 Satellite image of the storm on October 29, 2011 | |
| Type | Extratropical cyclone Nor'easter Blizzard Winter storm |
|---|---|
| Formed | October 28, 2011 |
| Dissipated | November 1, 2011 (Exited to sea) |
| Lowest pressure | 971 mb (28.67 inHg) |
| Maximum snowfall or ice accretion | 32 inches (81 cm),Peru, Massachusetts[1] |
| Fatalities | 39 total[2][3] |
| Damage | $1–3 billion (2011 USD) |
| Power outages | >3,389,000 |
| Areas affected | Northeastern United States,Atlantic Canada |
Part of the2011–12 North American winter | |
The2011 Halloween nor'easter, sometimes referred to as "Snowtober,"[4] "Shocktober,"[5] "Storm Alfred,"[6] and "Oktoberblast," was a large low pressure area that produced unusually early snowfall across the CanadianMaritimes and the northeastern United States. It formed early on October 29 along a cold front to the southeast ofthe Carolinas. As it moved up theEast Coast, its associated snowfall broke records in at least 20 cities for total accumulations, resulting in a rare "white Halloween" two days later.
The storm arrived just two months afterHurricane Irene caused extensive power outages and property damage in the Northeast; with the2011 New England tornado outbreak also causing damage inWestern Massachusetts. It dumped snow on trees that were often still in leaf, adding extra weight, with the ground in some areas still soft from a preceding warm, rainy period that increased the possibility trees could be uprooted. Trees and branches that collapsed caused considerable damage, particularly to power lines, with estimates of storm costs ranging between $1 billion and $3 billion. In all, 3.2 million U.S. residences and businesses[7] in 12 states experiencedpower outages, with the storm also impacting three Canadian provinces.
Some customers inConnecticut did not get power back until early November;[8] many outages lasted 11 days.[9] Many communities chose to postpone celebrations ofHalloween from two days to a week later as a result, or cancel them entirely. Delays in restoring power led to the resignation of the chief operating officer ofConnecticut Light & Power amid widespread criticism of the company's mishandling of both the nor'easter and Irene.[10]
Early on October 28, 2011, aridge over Canadaadvected an unseasonably cold air mass across theMid-Atlantic states andNew England; at the same time, a surfacelow-pressure area began developing along the coast ofLouisiana.[11] Acold front moved eastward from theOhio Valley and exited the East Coast of the United States, developing another low pressure area off the coast of the Carolinas on October 29.[12] The remnants ofHurricane Rina had also been absorbed into the developing system. At the same time, an area of precipitation extended from South Carolina through Pennsylvania, mostly falling as rain with some snow observed at higher elevations.[13] By late that morning, the system was producing precipitation over much of the Mid-Atlantic and New England.[14]
As the system moved to the northeast through the day, it produced widespread snow and winds near hurricane-strength north of the cyclone's warm front over the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean.[15] Winds as high as 69 mph (111 km/h) were observed inMassachusetts,[16] and the National Weather Service, issued a Hurricane Force Wind Warning for theGulf of Maine and other high seas off New England.[17] Overnight into October 30, the storm passed south ofNantucket, and it moved over Nova Scotia later that day with abarometric pressure of 975 mb (28.8 inHg). As it did so, the associated precipitation diminished over New England and moved into Atlantic Canada.[1] As the system moved out into the Atlantic Ocean, it reached a minimum barometric pressure of 971 mb (28.7 inHg) as it passed to the east of the island ofNewfoundland late on October 31.[18] By the early morning of November 1, the system had fully moved out to sea.[19] The storm then hit the UK as Cyclone Quinn.
