 | |
| Nations | 203[1] |
|---|---|
| Athletes | 1,784 |
| Events | 47 |
| Dates | 10–18 August 2013 |
| Opened by | PresidentVladimir Putin |
| Closed by | IAAF PresidentLamine Diack |
| Main venue | Luzhniki Stadium |
The14th IAAF World Championships in Athletics (Moscow 2013;[2]Russian:Чемпионат мира по лёгкой атлетике 2013) was an internationalathletics competition held in Moscow, Russia, from 10 to 18 August 2013. Initially,Russia won the most gold medals to top the table for the first time since 2001. It was also the first time ever the host nation took the top of the medal table. However, following the disqualification of Russian sprinterAntonina Krivoshapka for doping and after the redistribution of medals in theWomen's 4 × 400 metres relay (as well as after series of other disqualifications of Russian athletes for doping offences), the United States moved to the top of the medal table with eight golds. In the overall medal count, the United States won 26 medals in total, followed by Kenya with 12. With 1,784 athletes from 203 countries it was the biggest single sports event of the year.[3] The number of spectators for the evening sessions was 268,548 surpassing Daegu 2011.[4]
Jamaica'sUsain Bolt andShelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce both won three gold medals in the men's and women's100 metres,200 metres and4 × 100 metres relay respectively to become the most successful athletes at the event. This achievement also earned Bolt the title of being themost successful athlete in the history of the World Championships with eight gold and two silver medals. Prior to the competition, four sprinters were banned on doping charges.[5]
When the seeking deadline passed on 1 December 2006, four candidate cities had confirmed their candidatures.[6] These were:Barcelona (Spain),Brisbane (Australia), Moscow (Russia) andGothenburg (Sweden). The IAAF announced Moscow the winning candidate at the IAAF Council Meeting inMombasa on 27 March 2007.[7]
Gothenburg backed out already in December, citing lack of financial support from the Swedish government.[8] Barcelona had a record of hosting the1992 Summer Olympics and the1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships. It was chosen overMadrid andValencia, which were at one point outlined as possible candidates.[6] (Barcelona was later selected as the host for the2010 European Athletics Championships).
Brisbane simultaneously bid for 2011 and 2013 World Championships with the primary focus being on the 2011 event.[9] Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre (ANZ Stadium) was the proposed venue. The venue had hosted the1982 Commonwealth Games and2001 Goodwill Games.[10] It was also a failed bidder for the2009 World Championships in Athletics, which was eventually won by Berlin.
In the case of Moscow, Deputy Mayor Valery Vinogradov announced on 13 March 2006 that the city would bid for the 2011 Championships and suggestedLuzhniki Stadium as venue. When the IAAF elected to decide the 2011 and 2013 events at the same meeting, Moscow added its name to the 2013 list. The city had hosted the1980 Summer Olympics (also at the Luzhniki Stadium) and the2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships.[6]
Main venue was Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a capacity of 78,360 spectators.[11]
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Day by day event schedule of the 2013 championships
| Key | P | Q | H | ½ | F |
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| Value | Preliminary round | Qualifiers | Heats | Semifinals | Final |
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Reference:[13]
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The championships featured 3 championship records, 22 world leadings, 2 area records, 48 national records but no world records.[15] In addition to gold medals, individual winners received prize money of $60,000 where as members of winning relay teams received $20,000.[3]
Usain Bolt of Jamaica moved to the top of the all-time World Championships medal table by winning three gold medals. He won the 100 metres, the 200 metres, and Jamaica won the 4 × 100 metres relay behind a strong anchor leg from Bolt who passed the United States'Justin Gatlin down the stretch. It was Bolt's second three gold performance at the World Championships. After the meet, his career total stood at 8 golds and 2 silvers, narrowly surpassingCarl Lewis' 8 golds, 1 silver, and 1 bronze.[16] Trinidad and Tobago'sJehue Gordon edged America'sMichael Tinsley by a hundredth of a second to win the 400-metres hurdles. It was the first gold for Trinidad and Tobago since 1997. Serbia'sEmir Bekrić took bronze in national record time.Félix Sánchez, competing for theDominican Republic, also made the final of the event, marking his seventh consecutive World Championship 400-metre hurdles final.[17]
Great Britain'sMo Farah won the 5000 and 10,000 metres to become the second man in history to win both events at both the World Champions and the Olympics. The only man to do it before had beenKenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia.[18]Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda became the first non-Kenyan to win the marathon at the World Championships since 2005. It was also Uganda's first men's title in the history of the event. Kiprotich became only the second man, afterGezahegne Abera, to follow an Olympic marathon gold medal with a world championship marathon gold medal. EthiopiansLelisa Desisa andTadese Tola took second and third respectively.[19]
