The2012 Summer Olympic development process began in 2005, following the successfulLondon bid for the2012 Summer Olympics, and ran until the games in 2012. While many of the plans were included in the bid portfolio, which gained the favour of theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) over thefour other bids on 6 July 2005, there were more details released and decisions made afterwards. TheLondon Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was created to oversee many of these developments, though such a large-scale event requires the co-operation of many other agencies. These organizations are sometimes integral parts of the London 2012 plans, while others are unrelated but can still have a great effect.
The day after the announcement saw one of the worstterrorist attacks in Britain, as London was struck byfour bomb blasts. While the motivation was not linked specifically to the success of the bid it was to have an effect on the development and planning of the event.
Since the2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia the IOC have developed a "master schedule" to ensure that the planning and development of the Games goes smoothly.Gilbert Felli, the IOC Executive Director for the Olympic Games, explained the master schedule as "a timeline of milestones that need to be met for the Games to be delivered on time."[1][2] On 24 January 2006 LOCOG released full details of their plan, based partly on the IOC Master Schedule.
As of early 2005 60% of the venues and facilities were in place. The bid needed to detail the time plan for any further construction work that was required, and the London 2012 team came up with a schedule that would see all the facilities ready by 2011.
Year
IOC Master Schedule
Initial plan
January 2006 plan
2005
Site preparation for the Olympic Park
2006
Agree a marketing and sponsorship plan
Complete the designs for a logo
Finalise the budget
Complete the review of transport needs
Construction for the Aquatics Centre begins (end of the year)
27 October 2005:Women's boxing is officially ruled out of the2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China by the IOC, but Kelly Fairweather, their director of sport, says that it is being considered for the 2012 Games.[3]
11 November 2005: TheScottish Football Association (SFA) rule out the participation of their players in aGreat British team in thefootball events. Players from England and Northern Ireland will compete together in the team, with theFootball Association of Wales (FAW) still deciding on their position. The team gained automatic qualification to the competition because the UK is the host nation – as there is no British team competing in theUEFA Under-21 Championships (the qualifying tournament) it is likely to be the only time such a team will compete in the Olympics. The BOA appealed for both the SFA and FAW to reconsider their positions, quoting statistics showing the apparent public support for the team.[4][5]
9 February 2006: An appeal against the removal of baseball and softball from London 2012 is rejected by the IOC.[6]
On 15 January 2008,Aldershot Army Base is chosen overBath andLoughborough universities to be the training camp for the British Olympic team.[7]
29 May 2009: After last-ditch talks prompted by a FIFA deadline, the four national federations within the UK come to a compromise regarding football participation at the Games. By that time, Northern Ireland had pulled out of any potential "Team GB". On that date, the four federations sent a letter to FIFA stating that while the Scottish, Welsh, and Northern Ireland federations would not participate in unified Olympic men's and women's football teams, they would not prevent England from fielding teams under the Great Britain banner for the Games.[8]
22 November 2005: David Higgins is appointed Chief Executive of the ODA.[13]
19 December 2005:Paul Deighton resigns his role as Chief Operating Officer atGoldman Sachs to take over fromKeith Mills as the Chief Executive of LOCOG. Mills retains his position of vice-chairman.[citation needed]
11 January 2006: LOCOG and the ODA move into new premises inCanary Wharf, co-locating in order to improve their communications.[14]
17 October 2006:Legacy Trust UK announced as new body to fund legacy cultural and sporting projects
12 October 2005: London MayorKen Livingstone announces that some venues may need to change based on the security issues raised by 7 July 2005terrorist attacks.[16]
20 October 2005:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. are told that they will not take over the Olympic Stadium after the Games finish as it will be used as anathletics venue.[17]
4 November 2005:ConstructionSkills, placed in charge of ensuring that there are enough construction workers, predicts a serious shortage of labourers.[19]
