonica Frassoni.[52]
Meeting on 19 October 2013 in Madrid, the Council of chairpersons of theParty of the European Left (EL) decided to designate a common candidate for the president of the European Commission to prevent "the forces responsible for the crisis" from keeping the monopoly during the electoral campaign. The Council reaffirmed however that this new measure "will not hide, as European leaders and the troika hope, their authoritarianism".
The Council decided to submit to the decision of the next Congress, 13 to 15 December in Madrid, the candidacy ofAlexis Tsipras,[32][53][54] who "would be the voice of resistance and hope against the ultra-liberal policies and facing the threat of the extreme right". As Alexis Tsipras will therefore be the only candidate for the job, the Council has mandated the Presidency of the EL to consult all members and observers parties of the EL and the GUE/NGL group in the European parliament about this application. Tsipras's candidature was confirmed on 15 December.[55]Alexis Tsipras was elected.
On 2 December 2013 in Rome, the Council of the European Democratic Party decided to designate a candidate on the occasion of the next meeting in February 2014,[33] along with its manifesto. The next president of the Commission will have to "settle a more political Commission". Allied with the Liberals in the ALDE Group but opposed to Olli Rehn, the European Democratic Party welcomed the candidature of Guy Verhofstadt, ALDE Group leader.[56] The party adopted its manifesto on 28 February and named Guy Verhofstadt as its candidate for the Presidency of the European Commission on 12 March.[57] Guy Verhofstadt was elected.
TheAlliance of European Conservatives and Reformists did not present a candidate for the European Commission presidency. They argued that participating in the process would legitimate a federalist vision of a European super-state and that the lack of a Europeandemos makes the process illegitimate.[58]
TheEuropean Free Alliance stands for "a Europe of Free Peoples based on the principle of subsidiarity, which believe in solidarity with each other and the peoples of the world."[59]It consists of various national-level political parties in Europe advocating either full political independence (statehood), or some form ofdevolution orself-governance for their country or region. The alliance has generally limited its membership to progressive parties, and therefore, not all European regionalist parties are members of EFA.The EFA stands on the left of the political spectrum, and in the Brussels declaration it emphasises the protection of human rights, sustainable development and social justice. In 2007 the EFA congress in Bilbao added several progressive principles to the declaration: including a commitment to fight against racism, antisemitism, discrimination, xenophobia and islamophobia and a commitment to get full citizenship for migrants, including voting rights.
TheEuropean Christian Political Movement, abbreviated to ECPM, is a European political party that unites national parties from across Europe that share Christian democratic politics. The member parties are generally more socially conservative and Eurosceptic than the European People's Party, not only at this election allied with the AECR, without any candidate as well.[citation needed]
The newly foundedEuropean Pirate Party elected MEPAmelia Andersdotter (who is running for re-election) andThe Pirate Bay co-founderPeter Sunde (running for election in Finland) as its candidates for the European Commission presidency.[60] The European Pirate Party is not recognised as aEuropean political party.
The lead candidates designated for nomination to theEuropean Commission presidency participated in various debates, conducted in different countries and variously, inFrench,German and English. A total of ten debates were held through April and May in the lead up to the election period. Five debates were designed as head-to-head debates between the representatives of the two leading European political parties:Jean-Claude Juncker of theEuropean People's Party andMartin Schulz of theParty of European Socialists. Four others were open to all nominated lead candidates, while one French-language debate was held betweenJosé Bové of theEuropean Green Party and Guy Verhofstadt of theAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
| Date | Time (CEST) | Institute | Participants | Location | Language | Main Presenter(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 April 2014 | 17:10 | France 24 and RFI[61] | Juncker and Schulz | Brussels | French | Caroline de Camaret (France 24) and Dominique Baillard (RFI) |
| 9 April 2014 | France 24[62] | Juncker and Schulz | Brussels | English | Christophe Robeet (France 24) | |
| 28 April 2014 | 19:00 | European Youth Forum, City and University of Maastricht, Euronews | Juncker, Schulz, Verhofstadt, and Keller | Maastricht | English | Isabelle Kumar (Euronews) |
| 29 April 2014 | 14:30 | Euranet Plus[63] | Juncker, Schulz, Verhofstadt, and Keller | Brussels | English | Brian Mcguire (Euranet) and Ahinara Bascuñana López (Euranet) |
| 8 May 2014 | 20:15 | ZDF and ORF | Juncker and Schulz | Berlin | German | Ingrid Thurnher (ORF) and Peter Frey (ZDF) |
| 9 May 2014 | 18:30 | EUI | Juncker, Schulz, Verhofstadt and Bové | Florence | English | Tony Barber (FT), Monica Maggioni (RAI) and J.H.H. Weiler (EUI) |
| 13 May 2014 | 18:30 | LCI and RFI[64] | Juncker and Schulz | Paris | French | Michel Field (LCI) and Jérôme Chapuis (RTL) |
| 15 May 2014 | 21:00 | EBU | Juncker, Schulz, Verhofstadt, Keller and Tsipras | Brussels | English | Monica Maggioni (RAI) |
| 19 May 2014 | 23:01 | France 2[65] | Verhofstadt and Bové | Paris | French | Yves Calvi (France 2) |
| 20 May 2014 | 21:00 | ARD | Juncker and Schulz | Hamburg | German | Andreas Cichowicz (NDR) and Sonia Seymour Mikich (WDR) |
No pan-European opinion polls are carried out; however, several institutes compiled predictions of the outcome of the elections based on national polls.