In the high jump,Bohdan Bondarenko set a Championship record of 2.41 (7'10.75") en route to a gold medal in a highly competitive final.Mutaz Essa Barshim of Qatar took second andDerek Drouin set a Canadian national record while winning bronze.[20]
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Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce became the first woman in World Championships history to sweep the sprint events when anchored Jamaica to gold in the 4 × 100-metres relay. Jamaica's time of 41.29 set a Championships record. Earlier in the meet, Fraser-Pryce won the 100 metres and the 200 metres.[16] In the final of the 200 metres,Allyson Felix tore her right hamstring. A photo-finish gaveMurielle Ahouré of the Ivory Coast the silver over Nigeria'sBlessing Okagbare after both finished in the same time.[18]
Great Britain'sChristine Ohuruogu won the 400 metres in a national record time of 49.41. She came from behind to edge out defending championAmantle Montsho of Botswana by 4 thousands of a second in a photo finish.[21]Zuzana Hejnová won gold and set a Czech national record in the 400-metres hurdles.[17]Eunice Sum of Kenya won her first major title, besting Olympic championMariya Savinova of Russia in the 800 metres.[16]
In the 4×400 m relay, although the United States suffered a time-wasting exchange on the final leg, the Americans won by more than two seconds over Great Britain and France. The medal ceremony for the event took place at the2017 IAAF World Championships in London upon the certification of results by the IAAF following the retroactive disqualification of first-place Russia whenAntonina Krivoshapka was retroactively disqualified on a positive drug test in a 2017 retest of samples.[19]
Russia'sTatyana Lysenko set a World Championships record in the hammer throw en route to the gold.[18]Caterine Ibargüen won Colombia's first ever World Championship gold by finishing first in the triple jump.[17]Christina Obergföll of Germany won her first World Championships title in javelin.[16]
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Reference:[23]
A total of 47 sets of medals were distributed between 39 countries.[24][n 1] Initially, host nation Russia topped the medal table with seven gold medals. However, after numerous disqualifications of Russians athletes for doping, the United States topped the medal table with eight golds. In the overall medal count, the United States won 26 medals in total, followed by Kenya with 12.[16]
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* Host nation (Russia)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  United States | 8 | 13 | 5 | 26 |
| 2 |  Jamaica | 6 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
| 3 |  Kenya | 5 | 4 | 3 | 12 |
| 4 |  Germany | 4 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
| 5 |  Ethiopia | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 |
| 6 |  Great Britain & N.I. | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| 7 |  Russia* | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| 8 |  China | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 9 |  Poland | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 10 |  Ukraine | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 11 |  Czech Republic | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 12 |  France | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 13 |  Colombia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 Croatia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
 Ireland | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
 New Zealand | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
 Sweden | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
 Trinidad and Tobago | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
 Uganda | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 20 |  Australia | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 21 |  Ivory Coast | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
 Spain | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 23 |  Canada | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 24 |  Cuba | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 25 |  Italy | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
 Netherlands | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
 Nigeria | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 28 |  Botswana | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 Finland | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Hungary | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Qatar | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 32 |  Serbia | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 33 |  Djibouti | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Dominican Republic | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Estonia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Japan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Mexico | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Portugal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 South Africa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (39 entries) | 47 | 48 | 46 | 141 | |
TheIAAF placing table assigns eight points to the first place and so on to the eight finalists (except teams that do not start or are disqualified). 59 IAAF members received points.
