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2007 French presidential election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2007 French presidential election

← 200222 April 2007 (first round)
6 May 2007 (second round)
2012 →
Turnout83.77% (first round)Increase12.17pp
83.97% (second round)Increase4.26pp
 
NomineeNicolas SarkozySégolène Royal
PartyUMPPS
Popular vote18,983,13816,790,440
Percentage53.06%46.94%

First round results by department and region
Second round results by department and region

President before election

Jacques Chirac
UMP

Elected President

Nicolas Sarkozy
UMP

Presidential elections were held inFrance on 21 and 22 April 2007 to elect the successor toJacques Chirac aspresident of France (andex officioCo-Prince of Andorra) for a five-year term. As no candidate received a majority of the vote, a second round was held on 5 and 6 May 2007 between the two leading candidates,Nicolas Sarkozy andSégolène Royal. Sarkozy was elected with 53% of the vote.[1]

Sarkozy and Royal both represented a generational change. Both main candidates were born after World War II,[2] along with the first to have seen adulthood under theFifth Republic, and the first not to have been in politics underCharles de Gaulle. In addition, Royal was the first woman in France's history to reach the second round in a presidential election.

The election result has been interpreted as an example ofcenter squeeze, a kind ofspoiler effect common to theplurality-rule family of voting rules, since Sarkozy, a conservative, and Royal, a socialist, eliminated moderate liberalFrançois Bayrou in the first round, despite polls showing a majority of voters preferred Bayrou in a one-on-one match with either of his opponents.[3][4][5][not in body]

Sarkozy ran forre-election in 2012, but was defeated by Royal's lifelong partner at the time,François Hollande.[6]

Schedule

[edit]
  • 22 February 2007: The decree convoking the election was published in theJournal officiel de la République française.[7]
  • 16 March 2007 – 18:00 (16:00UTC): Deadline for candidates to have obtained the 500 sponsors from elected officials in at least 30 differentdepartments or overseas territories which are required to run for president.[8]
  • 19 March 2007 – 17:30 (15:30 UTC): Official candidate list was announced by theConstitutional Council: 12 candidates.[9]
  • 9 April 2007: Official campaign started.
  • 20 April 2007: Official campaign ended.
  • 21 April 2007:First round of voting started inSaint Pierre and Miquelon at 8 am local time (10:00 UTC) and subsequently took place inGuadeloupe, Martinique,French Guiana,French Polynesia, and in voting offices inembassies and consulates in the Americas.
  • 22 April 2007:First round of voting took place inWallis and Futuna,New Caledonia, Réunion,Mayotte,Metropolitan France, and in voting offices in embassies and consulates in Oceania, Asia, Africa and Europe – the last polling stations closed in the large cities of Metropolitan France at 8 pm local time (18:00 UTC) and publication of the first exit polls were allowed immediately after they closed.
  • 25 April 2007: Official results of the first round announced.
  • 27 April 2007: Official candidate list for second round announced.[10]
  • 2 May 2007 – 21:00 (19:00 UTC): Nationally televiseddebate between the two candidates.
  • 5 May 2007:Second round of voting started inSaint Pierre and Miquelon at 8 am local time (10:00 UTC) and subsequently took place inGuadeloupe, Martinique,French Guiana,French Polynesia, and in voting offices inembassies and consulates in the Americas.
  • 6 May 2007:Second round of voting took place inWallis and Futuna,New Caledonia, Réunion,Mayotte,Metropolitan France, and in voting offices in embassies and consulates in Oceania, Asia, Africa and Europe – the last polling stations closed in the large cities of Metropolitan France at 8 pm local time (18:00 UTC) and publication of the first exit polls were allowed immediately after they closed.
  • 10 May 2007: Official results of the second round announced.
  • 16 May 2007 – Midnight (22:00 UTC): Expiration of the term of presidentJacques Chirac.

Electoral system

[edit]
Transparent ballot boxes have been required since 1988.
Some French cities usedvoting machines.

For the first time in a presidential election,electronic voting was introduced in some areas, having been authorised in 2004. They were introduced in only 82 of 36,000voting districts, and were criticised by a number of people, both on the left and on the right.[11] Apetition against them has also been made (seeWikinews:Electronic voting disputed in France).

Using the three colours of the national flag (blue, white, and red) on electoral advertisements or partisan documentation was prohibited by electoral regulations.[12] Ségolène Royal contended that the bookEnsemble ("together") published by Nicolas Sarkozy, whose cover is blue, white and red,[13] was effectively an electoral partisan documentation and should have been covered by this prohibition.[14]

Candidates

[edit]

Requirements

[edit]
Reference:Constitutional Council, FAQ
Further information:President of the French Republic

The requirements for beingsuccessfully nominated as a candidate are defined by the organic law of 6 November 1962.[15]

All candidates must be of French nationality and at least 23 years old (the same requirement as for the candidates to theNational Assembly).