Some of the institutes below, such as Pollwatch,[66] applied algorithms to the national poll results before aggregating them, in an attempt to account for the lower than expected results received by governing parties in previous European Parliament elections. However, other institutions did not share the expectation that governing parties would automatically perform worse than the polls suggest.
| Opinion polls | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Institute | EPP | S&D | ALDE | Greens–EFA | ECR | GUE-NGL | EFD | NI |
| 22 May 2014 | Scenari Politici[67] | 219 (29.2%) | 208 (27.7%) | 66 (8.8%) | 41 (5.5%) | 43 (5.7%) | 48 (6.4%) | 31 (4.1%) | 95 (12.6%) |
| 21 May 2014 | Cicero Group[68] | 204 (27.2%) | 190 (25.3%) | 83 (11.1%) | 54 (7.2%) | 35 (4.7%) | 55 (7.3%) | 31 (4.1%) | 99 (13.2%) |
| 21 May 2014 | election.de[69] | 219 (29.2%) | 202 (26.9%) | 71 (9.5%) | 42 (5.6%) | 50 (6.8%) | 51 (6.7%) | 57 (7.6%) | 59 (7.9%) |
| 20 May 2014 | Pollwatch[70] | 217 (28.9%) | 201 (26.8%) | 59 (7.9%) | 44 (5.9%) | 42 (5.6%) | 53 (7.1%) | 40 (5.3%) | 95 (12.6%) |
| 19 May 2014 | TNS[71] | 217 (28.9%) | 199 (26.5%) | 61 (8.1%) | 50 (6.7%) | 42 (5.6%) | 46 (6.1%) | 33 (4.4%) | 103 (13.7%) |
| 19 May 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[72] | 215 (28.6%) | 202 (26.9%) | 70 (9.3%) | 48 (6.4%) | 39 (5.2%) | 49 (6.5%) | 29 (3.9%) | 99 (13.2%) |
| 19 May 2014 | Scenari Politici[73] | 213 (28.4%) | 224 (29.8%) | 63 (8.4%) | 39 (5.2%) | 42 (5.6%) | 47 (6.3%) | 29 (3.9%) | 94 (12.5%) |
| 16 May 2014 | Cicero Group[68] | 202 (26.9%) | 195 (26%) | 83 (11.1%) | 52 (6.9%) | 37 (4.9%) | 55 (7.3%) | 29 (3.9%) | 98 (13%) |
| 15 May 2014 | election.de[74] | 220 (29.3%) | 209 (27.8%) | 74 (9.9%) | 43 (5.7%) | 48 (6.4%) | 50 (6.7%) | 56 (7.5%) | 51 (6.8%) |
| 12 May 2014 | Scenari Politici[75] | 210 (28.0%) | 225 (30.0%) | 66 (8.8%) | 40 (5.3%) | 42 (5.6%) | 47 (6.3%) | 29 (3.9%) | 92 (12.3%) |
| 8 May 2014 | Cicero Group[68] | 199 (26.5%) | 196 (26.1%) | 83 (11.1%) | 50 (6.7%) | 39 (5.2%) | 54 (7.2%) | 30 (4.0%) | 100 (13.3%) |
| 7 May 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[76] | 213 (28.4%) | 213 (28.4%) | 78 (10.4%) | 45 (6.0%) | 38 (5.1%) | 48 (6.4%) | 27 (3.6%) | 89 (11.9%) |
| 7 May 2014 | Pollwatch[77] | 216 (28.8%) | 205 (27.3%) | 63 (8.4%) | 41 (5.5%) | 39 (5.2%) | 49 (6.5%) | 39 (5.2%) | 99 (13.2%) |
| 5 May 2014 | Scenari Politici[78] | 210 (28.0%) | 222 (29.6%) | 63 (8.4%) | 38 (5.1%) | 42 (5.6%) | 51 (6.8%) | 29 (3.9%) | 96 (12.8%) |
| 2 May 2014 | election.de[79] | 216 (28.8%) | 209 (27.8%) | 75 (10.0%) | 45 (6.0%) | 47 (6.3%) | 51 (6.8%) | 57 (7.6%) | 51 (6.8%) |
| 30 April 2014 | Cicero Group[68] | 197 (26.2%) | 198 (26.4%) | 84 (11.2%) | 51 (6.8%) | 39 (5.2%) | 54 (7.2%) | 30 (4.0%) | 98 (13.0%) |