Before the storm was at its strongest, localNational Weather Service offices issuedwinter storm warnings from northwestern Virginia through central New England, as well aswinter storm watches from central Maryland through central Maine. Officials anticipated peak snowfall totals to be from 8–10 inches (20–25 cm) across much of the region.[20] All warnings were canceled after the storm moved away from the region.[1]
Early on October 29, thePennsylvania Department of Transportation activated their fleet of salt trucks.[21] In eastern Pennsylvania, the most recent significant snowstorm during October was in 1972.[22] Utility crews prepared additional crews in the event of power outages.[21] TheDelaware Water Gap National Recreation Area closed a road due to the storm's threat.[23] Connecticut governorDan Malloy opened the state's Emergency Operations Center inHartford, which included members of the transportation, health, and energy departments.[24] Officials opened 41 shelters in Connecticut.[25]Occupy Wall Street protesters pledged to remain inLower Manhattan'sZucotti Park despite the weather, obtaining coats and blankets.[22]
Precipitation began falling in North Carolina and Virginia late on October 28.[20] By early the next day, measurable snowfall had been reported from West Virginia through Maryland,[26] and eventually as far north as Maine. The deepest snowfall reported was 32.0 in (81 cm), atPeru, Massachusetts.[1] At least 20 cities reported record-breaking totals,[25] and the peak of 19 in (48 cm) inWest Milford, New Jersey broke that state's record for highest snowfall in October. Newark, New Jersey's largest city, also broke its all-time October snowfall record with 5.2 in (13 cm).[27]Central Park in Manhattan observed 2.9 in (7.4 cm),[1] also a record.[28] In fact, this was New York City's 3rd October snowfall on record.[29]Hartford, Connecticut's state capital, observed a record 12.3 in (31 cm),[25] and the highest total in the state was 24.0 in (61 cm) inFarmington southwest ofHartford; this, too, broke the state record for an October snowfall.[30]
In Massachusetts, the nor'easter brought wind gusts peaking at 69 mph (111 km/h) inBarnstable and, unofficially, 76 mph (122 km/h) inProvincetown.[31]An automated marine weather station atMount Desert Rock off the coast of Maine recorded a top gust of 77.2 mph (124.2 km/h).[32] InConcord, New Hampshire this became the largest 24 hour snowstorm on record.[33]
| State/Province | Deaths | Power outages | Maximum Snowfall |
|---|---|---|---|
| Connecticut | 10[35] | 830,000 | 24.0 inches (61 cm) |
| Maine | 0 | 160,000 | 20.0 inches (51 cm) |
| Maryland | 0 | 43,000 | 11.6 inches (29 cm) |
| Massachusetts | 6[36] | 420,000 | 32.0 inches (81 cm) |
| New Brunswick | 3 | 3,500 | N/A |
| New Hampshire | 0 | 315,000 | 31.4 inches (80 cm) |
| New Jersey | 8[37] | 700,000 | 19.0 inches (48 cm) |
| New York | 3 | 300,000 | 21.6 inches (55 cm) |
| Nova Scotia | 0 | 40,000 | 1.2 inches (3.0 cm) |
| Pennsylvania | 8 | 500,000 | 16.0 inches (41 cm) |
| Prince Edward Island | 1 | 3,000 | 1.4 inches (3.6 cm) |
| Rhode Island | 0 | 20,000 | 6.6 inches (17 cm) |
| Vermont | 0 | 7,500 | 16.0 inches (41 cm) |
| Virginia | 0 | >4,000 | 9.0 inches (23 cm) |
| West Virginia | 0 | 43,000 | 14.0 inches (36 cm) |
| Total | 39 | >3,389,000 |
The nor'easter storm became the 14th multibillion-dollar weather-related disaster of 2011, breaking the three-year-old record of nine.[38] Across the Northeast, the combination of high winds and wet, heavy snow downed trees, most of which retained their leaves, did extensive damage.[39] In New York City, a thousand trees were estimated to have fallen in Central Park, far more than had been damaged byHurricane Irene two months earlier,[40] just as had been reported in Connecticut.[25] TheNew York Botanical Garden in theBronx reported that 2,200 trees in theThain Family Forest, itsold-growth forest and the only one remaining in the city from the era prior to European colonization, were damaged.[41] Downed trees caused widespread power outages,[25] leaving over 3 million people without power.[42] In Central Park workers put a priority on making the park safe for the annualNew York City Marathon the following weekend.[43]
Traffic accidents killed at least six people. Two wereelectrocuted by downed power lines. Overall, there were 39 deaths.[42]
The storm affected transportation across the Northeast. Two rail services were closed in the New York area, andAmtrak service across the region was either delayed or canceled.[42]NJ Transit suspended service on theMorris and Essex Lines until November 1 due to downed wires and branches, and even then was only able to restore service as far west asLake Hopatcong.[44] North of New York City,Metro-North suspended commuter rail service on theHarlem Line north ofNorth White Plains, leaving passengers marooned on a train atSoutheast for 11 hours when fallen trees blocked the tracks in both directions.[45] Service was also suspended on thePort Jervis Line and theNew Canaan,Danbury andWaterbury branches of theNew Haven Line.[46] Service on the Port Jervis Line andelectrified portions of the Harlem Line was restored on Monday; bus service replaced trains between Southeast andWassaic and on the Danbury and Waterbury branches for the rest of the week.[47]