Candidates must obtain signatures from 500 elected officials (mayors, members of Parliament, elected representatives) supporting their candidacy. These signatures from elected officials (informally known in French asparrainages, but legally known as "presentations") must be from at least 30departments or overseas territories, and no more than 10 percent can be from any individual department. A presentation from an elected official does not imply the official supports the policies of the candidate, but rather that this official considers the candidate to be a serious candidate.

Candidates must also submit a statement with details of their personal assets.

TheConstitutional Council published the official candidate list on 20 March 2007. The candidates were listed in arandomised order. This order was used for the official campaign: thus, posters for Olivier Besancenot were always be on the No. 1 board, those for Marie-George Buffet on the No. 2 board, etc., regardless of where in France the boards were located.

There were 12 candidates for the 2007 election.[9]

Leading candidates

[edit]

Four candidates consistently registered over 10% in the opinion polls and were regarded as having a reasonable chance of reaching the second round.[16]

  • Nicolas Sarkozy was nominated by theUnion for a Popular Movement on 14 January 2007. He was the leader of the UMP and wasInterior Minister until stepping down to focus on his campaign on 26 March 2007.
  • Ségolène Royal was selected by theSocialist Party on 17 November 2006 to be the party's candidate for the election. She won 60.6% of the votes in a ballot of party members to choose their candidate, against 20.8% forDominique Strauss-Kahn and 18.5% forLaurent Fabius. She was the first woman to represent a major French party in a presidential contest.
  • François Bayrou was nominated by thecentristUnion for French Democracy (UDF) on 2 December 2006.
  • Jean-Marie Le Pen ran for theNational Front, a far-right party which promotes policies of strong law enforcement, economicprotectionism and strong measures to control immigration. As during previous presidential campaigns, Le Pen raised the question of whether he would be able to obtain the necessary 500 signatures on a number of occasions, which he claims is the result of pressure placed on elected officials by the major parties to support their own candidate (he has often claimed, during past elections, that "political elites" have sabotaged his campaigns); however, on 14 March 2007 his party said that he had obtained the necessary signatures.[17]

Other candidates

[edit]

These were the eight other candidates who obtained the required 500 signatures from elected officials to endorse their candidacy.

Confirmed non-candidates

[edit]
  • PresidentJacques Chirac announced on 11 March 2007 that he would not be standing for another term as president. It had been rumoured that President Chirac was considering running for a third term, following statements he made at the beginning of 2007, including his New Year's Address on 31 December 2006, and subsequent speeches which contained robust comments on international policy and detailed national policy proposals with a suggested five-year timetable.[19] In March, Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy.[20] There was no provision at the time in theConstitution of 1958 specifying a limited number of terms, though a third term would have been unprecedented under theFifth Republic.
  • Christine Boutin announced that she would not be a candidate for the election and pledged her support forNicolas Sarkozy (source:France 2 news, 2 December 2006).
  • Rachid Kaci, member of the UMP and President of the group Free Right (la Droite Libre), announced his withdrawal as candidate and also pledged to support Nicolas Sarkozy on 21 December 2006 during a UMP public Forum.
  • MRC chairmanJean-Pierre Chevènement announced on 10 December 2006 that he would not be running, and that his movement would back Ségolène Royal in return for an electoral agreement in the 2007 general election.
  • Candidate for theRadical Party,Christiane Taubira in the 2002 election, confirmed that she would not be running following an electoral agreement between her party and the Socialist Party. The Left Radicals in return supported Ségolène Royal.
  • Nicolas Hulot, television presenter and environmental activist, was widely considered to be a possible candidate following the positive media and public reaction to his recent book and Environmental Charter. On 3 January 2007Le Figaro newspaper reported that supporters of Hulot had begun gathering signatures to mount a campaign and a website,[21] was created to generate support. On 22 January he announced that he would not be a candidate.
  • Corinne Lepage, environmentalist politician and activist, withdrew her candidacy in favour of Bayrou on 10 March 2007.[22]
  • Roland Castro, architect and "utopian left" activist, withdrew his candidacy on 12 March 2007.
  • Édouard Fillias:Alternative Libérale, a new French libertarian party, withdrew his candidacy on 13 March 2007 in favour of Bayrou.[23]
  • Antoine Waechter:Independent Ecological Movement, withdrew his candidacy on 14 March 2007

Did not get enough endorsements

[edit]

Campaign

[edit]

The election campaign raised a number of issues:

  • Jobs and unemployment – France long had anunemployment rate officially close to 10%, down to below 9% in 2007.[citation needed] Employment, and employment conditions, are a perennial concern for the French (seeEconomy of France andPoverty in France).
  • European disunity – The presidential election followed theEU Constitutionrejection vote in 2005, which threw into question the future direction of the European Union.[citation needed]
  • International politics – A majority in France approved of PresidentJacques Chirac's opposition to the2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States. Sarkozy was considered as pro-Washington, while Royal, although seen as probably also in line with Washington, is thought to be more moderate. Left-wing intellectualRégis Debray's metaphor was that Sarkozy was like a direct flight to Washington, D.C., while Royal was a flight to Washington with a stop-off inOslo, referring to her European inclinations.[24] Chirac's public opposition to theIraq War should however be relativised, as he toned down his criticisms after a while. Furthermore, he involved Frenchtroops in Afghanistan and agreed, immediately after the11 September 2001 attacks, on increased cooperation between Western intelligence services, materialised by the creation ofAlliance Base in the centre of Paris, a joint internationalCounterterrorist Intelligence Centre.[citation needed]
  • Law and order – During the 2002 campaign,law and order came to the forefront, especially with respect to unruly youths from poor suburbs. In late 2005, in some of these suburbssignificant unrest erupted. Again, law and order was a forefront issue, mainstream candidates tackled the problem of reining in unruly youngsters. Sarkozy proposed measures for harsher criminal procedure for youngsters, while Royal proposed to send unruly youths to centres under military discipline.[25] Sarkozy's attitude was widely criticised on the left, and also by the UMP ministerAzouz Begag, who defected his party to support Bayrou following Sarkozy's management of the autumn 2005 crisis.[26]
  • Immigration – The issue ofimmigration in France split France. The number ofdeportations more than doubled since 2002, with Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior from 2002 to 2004 and 2005 to 2007.[27] Sarkozy declared in April 2006 that immigrants who did not "like France" should "leave it."[28] Opponents have labelled Sarkozy's attitude as repressive, in particular towardsillegal immigrants,[29][30] materialised by numerous police raids againstillegal aliens, strongly opposed by the left.[31] The main problem concerns illegal immigrants (sans-papiers, "without documents") who cannot obtainwork permits without proper immigration documents and are therefore mostly found in theinformal economy – construction, restaurants, etc. Although theright of foreigners to vote was a classic claim of the left-wing, it was not an important issue of the campaign. On the other hand, Sarkozy declared himself in favour ofaffirmative action which was widely contested both on the left and on the right, on grounds that it would favourcommunautarisme – separation of communities – along ethnic lines, and that it means taking into account ethnic alleged memberships in statistics, which is legally prohibited and not done by theINSEE. Left-wingers argued in favour of social actions not based on ethnic factors, but on geographical situation and equality of territory; however, the traditionalUniversalism of the French republicans has also been criticised on the left-wing by some intellectuals supporting a middle-ground between Republican universalism andmulticulturalism.[32]
  • The Far Right – TheNational Front, long dismissed as a fringe party, stunned many when its leader,Jean-Marie Le Pen, reached the second round of the2002 elections. Le Pen's points of focus – law and order and immigration – were later taken up by politicians such as Sarkozy. Le Pen on 12 April 2007 criticised Sarkozy for being Hungarian and asked if he should run for thepresident of Hungary.[33][34] Le Pen was 79 years old, the same age whichCharles de Gaulle was when he stepped down from the presidency in 1969. Le Pen's approval rating in opinion polls markedly increased after France'sriots in 2005. As a counterweight, the Left and the cultural elite and athletes (likeLilian Thuram) rose to oppose Sarkozy's response to the riots.
  • Anti-neoliberalism and Disarray of left-wing parties – During the2002 presidential election, a number of left-wing candidates ran for office, which, according to commentators, was one reason for the defeat of Socialist candidateLionel Jospin. Jospin blamed in particularJean-Pierre Chevènement's candidacy, as well asChristiane Taubira's one. However, others commentators have criticised Jospin's attitude and the policies of the PS, which account, according to them, for the low score of Jospin. Inheritor of theFrench Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the PS is historicallysocial-democrat, while theFrench Communist Party (PCF) is a governmental party, which participated in Jospin'sGauche plurielle (Plural Lefts) government (with ministers such asJean-Claude Gayssot, etc.). In this sense, the PCF does not consider itself a far-left party, to the contrary of the Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) orWorkers' Struggle (LO). But the PCF does consider itself part of the "anti-liberal" coalition, which opposed theTreaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE). Inside theFrench Socialist Party (PS,Parti socialiste) itself,Laurent Fabius headed the minority who opposed the treaty. However, the victory of the "No" during theMay 2005 referendum on the TCE hasn't been exploited yet by the left parties or organisations which supported it. The main topic of the non-PS left-wings was to try to choose a single candidate for the "anti-liberal" Left, which opposesneo-liberalism. This eventually failed, and the far-left was represented byfour competing candidates, Marie-George Buffet, Olivier Besancenot, José Bové and Arlette Laguiller.[35][36] "
  • High-level political scandals and disrepute – A number of scandals tainted various French politicians, including presidentJacques Chirac (seeCorruption scandals in the Paris region), with some, such as former prime ministerAlain Juppé, being convicted. The recentClearstream affair had been exposed as a case of forgery and denunciations involved such major politicians from the ruling UMP coalition.
  • Feminism – France's first woman president had the opportunity to be elected in 2007 –Ségolène Royal, a Socialist, ran following her selection on 16 November 2006 as the candidate for theSocialist Party.
  • Environment – The environmental party, the Greens, had been low in the polls, butNicolas Hulot, a presenter of an environmentally themed television show, became very popular and had considered running. Many parties, from the left to the right, were interested in his support.
  • Labour – Both Royal and Sarkozy called for "labour" to be respected as a value, although the meaning of this was somewhat open to very different interpretations.
  • Housing and homelessness. Following political actions by theEnfants de Don Quichotte NGO, who set up tents forhomeless people by theCanal Saint-Martin in Paris and elsewhere, in December 2006, the problem of homelessness was at the centre of the campaign for a period of time. The death of veteran campaignerAbbé Pierre a short time afterward increased the focus on the issue.
  • Religion and communautarisme. Sarkozy has opposed both the left-wing and Chirac on the issue ofreligions, adopting a stance critical ofstate secularism and of the1905 law on Separation of the State and the Church. His creation of theFrench Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM) was strongly criticised as giving an official voice to the more radical sectors of organised Islam.
  • Bayrou's candidacy.François Bayrou, leader of theUnion for French Democracy (UDF) centre-right party, decided to present himself as a centrist candidate. He opposed in particular theUnion for a Popular Movement (UMP) party led by Sarkozy. Critics have pointed-out that Bayrou and his party had voted along with the UMP parliamentary majority on nearly all cases.[37] Bayrou's trend is generally considered to be the inheritor of theChristian-DemocratMRP.
  • Candidate Gérard Schivardi was banned from calling himselfle candidat des maires ("the candidate of the mayors"). The 2 April 2007 judicial injunction[38] was requested by the Association of French Mayors, who feared that the candidate might be perceived as officially endorsed by the country'smayors. As a result, he was unable to use the 25 million electoral flyers already printed, which he claims will cost his campaign €300,000.[39] Thus he styled himself as "the candidates of mayors" or "candidate of some mayors" ("demaires" rather than "desmaires" – seeUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 242#Semantic dispute for an analogy of this difference betweende anddes).
  • François Bayrou proposed the idea of organising a "debate over the Internet" between the four leading candidates, in order to circumvent the obligation of TV and radio channels to provide equal times to all twelve candidates. However, Nicolas Sarkozy was opposed to such a debate, believing it would be illegal.[40]