| 30 April 2014 | Pollwatch[80] | 213 (28.4%) | 208 (27.7%) | 62 (8.3%) | 42 (5.6%) | 42 (5.6%) | 51 (6.8%) | 36 (4.8%) | 97 (12.9%) |
| 29 April 2014 | TNS[81] | 215 (28.6%) | 205 (27.3%) | 58 (7.7%) | 45 (6.0%) | 40 (5.3%) | 50 (6.7%) | 40 (5.33%) | 106 (14.1%) |
| 28 April 2014 | Scenari Politici[82] | 214 (28.5%) | 219 (29.2%) | 63 (8.4%) | 37 (4.9%) | 41 (5.5%) | 53 (7.1%) | 28 (3.7%) | 96 (12.8%) |
| 28 April 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[83] | 210 (28.0%) | 214 (28.5%) | 75 (10.0%) | 40 (5.3%) | 42 (5.6%) | 51 (6.8%) | 26 (3.5%) | 93 (12.4%) |
| 24 April 2014 | election.de[84] | 207 (27.6%) | 218 (29.0%) | 73 (9.7%) | 42 (5.6%) | 55 (7.3%) | 57 (7.6%) | 50 (6.7%) | 49 (6.5%) |
| 23 April 2014 | TNS[85] | 215 (28.6%) | 209 (27.8%) | 57 (7.6%) | 45 (6.0%) | 40 (5.3%) | 48 (6.4%) | 30 (4.0%) | 107 (14.2%) |
| 23 April 2014 | Pollwatch[86] | 217 (28.9%) | 208 (27.7%) | 63 (8.4%) | 41 (5.5%) | 41 (5.5%) | 51 (6.8%) | 36 (4.8%) | 94 (12.5%) |
| 22 April 2014 | Cicero Group[87] | 205 (27.3%) | 200 (26.6%) | 83 (11.1%) | 48 (6.4%) | 35 (4.7%) | 55 (7.3%) | 28 (3.7%) | 97 (12.9%) |
| 21 April 2014 | Scenari Politici[88] | 215 (28.6%) | 218 (29.0%) | 65 (8.7%) | 37 (4.9%) | 42 (5.6%) | 53 (7.1%) | 25 (3.3%) | 96 (12.8%) |
| 21 April 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[89] | 216 (28.8%) | 215 (28.6%) | 74 (9.9%) | 44 (5.9%) | 41 (5.5%) | 48 (6.4%) | 26 (3.5%) | 87 (11.6%) |
| 21 April 2014 | Electionista[90] | 212 (28.2%) | 205 (27.3%) | 60 (8.0%) | 42 (5.6%) | 43 (5.7%) | 56 (7.5%) | 34 (4.5%) | 99 (13.1%) |
| 16 April 2014 | Pollwatch[91] | 222 (29.6%) | 209 (27.8%) | 60 (8.0%) | 38 (5.1%) | 42 (5.6%) | 53 (7.1%) | 34 (4.5%) | 93 (12.4%) |
| 14 April 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[92] | 218 (29.0%) | 216 (28.8%) | 72 (9.6%) | 43 (5.7%) | 41 (5.5%) | 50 (6.7%) | 27 (3.6%) | 84 (11.2%) |
| 14 April 2014 | Scenari Politici[93] | 215 (28.6%) | 219 (29.2%) | 64 (8.5%) | 37 (4.9%) | 41 (5.5%) | 57 (7.6%) | 25 (3.3%) | 93 (12.4%) |
| 9 April 2014 | Cicero Group[68] | 208 (27.7%) | 198 (26.4%) | 86 (11.5%) | 47 (6.3%) | 39 (4.8%) | 59 (7.9%) | 28 (3.7%) | 89 (11.9%) |
| 7 April 2014 | Scenari Politici[94] | 216 (28.8%) | 220 (29.3%) | 63 (8.4%) | 35 (4.7%) | 41 (5.5%) | 56 (7.5%) | 25 (3.3%) | 95 (12.6%) |
| 7 April 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[95] | 219 (29.2%) | 212 (28.2%) | 72 (9.6%) | 45 (6.0%) | 39 (5.2%) | 51 (6.8%) | 27 (3.6%) | 87 (11.6%) |
| 3 April 2014 | Pollwatch[80] | 212 (28.2%) | 212 (28.2%) | 62 (8.3%) | 38 (5.1%) | 46 (6.1%) | 55 (7.3%) | 36 (4.8%) | 90 (12%) |
| 2 April 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[72] | 213 (28.4%) | 213 (28.4%) | 72 (9.6%) | 48 (6.4%) | 43 (5.7%) | 55 (7.3%) | 28 (3.7%) | 79 (10.5%) |
| 2 April 2014 | Cicero Group[68] | 203 (27%) | 193 (25.7%) | 86 (11.5%) | 56 (7.5%) | 39 (5.2%) | 56 (7.5%) | 28 (3.7%) | 90 (12%) |