| Rank | Country |  |  |  | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Pts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | 8 | 13 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 293 |
| 2 | Kenya | 5 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 140 |
| 3 | Russia | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 108 |
| 4 | Germany | 4 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 103 |
| 5 | Jamaica | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 102 |
| 6 | Ethiopia | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 98 |
| 7 | Great Britain & N.I. | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 81 |
| 8 | France | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 51 |
| Ukraine | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 10 | China | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 50 |
| Poland | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||
| 12 | Canada | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 42 |
| 13 | Czech Republic | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 40 |
| 14 | Cuba | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 34 |
| Japan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
| 16 | Australia | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 30 |
| Spain | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 18 | Netherlands | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 24 |
| 19 | Italy | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 23 |
| 20 |  Brazil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 20 |
| Nigeria | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 22 | South Africa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 18 |
| 23 | Ivory Coast | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 25 | Sweden | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
| 26 | Serbia | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| 27 | Finland | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
| 28 |  Belgium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| Dominican Republic | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Hungary | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 31 | Portugal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 32 |  Bahamas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Colombia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Croatia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Ireland | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Mexico | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| New Zealand | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Uganda | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 39 | Botswana | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
| Estonia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Qatar | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
 Slovakia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 43 | Djibouti | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
 Romania | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 45 |  Belarus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
 Norway | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
 Slovenia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 48 |  Saudi Arabia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 49 |  Bahrain | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
 Israel | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
 Puerto Rico | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 52 |  Argentina | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
 Egypt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
 Grenada | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
 India | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
 Senegal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 57 |  Bulgaria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Eritrea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