Officially proposed policies

[edit]
  • Europe
  • International policies
  • Economic and social policies
    • Royal promised aminimum wage (known as thesalaire minimum interprofessionnel de croissance, or SMIC) of 1,500 euros, with 90 percent of salary for year after losing job.[45] She declared herself for the repeal of theCNE employment contract.[41] She declared herself for the reimbursement of public aid to companies whooffshored themselves, and would not support with public money firms that implementdownsizing plans.[41]
    • Sarkozy proposed to the contrary to adapt the35-hour workweek previously established by PS ministerMartine Aubry duringLionel Jospin's government by promoting overtime work.
  • Energy and environment
  • Unemployment
    • Royal promised that no youth will stay unemployed for more than six months without receiving a publicly supported job or training.[41] She also said she would create zero-interestloans to youth.[41]
  • Health
  • Housing
    • Royal declared herself for a construction project of 120,000council homes a year to cut the "housing crisis" as well as a privaterent cap and lifelong guarantee of housing (in the continuation of the debate on thedroit au logement,right to housing, on the model of Scotland's2003 Homelessness Act). She said she would simplify procedures forevicting people who were deliberately not paying their rent; and would facilitate the purchase of council housing by people who have rented it for 15 years.[41]
    • Sarkozy promised to provide assistance for those who want to buy their council homes and to eradicatehomelessness within two years[45]
  • Immigration
    • Royal declared herself in favour of grantingresidency papers (i.e. of regularisation of the status of illegal aliens) if they have awork permit and reside in France for a sufficient time.[45]
    • Sarkozy promised to cut immigration flux and favour "chosen immigration" (i.e. "qualified immigration").[45]
  • Taxes
    • Royal said she would not increase general taxation, would lighten burden on employment-creative firms and "consolidate" the 35-hour week, a goal which would pass by decreasing its negative effects.[41][45] She said she would modulate tax on companies depending on if they use it for re-investment or to redistribute the profits to theshareholders.[41] She also declared she would simplify the procedures to create new firms and better social protection for employers.[41]
    • Sarkozy promised to cut taxes by four percent, increase the exemption forinheritance tax to 95% and grant a "right to work for more than 35 hours.".[45]
  • Law and order
    • Royal said she would force young offenders to military-like education.[45] She promised to double the budget of theMinister of Justice, strengthen security on public transport, promote a law againstdomestic violence, reinforce judicial aid processes and create an independent organ of surveillance of the state of prisons.[41]
    • Sarkozy declared himself in favour of minimum terms forreoffenders and tougher sentences onjuvenile offenders.[45]
  • Culture and Media
  • Research
    • Royal said she would increase the research budget by 10% and increase the budget for universities to the extent that, within five years, it would reach the average ofOECD countries.[41]
    • Sarkozy said he would increase by 40% the budget dedicated to research by 2012.[44]
  • Budget
  • Institutional reforms
    • Royal said she would grant theright of foreigners to vote in local elections.[41] She would repeal the veto of theSenate in constitutional matters.[41] She declared herself in favour of the addition of alaïcité charter (secular charter) to the Constitution.[41]
    • Sarkozy said he would establish minimum service in the public administration (thus restrictingright of strike); cut unneeded government bodies; increase the productivity of the public administration; insure state expenses by taxes only; a two-termlimit for the president; organise the responsibility of the President before the Parliament; limit the number of ministers to 15; non-replacement of one civil servant out of two which retires and increase of wages and training in the public administration.[44]
  • LGBT Issues
    • Royal proposed introducing a bill to legalizesame-sex marriage andgay adoption.[46]
    • Sarkozy voiced opposition to both gay marriage and adoption, although he did favour civil unions for same-sex couples.[47] He maintained, however, close ties to MPChristine Boutin, known for her anti-gay views.