| 31 March 2014 | Scenari Politici[96] | 212 (28.2%) | 224 (29.8%) | 63 (8.4%) | 36 (4.8%) | 41 (5.5%) | 56 (7.5%) | 25 (3.3%) | 94 (12.5%) |
| 27 March 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[72] | 212 (28.2%) | 213 (28.4%) | 72 (9.6%) | 44 (5.9%) | 43 (5.7%) | 58 (7.7%) | 28 (3.7%) | 81 (10.8%) |
| 27 March 2014 | TNS[97] | 212 (28.2%) | 208 (27.7%) | 58 (7.7%) | 43 (5.7%) | 40 (5.3%) | 53 (7.1%) | 32 (4.2%) | 105 (14.0%) |
| 26 March 2014 | Cicero Group[68] | 198 (26.4%) | 196 (26.1%) | 84 (11.2%) | 52 (6.9%) | 43 (5.7%) | 61 (8.1%) | 27 (3.6%) | 90 (12%) |
| 24 March 2014 | Scenari Politici[98] | 212 (28.2%) | 226 (30.1%) | 63 (8.4%) | 34 (4.5%) | 41 (5.5%) | 57 (7.6%) | 26 (3.5%) | 92 (12.3%) |
| 19 March 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[72] | 211 (28.1%) | 215 (28.6%) | 71 (9.5%) | 43 (5.7%) | 39 (5.2%) | 58 (7.7%) | 30 (4.0%) | 84 (11.2%) |
| 19 March 2014 | Pollwatch[99] | 213 (28.4%) | 214 (28.5%) | 66 (8.8%) | 38 (5.1%) | 40 (5.3%) | 57 (7.6%) | 33 (4.4%) | 90 (12.0%) |
| 18 March 2014 | Cicero Group[68] | 201 (26.8%) | 195 (26.0%) | 87 (11.6%) | 51 (6.8%) | 41 (5.5%) | 58 (7.7%) | 24 (3.2%) | 94 (12.5%) |
| 17 March 2014 | Scenari Politici[100] | 216 (28.8%) | 226 (30.1%) | 63 (8.4%) | 33 (4.4%) | 41 (5.5%) | 58 (7.7%) | 30 (4.0%) | 84 (11.2%) |
| 15 March 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[101] | 211 (28.1%) | 219 (29.2%) | 69 (9.2%) | 43 (5.7%) | 41 (5.5%) | 56 (7.5%) | 25 (3.3%) | 87 (11.5%) |
| 13 March 2014 | TNS[97] | 219 (29.2%) | 204 (27.2%) | 61 (8.1%) | 45 (6.0%) | 42 (5.6%) | 51 (6.8%) | 26 (3.5%) | 103 (12.7%) |
| 10 March 2014 | Scenari Politici[102] | 217 (28.9%) | 226 (30.1%) | 63 (8.4%) | 34 (4.5%) | 41 (5.5%) | 62 (8.3%) | 30 (4.0%) | 78 (10.4%) |
| 5 March 2014 | Pollwatch[103] | 202 (26.9%) | 209 (27.8%) | 61 (8.1%) | 44 (5.9%) | 45 (6.0%) | 67 (8.9%) | 31 (4.1%) | 92 (12.3%) |
| 3 March 2014 | Scenari Politici[104] | 216 (28.8%) | 224 (29.8%) | 63 (8.4%) | 34 (4.5%) | 42 (5.6%) | 62 (8.3%) | 30 (4.0%) | 80 (10.7%) |
| 2 March 2014 | Electionista[105] | 204 (27.2%) | 206 (27.4%) | 72 (9.6%) | 42 (5.6%) | 45 (6.0%) | 59 (7.8%) | 31 (4.1%) | 92 (12.3%) |
| 27 February 2014 | Der (europäische) Föderalist[106] | 214 (28.5%) | 214 (28.5%) | 70 (9.3%) | 45 (6.0%) | 44 (5.9%) | 57 (7.6%) | 24 (3.2%) | 83 (11.1%) |
| 23 February 2014 | Kapa Research[107] | 202 (26.9%) | 215 (28.6%) | 74 (9.9%) | 43 (5.7%) | 41 (5.5%) | 56 (7.5%) | 38 (5.1%) | 82 (10.9%) |
| 19 February 2014 | Pollwatch[108] | 200 (26.6%) | 217 (28.9%) | 70 (9.3%) | 44 (5.9%) | 42 (5.6%) | 56 (7.5%) | 30 (4.0%) | 92 (12.3%) |
| 7 June 2009 | 2009 election | 265 (36.0%) | 183 (25.0%) | 84 (11.4%) | 55 (7.5%) | 54 (7.3%) | 35 (4.8%) | 32 (4.3%) | 28 (3.8%) |
Note: Percentages indicate proportion of predicted seats and not vote share.