10 November 2005: Airport operatorBAA announces plans to rebuild one of Heathrow Airport's terminals as part of the transportation arrangements for the Olympics – it hopes to have planning permission approved in 2008 and to begin construction the following year.[20]
15 November 2005: The LDA and LCR complete their negotiations for land and infrastructure at the Stratford City development.[21]
1 December 2005:ArchitectZaha Hadid is ordered to revise her designs for the Aquatics Centre after a specification change leads to a doubling of the £75 million estimated cost.[22]
19 January 2006: An investigation by the Thames tideway strategy group suggests thatsewage could overflow from theRiver Lea unless £1.7 billion is spent to upgrade 22 miles (35 km) of sewers.[24]
9 February 2006: In an interview withBBC Radio 5 Live, Lord Coe says that comparisons between the Olympic venue development is not comparable to that of the delayedWembley Stadium[25]
In October 2006, ODA chairmanJack Lemley resigned over political delays to development. Lemley claimed that in the 15 months since London won the Games, no remediation work has begun on the 757-acre (3.06 km2) site in east London. He accused the organisers of failing to move quickly enough to tackle a threat posed by German bombs buried on the Olympic site, among contaminants also thought to include low-level radioactive waste and poisonous metals[26]
On 22 May 2008, construction began on theOlympic Stadium, three months ahead of its original August start date, due to the quicker than expected clearing of the Lea Valley site.[27]
On 27 May 2008, theIOC completed a three-day visit to London to assess the progress of the development.[28] The committee was pleased with London's Olympic preparations, awarding the capital a score of 9.75 out of 10.[28] IOC co-ordination commission chairman Denis Oswald stated: "From what we have seen, we are very confident we will have excellent facilities for the Games."[28]
18 October 2005:Lord Coe, the chairman of the London organising committee, announces that half of the eight million tickets on sale will be priced at £20 or less.[29] However, this did not turn out to be correct, with the cheapest tickets being priced at £20.12 and the most expensive being sold at £2012.00. Many British people were reported to be infuriated at the price, as well as the method of sale of the tickets, with some saying that it was too difficult for ordinary British people to get tickets for their favourite sports.
3 November 2005: Keith Mills, the Deputy Chairman of LOCOG, speaks at the Annual General Meeting of Visit London and states that the Games could be worth £2 billion to London's visitor economy.[30]
This article'sfactual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(August 2012)
There were two London 2012 logos: one for the bidding process created by Kino Design and a second as the brand for the Games themselves. The former is a ribbon with blue, yellow, black, green and red stripes winding through the text "LONDON 2012", making the shape of theRiver Thames in East London. The latter, designed byWolff Olins, was published on 4 June 2007 and cost £400,000,[32] as a representation of the number 2012, with theOlympic Rings embedded within the zero.[33] The same logo was used for the first time for both the Olympic and Paralympic games.[34]
The standard colours are green, magenta, orange and blue. The logo colours were modified to allow the incorporation of a variety of colours, including theUnion Flag to promote the handover ceremony.[35] Sebastian Coe at the launch of the logo said:
The logo builds upon everything that the organising committee has said about reaching out and engaging young people, which is where our challenge is over the next five years.[36]
Public reaction to the logo in June 2007 was largely negative, with more than 80% of votes gave the logo the lowest possible rating.[37] Several newspapers have run their own logo competitions, displaying alternative submissions from their readers,[38] while several writers from news agencies criticizing the logo.[38][39] A segment of animated footage released at the same time as the logo was reported to trigger seizures in a small number of people withphotosensitive epilepsy, and in response, a short segment was removed from the London 2012 website.[40] In February 2011,Iran complained that the logo appeared to spell out the word "Zion" and threatened to boycott the Olympics, but eventually did not boycott.[41] Alan Cowell fromThe New York Times said that people had compared the logo to "a brokenswastika or a comical sex act betweenthe Simpsons".[38]
Olympics branding on a sign atGlasgow Central station, showing passengers where to queue for trains toHampden Park
Flags like these inPiccadilly Gardens, Manchester were installed across the UK in green, magenta, orange and blue.