Endorsements

[edit]

French personalities

[edit]

Approximately 200 French intellectuals expressed support for Ségolène Royal. These included the philosopherÉtienne Balibar (a student ofLouis Althusser),[32] the editorFrançois Maspero, the historianPierre Rosanvallon, the psychoanalystFethi Benslama, the philosopherJacques Bouveresse, the sociologistRobert Castel, the philosopherCatherine Colliot-Thélène, the writerChloé Delaume, the historianMichel Dreyfus, the anthropologistFrançoise Héritier, the sculptorFrançoise Jolivet, the film-makerRoy Lekus, the sociologistEric Macé, the philosopherPierre Macherey, the philosopherJean-Claude Monod the artistAriane Mnouchkine, the economistYann Moulier-Boutang (involved withMultitudes), the historianGérard Noiriel, the historianPascal Ory, the historianMichelle Perrot, the economistThomas Piketty, the historianBenjamin Stora, the anthropologistEmmanuel Terray, the lawyerMichel Tubiana (former president of theHuman Rights League), and the sociologistLoïc Wacquant (a student ofPierre Bourdieu).[48]

Régis Debray called to vote first for a far-left candidate, then Royal in the second round.[24]

On the other hand, the so-calledNouveaux Philosophes were split on their support.André Glucksmann called to vote Sarkozy,[49] whileBernard-Henri Lévy voted for Ségolène Royal.[50]Max Gallo, who had supported the left-wing RepublicanJean-Pierre Chevènement in 2002, joined Sarkozy five years later.[51]Pascal Bruckner andAlain Finkielkraut have also proved close to Sarkozy, although they did not declare support for him, but Sarkozy did support Finkielkraut after controversial statements made inHaaretz newspaper following the 2005 civil unrest.[52] According to the journalistJacques Julliard, the support of some French intellectuals for the 2003 invasion of Iraq is the root of their rallying to Sarkozy, following the creation of the review titledLe Meilleur des mondes (Brave New World).Pascal Bruckner, historianStéphane Courtois,Thérèse Delpech,André Glucksmann,Romain Goupil,Pierre-André Taguieff,Olivier Rollin, andPierre Rigoulot are frequent contributors to this review.

Tennis playerYannick Noah called to vote for Royal, while Sarkozy obtained the support of singersJohnny Hallyday,Mireille Mathieu andFaudel, of rapperDoc Gyneco, and former politician and current actorBernard Tapie. He also had the support of actorsJean Reno andChristian Clavier, both residing inNeuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy was the mayor between 1983 and 2002[53] and ofGérard Depardieu. But also of industrialistMartin Bouygues, whose children attended the same school as Sarkozy's offspring.[53] ComedianDieudonné and authorAlain Soral supported Jean-Marie Le Pen. ActressJuliette Binoche supported José Bové.