| Apportionment of seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Member state | 2009 | 2014 | Change |
| Germany | 99 | 96 | −3 |
| France | 72 | 74 | +2 |
| United Kingdom (includingGibraltar) | 72 | 73 | +1 |
| Italy | 72 | 73 | +1 |
| Spain | 50 | 54 | +4 |
| Poland | 50 | 51 | +1 |
| Romania | 33 | 32 | −1 |
| Netherlands | 25 | 26 | +1 |
| Belgium | 22 | 21 | −1 |
| Greece | 22 | 21 | −1 |
| Czech Republic | 22 | 21 | −1 |
| Portugal | 22 | 21 | −1 |
| Hungary | 22 | 21 | −1 |
| Sweden | 18 | 20 | +2 |
| Austria | 17 | 18 | +1 |
| Bulgaria | 17 | 17 | +0 |
| Denmark | 13 | 13 | +0 |
| Finland | 13 | 13 | +0 |
| Slovakia | 13 | 13 | +0 |
| Ireland | 12 | 11 | −1 |
| Croatia | / | 11 | / |
| Lithuania | 12 | 11 | −1 |
| Slovenia | 7 | 8 | +1 |
| Latvia | 8 | 8 | +0 |
| Estonia | 6 | 6 | +0 |
| Cyprus | 6 | 6 | +0 |
| Luxembourg | 6 | 6 | +0 |
| Malta | 5 | 6 | +1 |
| Total | 736 | 751 | +15 |
Decisions on the apportionment of seats in the Parliament are governed by article 14 of theTreaty of Lisbon. This article lays down that "The European Parliament shall be composed of representatives of the Union's citizens. They shall not exceed seven hundred and fifty in number, plus the President. Representation of citizens shall bedegressively proportional, with a minimum threshold of six members per Member State. No Member State shall be allocated more than ninety-six seats."
It had been the stated desire of the member-state governments to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon before the 2009 election, so that its articles governing the European Parliament could be in force for that election. However, this was blocked by the Irish rejection of the treaty in a referendum. Therefore, in June 2009, the European Parliament was elected under the rules of theTreaty of Nice, which provided for 736 seats, instead of the 751 to be provided in the Treaty of Lisbon.
The Lisbon Treaty was subsequently ratified, and provisional measures were ratified in December 2011 to give the 18 additional seats, to the countries entitled to them, before the 2014 elections, without withdrawing Germany's 3 extra seats. These 18 additional MEPs brought the number of MEPs to 754 temporarily until 2014.[109] These 18 "phantom MEPs" would initially have observer status, before becoming full members of the parliament if an additional protocol is ratified by 2014.[110][111]
Thus the 2014 election will be the first to apply the apportionment of seats provided by the Lisbon treaty.
Andrew Duff MEP (ALDE, UK) tabled two reports in March 2011 and September 2012 proposing new apportionments of seats (see table opposite). Article 14 provides that "The European Council shall adopt by unanimity, on the initiative of the European Parliament and with its consent, a decision establishing the composition of the European Parliament", respecting the principle of degressive proportionality, the threshold of 6 MEPs for smaller member states and the limit of 96 MEPs for larger member states.