1 September 2005: Thousands of people gather inTrafalgar Square to celebrate the Olympic win.[42]
12 October 2005:Elizabeth II visits the site of the Olympic Park and expresses how she thinks that it is "exciting" and "fascinating".[43]
31 October 2005: Over 200 of the organisers of the London 2012 bid attend a celebratory party atDowning Street.[44]
8 November 2005: Visiting London as part of a Presidential State Visit, Chinese business delegates meet with the London organising committee, highlighting the similarities between the London and Beijing games.Tony Blair says that the events will help "create a bond between the two Olympic cities and our two countries".[45]
24 November 2005: A delegation from the IOC arrives to check on progress and offer planning advice.[46]
9 November 2005:Accountancy Age readers vote Neil Wood "Personality of the Year 2005" for his work as financial director for the London 2012 bid and as LOCOG financial director.[48]
16 November 2005: Lord Coe is awarded theWalpole Medal of Excellence by theWalpole Group, and Keith Mills is named as "Business Leader of the Year" in the 2005 London Business Awards.[49]
17 October 2005:Peter Keen, in charge of planning for British success at the Olympics, expresses his concerns that the "fourth place in the medals table" target is not achievable without a significant increase in funding.[54]
30 November 2005: A survey conducted by the Association of London Government's (ALG) shows that 68% of Londoners (78% in the 18–34 age group) believe that the Games will have long-term benefits for people living in London.[55]
22 January 2007: Andrew Culf opines reasons for optimism for successful games outweigh reasons for worry[56]
The Olympic Stadium under construction in October 2009
The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games will use a mixture of new venues, existing and historic facilities, and temporary facilities, some of them in well-known locations such asHyde Park andHorse Guards Parade. In the wake of the problems that plagued theMillennium Dome, the organisers' intention is that there will be nowhite elephants after the Games and instead that a "2012 legacy" will be delivered. Some of the new facilities will be reused in their Olympic form, while others, including the 80,000 seater main stadium,[57] will be reduced in size or relocated elsewhere in the UK. The plans are part of the regeneration ofStratford in east London which will be the site of theOlympic Park, and of the neighbouringLower Lea Valley.
This has required thecompulsory purchase of some business properties, which are being demolished to make way for Olympic venues and infrastructure improvements. This has caused some controversy, with some of the affected proprietors claiming that the compensation offered is inadequate. In addition, concerns about the development's potential impact on the future of the century-oldManor Garden Allotments have inspired a community campaign, and the demolition of theClays Lane housing estate was opposed by tenants.
The majority of venues have been divided into three zones withinGreater London: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and the Central Zone. In addition to these are those venues that, by necessity, are outside the boundaries of Greater London, such as theWeymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy on theIsle of Portland inDorset which will host the sailing events, some 125 miles (200 km) southwest of the Olympic Park. The football tournament will be staged at several grounds around the UK.[58]
London's public transport was an element of the bid which was scored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation; however, they felt that if the improvements were delivered in time for the Games then London would cope.[59]Transport for London (TfL) carried out numerous improvements in preparation for 2012, including the expansion of theLondon Overground'sEast London Line, upgrades to theDocklands Light Railway and theNorth London Line,[60] and the introduction of a new "Javelin" high-speed rail service,[61] using theHitachi Corporation's "bullet" trains.[62] The platforms atStratford International station (which are at a height designed for Eurostar trains) will be temporarily raised to accommodate the Javelin trains.[63] According to Network Rail, an additional 4,000 train services will run during the Games, and train operators will put on longer trains during the day.[64]
During the Games, Stratford International station will not be served by any international services as Eurostar services will pass through the station without stopping. Passengers must change at London St Pancras and travel out to Stratford with the Javelin service to reach the Olympic Park.[65] TfL have also announced that westbound trains will not stop atHackney Wick railway station.[66]Pudding Mill Lane DLR station, which is located within the boundary of the Olympic Park, will close entirely during the Games.[67]
TfL has also built a £25 millioncable car across theRiver Thames, theEmirates Air Line, to link 2012 Olympics venues.[68] It was inaugurated in June 2012 and crosses the Thames betweenGreenwich Peninsula and theRoyal Docks, carrying up to 2,500 passengers an hour at a heights above 50 metres (160 ft) in the air. It is designed to cut journey times between theO2 arena and theExCel exhibition centre – both of which are Olympic locations. The system could provide a crossing every 30 seconds.[69]