The songElle est facho (She's a fascist) on theRouge Sang album by singerRenaud released in 2006 gained particular media attention for lyrics in the last verse that translate as "she's a fascist and votes Sarko"[54]

Prominent political commentatorAlain Duhamel was suspended in 2006 after a video was published onDailyMotion, where he stated his personal intentions of voting for François Bayrou.

International support

[edit]

Abroad,Silvio Berlusconi, the formerprime minister of Italy, gave his support to Sarkozy immediately following the first round, whileRomano Prodi, the then Italian premier and leader of the centre-leftUnion coalition, called for an alliance between Bayrou and Royal.[55]

Spanish Prime MinisterJosé Luis Rodríguez Zapatero has shown his support for Royal.[56]

European commissioner andVice-PresidentMargot Wallström was criticised after she informally suggested support for Royal on her blog, celebrating the fact that a woman got into the second round. She said: "J'étais si contente de voir qu'une femme participera au deuxième tour de l‘élection présidentielle!" (I was so happy to see that a woman would be participating in the second round of the presidential election!)[57] Commissioners are not meant to be politically biased in elections under their code of conduct.[58] Wallström is a social-democrat, like Royal.José Manuel Barroso, the head of the European Commission, has privately discussed the idea of forming a "strategic partnership" with Mr. Sarkozy.[59]

Many U.S.pundits and western economists expressed support forNicolas Sarkozy.Steve Forbes devoted several columns in the influential financial publicationFORBES Magazine.[60] The London-based magazineThe Economist also expressed support for Sarkozy's economic platform[citation needed].

Alleged Libyan financial contributions to Sarkozy

[edit]
Main article:Alleged Libyan financing in the 2007 French presidential election

In 2011, according to the son of the Libyan leader Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Sarkozy was provided with financial support from Libya during the presidential election.[61] In 2012,Mediapart published material revealing Gaddafi's financial support to Nicolas Sarkozy for the election.[62]

In March 2018 Sarkozy was charged for corruption.[63]

Opinion polls

[edit]
A pro-Sarkozy sticker, after being defaced, in Paris, France. (Translation: "Together, NOTHING is possible.")

French law prohibits publishing the results of opinion polls related to the election during the day of the election and the preceding day, so as to prevent undue influencing of the vote.[64] No estimate can be given before Sunday 8 pm, when the last voting office closes and official counts begin to be released. However, media from neighbouring countries, which are not bound by these regulations, have long broadcast estimates (Télévision Suisse Romande in particular). In 2007, the issue took a particular importance because of the generalisation of blogs and Internet pages. JournalistJean-Marc Morandini stirred turmoil when he announced his intention of publishing results on his blog as soon as 18:00.[65] Another problem was that the results from the voting offices in the Americas (consulates and French overseas possessions) were counted on Saturday night,[66] and some began circulating rumours as to these results.

Main article:Opinion polling for the 2007 French presidential election
First round

Second round

Results

[edit]

The first round saw a very high turnout of 83.8% – 36.7 million of the 44.5 millionelectorate voted from apopulation of 64.1 million (not including French people living abroad).[67][68][69] The results of that round saw Sarkozy and Royal qualify for the second round with Sarkozy getting 31% and Royal 26%.François Bayrou came third (19%) andJean-Marie Le Pen fourth (10%), unlikein 2002 when Le Pen got a surprising 16.9% and qualified for the second round.[70]

Immediately after the first round's results were made official, four defeated left-wing candidates –José Bové,Marie-George Buffet,Arlette Laguiller andDominique Voynet – urged their supporters to vote for Royal.[71] This was the first time since 1981 that Laguiller had endorsed the Socialist Party's candidate.[72]Olivier Besancenot called his supporters to vote against Sarkozy.[73]Frédéric Nihous andGérard Schivardi never officially supported either Royal or Sarkozy.Philippe de Villiers called for a vote for Sarkozy.[74] Le Pen told his voters to "abstain massively" in the second round.[75]

On 25 April, Bayrou declared he would not support either candidate in the runoff,[76] and announced he would form a new political party called theDemocratic Movement. He criticised both major candidates, and offered to debate them. Royal agreed to hold a televised debate, while Sarkozy offered to have a private discussion but not a televiseddebate.[77]

By around 6:15 pm local time on 6 May, Belgian and Swiss news sources such asLe Soir,[78]RTBF,[79]La Libre Belgique[80] andLa Tribune de Genève[81] had announced Nicolas Sarkozy as the winner of the second round, citing preliminary exit poll data. The final CSA estimate showed him winning with 53% of the votes cast. Royal conceded defeat to Sarkozy that evening.[82]