22 May | 23 May | 24 May | 25 May | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands,United Kingdom (includingGibraltar) | Ireland | Latvia,Malta,Slovakia,French Overseas Territories | Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,Denmark,Estonia,Finland, MetropolitanFrance,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Italy,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Sweden,Slovenia,Spain |  |
| Czech Republic | ||||
The centre-right European People's Party won the most seats, but came up well short of a majority. In Denmark, France, and United Kingdom rightist groups opposed to the European Union won "unprecedented" victories according to some news organisations such asReuters. Elsewhere, populist parties won significant seats. In total, roughly a quarter of all seats went to parties sceptical of the EU or protest parties. Thus, the election was seen as anti-establishment. In the wake of the election, several prominent political figures said the EU needed to realign its priorities in a hurry. Dutch Prime MinisterMark Rutte called for "fewer rules and less fuss", while British Prime MinisterDavid Cameron said "Europe should concentrate on what matters, on growth and jobs, and not try to do so much."[112]
| State | Political groups of the7th European Parliament (previous session)[113] | MEPs | Note | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPP (EPP) | S&D (PES) | ECR (AECR,ECPM) | ALDE (ALDE,EDP) | GUE/NGL (EL,NGLA,EACL) | G-EFA (EGP,EFA) | EFD (MELD) | NI | New parties w/o affiliation[b] | |||||||||||||
 Germany | 29 (CDU) 5 (CSU) | −5 −3 | 27 (SPD) | +4 | 3 (FDP) | −9 | 7 (Linke) | −1 | 11 (B'90/Grüne) | −3 | 1 (Piraten) 1 (Tierschutz)[116] 1 (NPD)1 (Partei) | +14 | 96 | −3 | [119] | ||||||
 France | 20 (UMP) | −9 | 12+1 (PS+PRG) | −1 | 3+4 (UDI+MoDem) | −3 | 3 (FG) 1 (UOM) | −1 = | 6 (EE) | −6 | 0 (MPF) | −1 | 23 +1 (FN)[c] | +21 | 74 | = | [121] [122] [123] | ||||
 United Kingdom | 20 (LAB) | +7 | 19 (CON) 1 (UUP) | −7 = | 1 (LD) | −11 | 1 (SF) | = | 3 (GPEW) 2 (SNP) 1 (PC) | +1 = = | 24 (UKIP) | +11 | 1 (DUP) 0 (BNP) | = −2 | 73 | = | [124] [125] | ||||
 Italy | 13 (FI) 2+1 (NCD+UDC) 1 (SVP) | −16 -2 = | 31 (PD) | +10 | 0 (IdV) | −7 | 3 (AET) | +3 | 5 (LN) | −4 | +17 | 73 | = | ||||||||
 Spain | 16 (PP) 1 (CpE:UDC) | −8 = | 13+1 (PSOE+PSC) | −9 | 1+1 (CpE:CDC+PNV) | = | 4+1 (IP:IU+Anova) | +4 | 2 (EPDD) 1 (IP:ICV) | +1~2 +0~1 +1 = | +3 | +7 | 54 | = | |||||||
 Poland | 19 (PO) 4 (PSL) | -6 0 | 4+1 (SLD+UP) | −2 | 18+1 (PiS+PR) | +4 | 4 (KNP) | +4 | 51 | = | |||||||||||
 Romania | 5 (PDL) 2 (UDMR) 2 (PMP) 0 (Băsescu) | −5 −1 +2 −1 | 13+1+2 (PSD+PC+UNPR) | +5 | +1 | 0 (PRM) | −3 | +1 | 32 | −1 | [132] | ||||||||||
 Netherlands | 5 (CDA) | = | 3 (PvdA) | = | 1 (CU) | = | 4 (D66) 3 (VVD) | +1 = | 2 (SP) | = | 2 (GL) | −1 | = | 4 (PVV) | = | +1 | 26 | +1 | |||
 Belgium | 2 (CD&V) 1 (CDH) 1 (CSP) | −1 = = | 3 (PS) 1 (SP.A) | = −1 | 0 (LDD) | −1 | 3 (Open VLD) 3 (MR) | = +1 | 4 (N-VA) | +3 = −1 | 1 (VB) | −1 | 21 | −1 | |||||||