The storm also disrupted air travel from Pennsylvania through Connecticut.[39] Officials atNewark International Airport canceled all flights after 4 pm on October 29, and flights out of New York's two major airports were delayed by up to five hours.[48] Some flights bound for New York were diverted to Hartford. SeveralJetBlue flights departing fromBradley International Airport there were stranded on the tarmac for up to seven hours due to the hazardous conditions.[49][50]Teterboro Airport was closed due to the snow and ice.[51]
Some roads were also affected. Along theJersey Shore, the nor'easter producedcoastal flooding that leftVentnor Heights isolated. Officials closed a portion of theBlack Horse Pike inWest Atlantic City due to flooding.[52] Further north, the flooding closed fiveNew Jersey state highways inMonmouth andOcean counties.[53] InNew York, motorists were stranded for up to 12 hours on theTaconic State Parkway due to the snowfall.[54]
Sporting events on Saturday, mostly college and high schoolfootball games, were also impacted.Penn State officials limited parking at its home game inState College to 1,500 spaces due to the inclement weather.[21] It was the first Nittany Lions home October football game with measurable snow since record-keeping began in 1896.[39] AtWest Point, New York,Army defeatedFordham 55–0 in its first home game played in snow since 1985.[55] OnLong Island where a windswept mixture of heavy snow and rain fell, a match betweenPlainview – Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School andValley Stream Central High School was cancelled after 15 players were treated forhypothermia, prompting the former school district to reconsider game cancellation policies. At another football game on Long Island 10 players were checked and some treated for the condition. Several players at Farmingdale High School reported extreme fatigue for several weeks following playing in the storm.[56]
Many traditional Halloween activities were affected by the storm. In communities without electricity, where tree limbs and wires were down, trick-or-treating was delayed until days when it was expected to be back and repairs had made the streets safer. This also occurred in communities where electricity was still fully or partially on but the streets still may have been unsafe. InSleepy Hollow, New York, a popular destination for the holiday sinceWashington Irving's classic short story, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is set there, Halloween events were canceled due to the storm and its aftermath. On the other hand, another popular Halloween destination,Salem, Massachusetts, location of the1692 witch trials, was unaffected due to its minimal snowfall.[57]
Some families were able to compensate for the lost Halloween. They took their children to trick-or-treat in other communities that still had electricity. Residents ofGlen Rock, New Jersey, organized a "trunk-or-treat" party at the local high school's football field, where children went around to parked sport-utility vehicles.[57] Since many schools hadsnow days, and there was little to distract children without electricity, many parents insisted on going ahead with the holiday. "You can't cancel Halloween," said a woman inFairfield, New Jersey. "The kids are all hyped up. They had no school because there's no electricity and this and that." A boy inLexington, Massachusetts said he now planned to "buy some candy and eat it myself."[41]
AtUMass Amherst, the storm caused a power outage over a traditional party weekend at the college that lasted throughout most of the night on Saturday, October 29. While power was largely restored by Sunday, October 30, the campus canceled classes on October 31, and the UMass Campus Center served as a rest location for students and area residents who were still without power.[58]Amherst College saw similar conditions, with the university newspaper reporting that students were taking refuge from power outages in Valentine Dining Hall, with one student describing the response as similar to hurricanes in her home state of Florida.[59]
Proposals in some communities to hold Halloween the following weekend, or whenever conditions returned to normal, met with protest from some parents. Some considered the October 31 date to be immutable and non-negotiable, so children would have to wait for 2012. "I don't have control over the calendar, so Halloween is on Halloween, which is the 31st", said Pat Murphy, mayor ofNew Milford, Connecticut. She noted the town had managed to celebrate the holiday that day on itsvillage green despite considerable storm damage and continued power outages. Others had already allowed their children some trick-or-treating, and did not want them to indulge in candy a second time within the week.[60]
Many school districts were forced by the storm to use up their remaining allotted snow days for the school year, after Hurricane Irene andTropical Storm Lee had required some be used near the beginning of the year. TheWeston, Connecticut, public schools had already used nine snow days as of November 2, five more than its schedule allowed. Since more snow days would inevitably be used during the upcoming winter, they predicted that vacation periods planned for later in the year would have to be shortened or canceled, or the school year would have to be extended.[61]