First-round results by department
  Nicolas Sarkozy
  Ségolène Royal
  François Bayrou
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Nicolas SarkozyUnion for a Popular Movement11,448,66331.1818,983,13853.06
Ségolène RoyalSocialist Party9,500,11225.8716,790,44046.94
François BayrouUnion for French Democracy6,820,11918.57
Jean-Marie Le PenNational Front3,834,53010.44
Olivier BesancenotRevolutionary Communist League1,498,5814.08
Philippe de VilliersMovement for France818,4072.23
Marie-George BuffetFrench Communist Party707,2681.93
Dominique VoynetThe Greens576,6661.57
Arlette LaguillerWorkers' Struggle487,8571.33
José BovéMiscellaneous left/environmentalist483,0081.32
Frédéric NihousHunting, Fishing, Nature and Traditions420,6451.15
Gérard SchivardiWorkers' Party123,5400.34
Total36,719,396100.0035,773,578100.00
Valid votes36,719,39698.5635,773,57895.80
Invalid/blank votes534,8461.441,568,4264.20
Total votes37,254,242100.0037,342,004100.00
Registered voters/turnout44,472,83483.7744,472,73383.97
Source: Constitutional Council (First round  · Second round)

First round and analysis

[edit]

Nationwide, Nicolas Sarkozy obtained 31% and Ségolène Royal 26% – while in 2002,Jacques Chirac had obtained 20%, andLionel Jospin 16.18%. The right-of-centre François Bayrou obtained 18.6% this time, nearly tripling his 2002 result (6.8%). National Front (FN) candidate, Jean-Marie Le Pen, made only 10.4%, compared to his stunning 16.9% finish in 2002. Along with the April–May shift to the far right made by Sarkozy, this has led many commentators to allege that traditional voters of the FN had been tempted by Sarkozy.[83][28] Overall, the left-wing reached 36% of the votes, against 19% for the "centre", 33% for the right wing and 11% for thefar right.

Other candidates received a much lower share of the vote than they had in 2002, withOlivier Besancenot (Revolutionary Communist League, LCR) failing to achieve the 5% necessary to have his political campaign reimbursed by the state. Besancenot received 4.1%, compared to 4.3% in 2002. He was followed by the traditionalistPhilippe de Villiers (2.2%), CommunistMarie-George Buffet (1.9%, compared to 3.4% forRobert Hue in 2002), Green candidateDominique Voynet (1.6%, compared to 5.3% forNoël Mamère in 2002),Workers' Struggle's candidateArlette Laguiller (1.3%, compared to 5.7% in 2002),alter-globalisation candidateJosé Bové (1.3%),Frédéric Nihous (1.2% , against 4.2% forJean Saint-Josse in 2002) and finallyGérard Schivardi with 0.3% (Daniel Gluckstein had achieved 0.5% in 2002). Theabstention rate was 15.4%.

With an overall recordturnout of 83.8%, a level not achieved since the1965 presidential election when turnout was 84.8%, the vast majority of the electorate decided not to stay home. Most of them decided againstprotest votes, and chose thevote utile (tactical voting, literally "useful vote"), that is, a vote for one of the purported leaders of the electoral race (Nicolas Sarkozy, Ségolène Royal and/or François Bayrou). The "Anyone But Sarkozy" push benefited both Bayrou and Royal,[84] while the tactical voting, on the right or on the left, explains the low score of the other candidates, in contrast with the last presidential election's first round.

The electoral campaign saw a polarisation of the political scene, encapsulated by the "Anyone But Sarkozy" slogan on the left. But it also saw a reconfiguration of the political chessboard, with various left-wing figures and voters deciding to support Sarkozy against Royal, who saw opposition inside her own party.Bernard Tapie, a former Socialist,Max Gallo, who had supported left-wing RepublicanJean-Pierre Chevènement in 2002,Eric Besson,[85] etc., passed on Sarkozy's side. On the other hand, some right-wing voters, upset by Sarkozy's attitude on law and order, immigration, and even genetics (his recent declarations onpaedophilia, homosexuality and suicides asgenetically induced, denounced by the geneticistAxel Kahn[86][87][88][89][90]), decided to vote for Bayrou. Centrist figures of the Socialist party, such asMichel Rocard andBernard Kouchner, called for an alliance between Bayrou and Royal, which might have had consequences in theJune 2007 legislative elections – these determined theparliamentary majority, and decided that France would not see anothercohabitation between the President, head of state, and the Prime minister, leader of the government. Former socialist ministerClaude Allègre stated such an alliance was "entirely conceivable", while Royal herself strongly criticised Rocard's comments.François Hollande, the national secretary of the Socialist Party and Ségolène Royal's partner, excluded any alliance with the centre-right, along with others left-wing leaders, such asLaurent Fabius orDominique Voynet.[91]