 Czech Republic | 3+1 (TOP 09+STAN) 3 (KDU-ČSL) | +4 +1 | 4 (ČSSD) | −3 | 2 (ODS) | −7 | 3 (KSČM) | −1 | +5 | 21 | −1 | [137] | |||||||||
 Greece | 5 (ND) | −3 | 2 (Elia:PASOK) | −6 | 6 (SYRIZA) 2 (KKE) | +5 = | 0 (OP) | −1 | 0 (LAOS) | −2 | 3 (XA) 2 (Potami) | +6 | 21 | −1 | |||||||
 Hungary | 11+1 (Fidesz+KDNP) | −2 | 2 (MSZP) | −2 | 0 (MDF) | −1 | 1 (LMP) | +1 | 3 (Jobbik) | = | 2 (DK) | +3 | 21 | −1 | [138] | ||||||
 Portugal | 6+1 (PSD+CDS-PP) | −3 | 8 (PS) | +1 | 3 (CDU:PCP) 1 (BE) | +1 −2 | +2 | 21 | −1 | [139] | |||||||||||
 Sweden | 3 (M) 1 (KD) | −1 = | 5 (S) | -1 | 2 (FP) 1 (C) | −1 = | 1 (V) | = | 4 (MP) 0 (PP) | +2 −2 | +3 | 20 | = | [141] | |||||||
 Austria | 5 (ÖVP) | −1 | 5 (SPÖ) | = | 1 (NEOS) | +1 | 3 (Grüne) | +1 | 4 (FPÖ) | +2 −3 −1 | 18 | −1 | |||||||||
 Bulgaria | 6 (GERB) 1 (RB:DSB) 0 (RB:SDS) | +1 = −1 | 4 (KB:BSP) | = | 4 (DPS) 0 (NDSV) | +1 −2 | 0 (Ataka) | −2 | +2 | 17 | −1 | [144] | |||||||||
 Finland | 3 (Kok.) 0 (KD) | = −1 | 2 (SDP) | = | 3 (Kesk.) 1 (RKP) | = = | 1 (Vas.) | +1 | 1 (Vihr.) | −1 | +1 | 13 | = | ||||||||
 Denmark | 1 (K) | = | 3 (S) | −1 | 2 (V) 1 (RV) | −1 +1 | 1 (N) | = | 1 (SF) | −1 | +2 | 13 | = | [145] | |||||||
 Slovakia | 2 (KDH) 2 (SDKÚ-DS) 1 (SMK) 1 (Most-Híd) | = = −1 +1 | 4 (Smer) | −1 | 1 (SaS) 0 (ĽS-HZDS) | +1 −1 | 0 (SNS) | −1 | +2 | 13 | = | ||||||||||
 Croatia | 4 (HDZ) 1 (HSS) | -1 +1 | 2 (SDP) | −3 | 1 (HSP-AS) | = | 1 (HNS) 1 (IDS) | +1 +1 | 0 (HL-SR) | −1 | 1 (ORaH) | +1 | 11 | −1 | |||||||
 Ireland | 4 (FG) | = | 0 (Lab) | −3 | 1 (Harkin) | −2 = | 3 (SF) 0 (Soc) | +3 −1 | +1 | +1 | 11 | −1 | [148] | ||||||||
 Lithuania | 2 (TS-LKD) | –2 | 2 (LSDP) | −1 | 1 (LLRA) | = | 2 (LRLS) 1 (DP) | +1 = | 2 (TT) | = | +1 | 11 | −1 | ||||||||
 Latvia | 4 (Vienotība) | +1 | 1 (Saskaņa SDP) | −1 | 1 (NA) | = | 0 (LPP/LC) | −1 | 0 (LSP) | −1 | 1 (LKS) | = | +1 | 8 | −1 | ||||||
 Slovenia | 3 (SDS) 1+1 (NSi+SLS) | = +1 | 1 (SD) | −1 | 0 (LDS) 0 (Zares) | −1 −1 | 1 (DeSUS) | +2 | 8 | = | [152] [153] | ||||||||||
 Cyprus | 2 (DISY) | = | 1 (EDEK) 1 (DIKO) | = = | 2 (AKEL) | = | 6 | = | |||||||||||||
 Estonia | 1 (IRL) | = | 1 (SDE) | = | 2 (RE) 1 (KE) | +1 −1 | 1(Tarand) | = | 6 | = | |||||||||||
 Luxembourg | 3 (CSV) | = | 1 (LSAP) | = | 1 (DP) | = | 1 (Gréng) | = | 6 | = | |||||||||||
 Malta | 3 (PN)[154] | +1 | 3 (PL) | −1 | 6 | = | |||||||||||||||
| Total[f][g] | MEPs | ||||||||||||||||||||
| EPP | S&D | ECR | ALDE | GUE/NGL | G-EFA | EFD | NI | New parties | |||||||||||||
| 215 (28.6%) | −59 | 185 (24.6%) | −11 | 45 (6.0%) | −12 | 59 (7.9%) | −24 | 45 (6.0%) | +10 | 49 (6.5%) | −8 | 38 (5.1%) | +7 | 42 (5.6%) | +9 | 73 (9.7%) | 751 | −15 | |||
Between the election and the inaugural session of the8th European Parliament, scheduled for 1 July, some parties and individual MEPs usually switch allegiances between thepolitical groups of the European Parliament. This process, which sometimes has resulted in the disappearance of whole political groups from the Parliament, or their recomposition in another form, is particularly important for new parties and MEPs.