The plan is to have 80% of athletes travel less than 20 minutes to their event[70] and to have 93% of athletes within 30 minutes of their event.[71] The Olympic Park would be served by ten separate railway lines with a combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour.[72] In addition, the LOCOG planned for 90% of the venues to be served by three or more types of public transport.[71] Two park-and-ride sites were off the M25 with a combined capacity of 12,000 cars 25 minutes away from the Olympic Park. Another park-and-ride site was planned in Ebbsfleet which would have capacity for 9,000 cars where spectators could board a 10-minute shuttle bus.[71] To get spectators to Eton Dorney, four park-and-ride schemes were set up. Spectators would be dropped off atWindsor Racecourse with a bridge going over the Thames linking the racecourse to the rowing venue.[73]
Some lanes on some roads in London will be dedicated to athletes, officials and VIPs.[74][75]
Concerns have been expressed at the logistics of spectators travelling to the events outside London. In particular, thesailing events atPortland are in an area without direct motorway connections, and with local roads that are heavily congested by tourist traffic in the summer.[76] However, the Weymouth area did undergo a major upgrade to its road infrastructure. A £77 million relief road connecting Weymouth to Dorchester was built and opened in 2011.[77][78] Some £16 million was put aside for the rest of the improvements.[79] In addition the plans removed five roundabouts to ease congestion and replaced them with traffic lights.[80][81] But some residents were unhappy that the roundabouts were removed.[82]
FirstGroup will provide the venue shuttle and park-and-ride services, services connecting peripheral park-and-ride sites on theM25 with theOlympic Park andEbbsfleet, and a nationwide network of express coaches to the Olympic Park and theWeymouth and Portland sailing venue. The services will require around 900 vehicles in total, although some will be sub-contracted.[83][84]
TfL have published information to encourage cycling as a mode of transport during the Games.[85] Cyclists, like motorists, are not permitted to ride in the designated Olympic Lanes on London streets. Some designated cycle paths such as theLea Valley towpath are closed to the public during the Olympics.[86]
I didn't bid for the Olympics because I wanted three weeks of sport; I bid for the Olympics because it's the only way to get the billions of pounds out of the Government to develop the East End – to clean the soil, put in the infrastructure and build the housing. It's exactly how I plotted it, to ensnare the Government to put money into an area it has neglected for 30 years.
The costs of mounting the Games are separate from those for building the venues and infrastructure, and redeveloping the land for the Olympic Park. While the Games are privately funded, the venues and Park costs are met largely by public money.
On 15 March 2007Tessa Jowell announced to theHouse of Commons a budget of £5.3 billion to cover building the venues and infrastructure for the Games, at the same time announcing the wider regeneration budget for the Lower Lea Valley budget at £1.7 billion.
On top of this, she announced various other costs including an overall additional contingency fund of £2.7 billion, security and policing costs of £600 million, VAT of £800 million and elite sport and Paralympic funding of nearly £400 million. According to these figures, the total for the Games and the regeneration of the East London area, is £9.345 billion. Then MayorKen Livingstone pledged the Games Organising Committee would make a profit.[88]
The costs for staging the Games (£2 billion) are funded from the private sector by a combination of sponsorship, merchandising, ticketing and broadcast rights. This budget is raised and managed by the London 2012 Organising Committee. According to Games organisers, the funding for this budget broadly breaks down as:
On 18 August 2007The Belfast Telegraph reported that jubilation over winning the right to stage the Olympic Games was becoming more muted as realisation dawns on the public of the enormous costs involved in creating facilities for the athletes.[89] Grassroot sport cuts will fund the Olympics, government figures suggested on 19 August 2007.[90]
In November 2007,Edward Leigh MP, criticised the organisers for significantly underestimating the cost of staging the games, suggesting they had either "acted in bad faith or were incompetent".[91]
There have, however, been concerns over how the Olympics are to be funded. In February 2008, a London Assembly culture and sport committee report expressed concerns over the funding of the games taking away money from London's sports and arts groups.[92] There have also been complaints that funding towards the Olympics has been to the detriment of funding other areas of the UK. InWales, there has been criticism fromPlaid Cymru about the games depriving Wales of money, by using UK-wide funding rather than English funding.[93] TheWales on Sunday newspaper claimed formerUK Prime MinisterTony Blair broke his promise to not useNational Lottery funding for the Olympic games.[94][95]
As at December 2009, the Delivery Authority had allocated £702 million of Programme and Funders' contingency, largely to cover the decisions to publicly fund the Village and Media Centre after it became clear private funding could not be secured on acceptable terms during the 2008 to 2010 economic crisis. According to theGovernment Olympic Executive andOlympic Delivery Authority risk assessments the remaining £1,270 million contingency is sufficient to manage risks to the Delivery Authority's programme.[96]
Also from May 2010, the Olympic budget will be cut by £27 million as part of the £6.2 billion cuts by the new Conservative-Liberal coalition government.