 North Korea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Total | 47 | 48 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 45 | 40 | 1682 | |
Host.
206countries (or more accurately, IAAF members) participated with a total of 1974 athletes. The biggest delegation was the one of USA with 137 athletes. The number of athletes sent per nation is show in parentheses.
Afghanistan (1)
Albania (2)
Algeria (11)
American Samoa (1)
Andorra (1)
Angola (1)
Anguilla (1)
Antigua and Barbuda (1) Argentina (8)
Armenia (1)
Aruba (1) Australia (47)
Austria (2)
Azerbaijan (2) Bahamas (26) Bahrain (10)
Bangladesh (1)
Barbados (9) Belarus (27) Belgium (17)
Benin (1)
Bermuda (2)
Bhutan (1)
Bolivia (2)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2) Botswana (11) Brazil (32)
British Virgin Islands (3)
Brunei (1) Bulgaria (10)
Burkina Faso (1)
Burundi (1)
Cambodia (1)
Cameroon (1) Canada (46)
Cape Verde (1)
Cayman Islands (1)
Central African Republic (1)
Chad (1)
Chile (7) China (53) Colombia (20)
Comoros (1)
Congo (1)
Cook Islands (1)
Costa Rica (1) Croatia (7) Cuba (25)
Cyprus (2) Czech Republic (28)
DR Congo (1)
Denmark (2) Djibouti (1)
Dominica (1) Dominican Republic (10)
Ecuador (12) Egypt (4)
El Salvador (1)
Equatorial Guinea (1) Eritrea (10) Estonia (9) Ethiopia (46)
Fiji (2) Finland (10) France (52)
French Polynesia (1)
Gabon (2)
Gambia (1)
Georgia (2) Germany (67)
Ghana (1)
Gibraltar (1) Great Britain & N.I. (60)
Greece (17) Grenada (2)
Guam (1)
Guatemala (6)
Guinea (1)
Guinea-Bissau (1)
Guyana (3)
Haiti (1)
Honduras (1)
Hong Kong (6) Hungary (11)
Iceland (1) India (15)
Indonesia (1)
Iran (6)
Iraq (1) Ireland (11) Israel (3) Italy (57) Ivory Coast (3) Jamaica (45) Japan (41)
Jordan (1)
Kazakhstan (17) Kenya (49)
Kiribati (1)
Kuwait (1)
Kyrgyzstan (2)
Laos (1)
Latvia (10)
Lesotho (3)
Lithuania (14)
Luxembourg (1)
Macau (1)
Macedonia (1)
Madagascar (2)
Malawi (1)
Malaysia (1)
Maldives (1)
Mali (1)
Malta (1)
Marshall Islands (1)
Mauritania (1)
Mauritius (1) Mexico (16)
Micronesia (1)
Moldova (4)
Monaco (1)
Mongolia (2)
Montenegro (2)
Montserrat (1)
Morocco (21)
Mozambique (1)
Myanmar (1)
Namibia (6)
Nauru (1) Netherlands (23) New Zealand (9)
Nicaragua (1)
Niger (1) Nigeria (17) North Korea (4)
Northern Mariana Islands (1) Norway (11)
Oman (1)
Pakistan (1)
Palau (1)
Palestine (1)
Panama (1)
Papua New Guinea (2)
Paraguay (1)
Philippines (1)
Peru (2) Poland (55) Portugal (12) Puerto Rico (4) Qatar (5) Romania (18) Russia (119)
Rwanda (2)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (6)
Saint Lucia (3)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2)
Samoa (1)
San Marino (1)
São Tomé and Príncipe (1) Saudi Arabia (11) Senegal (5) Serbia (8)
Seychelles (1)
Sierra Leone (1)
Singapore (1) Slovakia (11) Slovenia (9)
Solomon Islands (1)
Somalia (1) South Africa (30)
South Korea (16) Spain (41)
Sri Lanka (8)
Sudan (1)
Suriname (1)
Swaziland (1) Sweden (24)
Switzerland (18)
Syria (1)
Chinese Taipei (7)
Tajikistan (2)
Tanzania (2)
Thailand (2)
Timor-Leste (1)
Togo (1)
Tonga (1) Trinidad and Tobago (21)
Tunisia (4)
Turkey (10)
Turkmenistan (1)
Turks and Caicos Islands (1)
Tuvalu (1) Uganda (12) Ukraine (61)
United Arab Emirates (1) United States (137)
Uruguay (1)
Uzbekistan (3)
Vanuatu (1)
Venezuela (15)
Vietnam (1)
U.S. Virgin Islands (1)
Yemen (1)
Zambia (3)
Zimbabwe (2)Reference:[25]
In the United States the IAAF sold exclusive rights toUniversal Sports, a network associated withNBC Sports.[29] Universal Sports can only be seen in about ten percent of the households in the American market.[30][31] While NBC provided an hour and a half of coverage on weekend days, Universal Sports limited other distribution of the content, even online content requiring login with cable subscription user names.[32] For those viewers without access to Universal Sports, nationwide coverage of the entire meet was generally limited to six hours of weekend coverage. The IAAF provided shortYouTube highlight clips,[33] a fraction of the online coverage they provided fromDaegu two years earlier, instead promoting an internet radio feed andTwitter updates.