The following table describes the announced membership changes in the Parliament groupings and the impact on the Parliament makeup:
| Announced changes in the makeup of thepolitical groups for the8th European Parliament | MEPs | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPP | S&D | ECR | ALDE | GUE/NGL | G-EFA | EFDD (replacing EFD) | NI | |||||||||||
| End of 7th Parliament (seats) | 274 | 196 | 57 | 83 | 35 | 57 | 31 | 33 | 766 | |||||||||
| End of 7th Parliament (percentage) | 36% | 26% | 7% | 11% | 5% | 7% | 4% | 4% | 100% | |||||||||
| Number of member states | 27 | 28 | 9 | 21 | 16 | 15 | 9 | 10 | n/a | |||||||||
| Election changes (cftable above) | 215 | −59 | 185 | −11 | 45 | −12 | 59 | −24 | 45 | +10 | 49 | −8 | 38 | +7 | 42 | +9 | 751 | −15 |
| Accession | +6 | +2 |
| +4 | +4 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | 751 | ||||||||
| Withdrawal | −1 | −2 | −4 | −4 | −1 | |||||||||||||
| Start of 8th Parliament (seats) | 221 | −53 | 191 | −5 | 70 | +13 | 67 | −16 | 52 | +17 | 50 | −7 | 48 | +17 | 52 | +19 | ||
| Start of 8th Parliament (percentage) | 29% | −7pp | 26% | = | 9% | +2pp | 9% | −2pp | 7% | +2pp | 7% | = | 6% | +2pp | 7% | +3pp | 100% | |
| Number of member states | 27 | = | 28 | = | 15 | +6 | 21 | = | 14 | -2 | 17 | +2 | 7 | -2 | 10 | = | ||
A group is required to be made up by at least 25 MEPs from seven Member States to be constituted in the new legislature.
A proposedEuropean Alliance for Freedom (EAF) group, said to be composed of the FrenchFN, DutchPVV, AustrianFPÖ, BelgianVB and ItalianLN, was unable to reach the threshold. About a year later, on 16 June 2015, the same parties formed theEurope of Nations and Freedom group together with two MEPs fromKNP and a formerUKIP MEP.[158]
Based on the new groupingon the ENF, the Parliament makeup following the election were as follows:
| EPP | 29.40% | |||
| S&D | 25.40% | |||
| ECR | 9.30% | |||
| ALDE | 8.90% | |||
| NI | 7.00% | |||
| GUE-NGL | 6.90% | |||
| Greens-EFA | 6.70% | |||
| EFDD | 6.40% | |||
The final turnout figure for the 2014 European Parliament elections reached an all-time low at 42.54%, and thus marked a continued downward turnout since the first direct election. The result was also lower than the number communicated immediately after the elections. During the election night exit polls suggested a turnout of 43.1% based on preliminary figures. This was then revised down to 43.09% a few days later.[159] There was a small increase in absolute voter numbers, with 163,551,013 valid votes cast in 2014 as compared to 160,687,462 in 2009, though this was outweighed by the increase in eligible voters from 386,711,169 in 2009 to 396,104,240 in 2014.[160]
The leaders of the parliament's seven groups met on Tuesday 27 May to discuss who should become the new president of the European Commission. Citing the Lisbon Treaty's requirement for the result of the elections to be "taken into account", five of the seven groups issued a statement saying that Juncker should be nominated by the European Council to be president. Only the ECR and EFD disagreed.[161] However, when the European Council met that evening, they said that nominations should only be made "after having held the appropriate consultations". They authorised van Rompuy, President of the Council, to consult with the new group leaders in the European Parliament and to report back to their summit on 26 June. The leaders of the UK, Hungary and Sweden were said to have opposed Juncker[162][163] although the Swedish government then declared that Sweden never had such opposition.[164] Leaders of the European People's Party publicly acknowledged that Juncker may not end up heading the executive European Commission.[112] Friday, 27 June, the European Council eventually proposed to the European Parliament the candidacy of Jean-Claude Juncker to the presidency of the European Commission.[165] TheUnited Kingdom andHungary opposed Juncker's nomination, while the remaining Council members supported his candidacy. The European Parliament confirmed Juncker's nomination on a vote of 422 in favour to 250 opposed, 47 abstentions and 10 invalid votes.[166] Most EPP, Socialist and Liberal MEPs supported Juncker's nomination.
The appointment of top EU jobs in the new government was expected to be contentious. Leaders of EU member states agreed to seek a package deal that would give significant posts to the new political parties in an effort to win back public support for the European Parliament. According to German ChancellorAngela Merkel, the new government will focus on making EU economies more competitive in the global economy, seek common energy and environmental policies, and seek a united foreign policy.[112]
The main political groups, including theEPP and theS&D, in the European Parliament on 12 June backed the right of Jean-Claude Juncker to be the next head of the European Commission,[167] after talks with thePresident of the European CouncilHerman Van Rompuy.
Juncker has stated that his priorities would be the creation of a digitalsingle market, the development of an EUenergy union, the negotiation of theTransatlantic trade agreement, the continued reform of theeconomic and monetary union, with the social dimension in mind and a 'targeted fiscal capacity' for theEuro area, as well as tonegotiate a new deal with Britain,[168] which ultimately failed to be accepted in theBrexit vote.
The crisis started back in October 2009, when Greece's finance minister revealed a black hole in his country's budget
... Liberal- Labour coalition government, who are trailing in the polls behind Geert Wilders and his anti-immigrant Freedom Party in the run-up to the European elections.
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