The storm came at a critical time for high schoolseniors preparing college applications forearly decision, and 76 colleges and universities moved those deadlines back to compensate. In Connecticut,Weston High School, which had power, opened its library for students wishing to study or work on their applications; movies were shown in the auditorium.[61]
Approximately 1.7 million customers in the Northeast were still without electricity three days after the storm. Temperatures in the region warmed up to above 50 °F (10 °C) during the day, but went down to near freezing at night. As powerless houses grew cold, residents bundled up and kept under blankets, went to stay or visit with others who had electricity, or used their car heaters to temporarily warm-up.[62] Some, frustrated by long blackouts after other recent storms, considered leaving the region or moving to cities where power lines were underground.[63]About half a million households in New Jersey lost electricity, prompting a state of emergency declaration from governorChris Christie.[39] He had himself suffered outages both at his personal residence inMendham and the governor's mansion,Drumthwacket, inPrinceton.[64]
In Connecticut, GovernorDannel Malloy declared a state of emergency late on October 29,[48] after 830,000 people lost power, breaking the record set after Hurricane Irene.[50] In theDanbury area, outages were so prolonged that seven school districts had to cancel classes for the following week.[65] A state of emergency was also declared in Massachusetts, which allowed for the activation of the state's National Guard as well as other emergency measures.[42] Due to the power outages and downed trees shortly before Halloween, at least three towns in the state advised delayingtrick-or-treating.[42] In New Hampshire, officials opened seven shelters for people who lost heating during the storm.[50] The early snowfall allowed for the opening of ski resorts in Vermont and Maine.[42]
At a November 1 press conference, Governor Malloy estimated that damages in Connecticut would exceed $3 billion. Two days later, close to 700,000 homes and businesses remained without power.[2] A week after the storm, almost 150,000 customers of the state's two utilities had not yet had power restored. Customers still suffering outages continued to cope as best they could, by sleeping at the homes of friends who had already had their electricity restored, taking showers at work and storing perishable foods outside.[66] Power was not restored to all the customers who had lost it in the storm until November 9.[8]
Many Connecticut residents were angry with the state's electric utilities, particularlyConnecticut Light & Power (CL&P), which serves most of the state, for the long delays in restoring service. By the weekend after the storm, in comparison, most customers in other affected states had already gotten their electricity back. Malloy said they had "missed their own target" and ordered an investigation into their preparation and restoration efforts to be led byJames Lee Witt, director of theFederal Emergency Management Agency during theClinton Administration. AnAvon man complained he had not seen any crews in his area since the storm.[67] Some commentators felt Malloy was being too lenient with CL&P, noting that the company had cut its maintenance budget in the preceding year and that smaller public utilities, such as that serving the city ofNorwich, had experienced far less power loss and for far less time despite CL&P's customers paying the highest rates in the contiguous United States.[68] Similar complaints had been made after the company had taken a long time to restore service after Hurricane Irene, and three weeks after the nor'easter, Jeff Butler, the company's CEO, resigned.[69]
A month after the storm, Malloy released Witt's report, which concluded that "CL&P was not prepared for an event of this size". The utility had planned for a worst-case scenario in which 100,000 customers lost power, only one-eighth of those actually affected by the nor'easter. While the report noted that such a storm had not hit in 25 years when the company's emergency plan was drawn up in June, it nevertheless faulted CL&P for merely telling its emergency crews to be on call that weekend, instead of having them wait at predetermined locations. As a result, it was harder to mobilize them when the effects turned out to be far worse than they anticipated despite warnings from the NWS using terms such as "historic" and "catastrophic" prior to the storm.[70][71]
The report also said that CL&P did not ask for crews from neighboring states until after the storm, at which point other New England utilities were also seeking help from them. "Because of that poor preparation, it's not surprising that they didn't, or that they couldn't, respond with enough boots on the ground when the worst-case scenario was compounded by a factor of eight", said Malloy. The report did praise some aspects of CL&P's response, such as its short call wait times, speedy repairs by crews once they reached their job sites and the absence of death or serious injury among responding utility crews.[70]
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