The introduction of a Russia federal law in Junebanning "homosexual propaganda" affected the championships hosted in Moscow. Western and international bodies had already condemned the move prior to the event, which was scheduled several months prior to the more prominent2014 Winter Olympics inSochi.[34] The IAAF deputy secretary general,Nick Davies, stated that the international nature of the competition might alter the country's perspective, but that the matter of gay rights would not be addressed by the championships, as long as its athletes were unaffected.[35] Russian politicianVitaly Milonov had stated that the law would apply to athletes and tourists in the same way as Russian citizens.[36] He also said those suggesting a boycott of the championships in protest of the laws were merely avoiding their competitors, saying "sports competitions are a place where there can't be any politics".[37]
Several athletes voiced their concerns over the issue of gay rights in Russia, but none boycotted the event. American runnerNick Symmonds, a supporter of theNOH8 Campaign for equal rights, said he would respect the host nation and its laws and would focus on sporting competition only in Moscow. However, he maintained his position as an advocate of gay rights and would silently dedicate his performance "to my gay and lesbian friends back home".[38]
Two Swedish athletes,high jumperEmma Green Tregaro and sprinterMoa Hjelmer, attracted attention when they painted their nails in arainbow pattern in support of gay rights and displayed the colours during the qualifying rounds.[39][40] The IAAF notified theSwedish Athletics Federation that this gesture was in breach of rules on athlete conduct. The Swedish officials stood by Green Tregaro, but she relented under the pressure – in the high jump finals, she sported all red nails as a symbol of love.[19][41] While watching the high jump finals,Paavo Arhinmäki, the Finnish Minister for Culture and Sport, waved a rainbow flag at the arena.[42] Hjelmer had been eliminated in the first round of the200 metres and did not compete again at the championships.[43]
Russia'sYelena Isinbayeva was a popular winner in the women's pole vault, but later drew controversy for her remarks criticizing Green Tregaro's nails.[17] She said the protests were disrespectful towards the host nation and commented in English: "We consider ourselves like normal, standard people, we just live boys with women, girls with boys...We have our law which everyone has to respect. When we go to different countries, we try to follow their rules."[44] Following the negative reactions from other athletes and Western media she said that she had been misunderstood due to her grasp of English: "What I wanted to say was that people should respect the laws of other countries particularly when they are guests. But let me make it clear I respect the views of my fellow athletes, and let me state in the strongest terms that I am opposed to any discrimination against gay people on the grounds of their sexuality (which is against theOlympic Charter)."[45]
During the medal ceremony for the women's4 × 400 metres relay images ofKseniya Ryzhova andYuliya Gushchina[n 2] sharing a kiss on the lips spread through social media and were interpreted as a protest against the anti-gay laws.[46] Both Ryzhova and Gushchina denied any intention to make such a protest, rather they were simply happy with their athletic success, and stated that they were married to men.[47] Although reports were principally focused on the pair, all four of the Russia relay runners briefly kissed each other on the podium.[48] Ryzhova described her assumed connection to LGBT as insulting.[49] The RussianMinister for Sport,Vitaly Mutko, said that Western media had overemphasised the issue, noting that same-sex relations are not illegal in Russia and sparser coverage of the issue in domestic media.[50]
At the championships the IAAF collected blood samples from all participating athletes, following the procedure introduced at the2011 World Championships in Athletics, in line with supporting its Athlete Biological Passport programme. This assisted the federation in detecting athlete's potential usage ofbanned substances, includingsteroids,human growth hormone,EPO andblood doping. In addition to the mandatory blood tests, the IAAF also conducted around 500 urine tests at the championships in three groups: all medallists were subjected to urine tests, those showing biological passport anomalies were targeted, and random urine tests were also applied. Continuing with procedures initiated at the2005 edition, all urine tests were scheduled for long-term storage to allow retrospective testing in future. All athlete samples were processed at the Moscow Anti-Doping Laboratory accredited by theWorld Anti-Doping Agency.[51][52]
In the months preceding the event around 40 Russian athletes received doping bans. The most prominent of these wereDarya Pishchalnikova (discus runner-up at the2012 Summer Olympics) andOlga Kuzenkova (former Olympic and world champion in the hammer throw). The Russian Athletics Federation presidentValentin Balakhnichev defended the bans as proof of the increasing effectiveness ofRUSADA (the Russian Anti-Doping Agency) which had been formed three years before.[53] According toThe New York Times, Pishchalnikova was a whistleblower who sent the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) a December 2012 email detailing state-run doping programs in which Russian athletes had to participate; her ban by the Russian Athletics Federation was likely in retaliation.[54]
A month before the competition it was reported that the head of the Moscow Anti-Doping Laboratory,Grigory Rodchenkov, had been arrested on charges of drug distribution, but the case against him had been dropped. His sister was convicted of purchasing banned drugs with the intention to supply them to athletes. Former Russian coach Oleg Popov and400 metres runnerValentin Kruglyakov stated that athletes were ordered to dope and paid officials to conceal their positive tests.[55] The coach of the national athletics team, Valentin Maslakov, noted that Kruglyakov had tested positive for drugs and that Popov coachedLada Chernova, who had twice tested positive. He also stated that RUSADA and its labs were independent from the national sports federations.[56] On 18 November 2015, WADA suspended laboratory of RUSADA – Moscow Anti-Doping Laboratory, however the organization was not dissolved and tests are to be done by other independent labs.[57]
In February 2016, two high-ranking directors of the organisation – Vyacheslav Sinyev and Nikita Kamayev – died.[58] According toSunday Times, Kamayev approached the news agency shortly before his death planning to publish a book on "the true story of sport pharmacology and doping in Russia since 1987".[59]
Outside of Russia, three of the world's top sprinters had positive tests during the buildup:Asafa Powell,Tyson Gay andVeronica Campbell Brown.[60]
The drug testing results from the competition revealed several athletes had been using performance-enhancing drugs. The fifth-place finisher in the men's javelin,Roman Avramenko of Ukraine, tested positive for4-Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (a steroid), as did Turkmenistan'sYelena Ryabova (a competitor in the women's 200 m). Another 200 m runner,Yelyzaveta Bryzgina, also of Ukraine, was banned for the steroiddrostanolone. Afghan 100 m runnerMasoud Azizi hadnandrolone in his sample. Two athletes in the walking events,Ayman Kozhakhmetova andEbrahim Rahimian, failed their tests for EPO, as did Guatemala's marathon runnerJeremias Saloj.[61]
Media attention began growing in December 2014 when German broadcasterARD reported on state-sponsored doping in Russia, comparing it todoping in East Germany. In November 2015, theWorld Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) published a report and theInternational Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) suspended Russia indefinitely from world track and field events. The 335-page report, compiled following a nearly yearlong investigation by a commission led by former anti-doping agency PresidentDick Pound, urged theInternational Association of Athletics Federations to suspend Russia from competition, including theOlympics in Brazil. The report said Russia "sabotaged" the 2012 Olympics by allowing athletes who should have been banned for doping violations to compete in the London Games. It recommended the anti-doping agency impose lifetime suspensions for 10 Russian coaches and athletes, including women's 800-meters gold medalistMariya Savinova.[62] The United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency later assisted WADA with testing in Russia. In June 2016, they reported that they were unable to fully carry out their work and noted intimidation by armedFederal Security Service (FSB) agents.[63]
After a Russian former lab director made allegations about the2014 Winter Olympics inSochi, WADA commissioned an independent investigation led byRichard McLaren. McLaren's investigation found corroborating evidence, concluding in a report published in July 2016 that theMinistry of Sport and the FSB had operated a "state-directed failsafe system" using a "disappearing positive [test] methodology" (DPM) from "at least late 2011 to August 2015".[64]
Orlando Ortega, aCuban athlete who competes in the110 metres hurdles deserted his national delegation during the championships and did not return to Cuba at its conclusion.[65] Ortega had received a six-month ban from theCuban Athletics Federation earlier in the season for unspecified disciplinary reasons. Valentin Balakhnichev, the president of theRussian Athletics Federation, stated that he had had no contact from the athlete and in any case the federation was not looking to recruit him.[66]
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