By department

[edit]
DepartmentNicolas SarkozySégolène RoyalFrançois BayrouJean-Marie Le PenOlivier BesancenotPhilippe de VilliersMarie-George BuffetDominique VoynetArlette LaguillerJosé BovéFrédéric NihousGérard SchivardiElectorateVotesValid votesInvalid votes
Paris371,604336,407219,66048,48122,09911,61812,87216,2616,18810,9041,6771,7701,221,9931,068,2741,059,5418,733
Seine-et-Marne226,884161,002126,93375,58427,18014,78911,81211,2698,2786,7794,1971,819802,133684,951676,5268,425
Yvelines291,648178,943169,31256,86721,47014,9119,88312,6827,0106,7533,4501,485894,380781,884774,4147,470
Essonne201,596174,519130,96155,35823,16411,77312,63811,4487,1786,6193,0141,555742,932646,909639,8237,086
Hauts-de-Seine297,836202,149165,81243,02519,6239,84313,49511,2995,4026,5551,8881,373904,665786,507778,3008,207
Seine-Saint-Denis155,887198,18097,05852,51824,2817,77420,5427,8236,4897,1571,4741,460708,171587,920580,6437,277
Val-de Marne200,836183,058124,69746,11922,1548,95119,23210,1325,8756,7661,7791,549745,956638,232631,1487,084
Val-de Oise185,134158,743108,64252,61021,2769,81910,4968,9736,5425,9102,3701,377675,114578,980571,8927,088
Ardennes46,93439,68323,00126,1858,6394,1733,0352,0873,5571,6612,140503199,115163,570161,5981,972
Aube59,39833,28027,12826,1016,2274,9802,8372,2862,4761,5922,175521204,692171,162169,0012,161
Marne103,56163,56554,59642,51413,0997,9064,9824,6975,4512,7262,925817382,287311,198306,8394,359
Haute-Marne36,79023,74617,91719,7225,4573,3911,6111,6562,0761,4351,776430142,353118,088116,0072,081
Aisne91,11872,83542,00053,74417,0598,1246,3273,6957,2233,3474,1801,313377,475315,501310,9654,536
Oise145,51894,24870,55966,04020,60611,1608,2256,5288,4614,7214,8191,461536,752448,248442,3465,902
Somme94,51484,83548,69448,95820,0557,4457,7514,0028,2543,55111,4181,349410,269345,897340,8265,071
Eure105,75571,52461,37744,46216,7759,5436,2234,8545,6373,9405,4281,192404,264341,318336,7104,608
Seine-Maritime204,170186,140123,24882,33341,53716,14920,15310,85214,4118,6238,2892,412873,585728,952718,31710,635
Cher53,65644,32633,77522,0769,7505,1937,2382,6733,3502,5032,851782232,301191,490188,1733,317
Eure-et-Loir80,56353,87444,28229,7989,8347,8033,2813,4343,6352,3093,3011,073293,851246,686243,1873,499
Indre39,63736,87326,36417,3587,9054,6793,6842,0032,7412,2752,837729177,334150,217147,0853,132
Indre-et-Loire104,12584,34568,64130,86515,48010,3915,7145,5794,7724,1803,7911,233401,678343,993339,1164,877
Loir-et-Cher60,25144,27239,21425,8399,1646,9183,6483,1083,0342,3583,343749240,542205,142201,8983,244
Loiret122,19781,66465,90142,97613,21410,7366,4385,8584,7473,7704,4441,130435,658368,069363,0754,994
Calvados120,191103,48183,11536,93921,49010,3245,4076,7866,6815,5919,6481,251482,677417,156410,9046,252
Manche100,98967,71965,91528,95314,1858,8133,7884,7005,1224,9198,7271,184371,781320,286315,0145,272
Orne59,21637,80034,88722,4948,2216,5032,0022,8752,8172,6433,032646216,406185,815183,1362,679
Côte-d'Or94,87571,38556,94634,47911,4276,7463,8234,6934,0053,6262,6951,057349,518299,305295,7573,548
Nièvre36,71140,95421,54416,7147,0543,5144,4761,8512,3191,8122,033538169,334141,674139,5202,154
Saône-et-Loire100,47586,74161,28938,97515,0498,3486,3834,2225,0044,0814,5021,177408,946342,267336,2466,021
Yonne65,48342,01435,43428,8738,7166,3633,4722,9243,1122,7772,850836245,539205,734202,8542,880
Nord414,543351,223221,217195,62473,52024,03443,73520,50129,56315,14922,1923,4391,776,0701,435,4101,414,74020,670
Pas-de-Calais224,750221,798119,477140,23254,37316,64830,28610,88123,1059,44421,4062,8851,078,462890,610875,28515,325
Meurthe-et-Moselle115,573103,63774,17051,04422,0677,9658,7126,4247,7004,7202,8101,234490,248411,100406,0565,044
Meuse35,54325,05320,82319,3495,9283,0191,4021,7952,0791,5011,681391141,267120,310118,5641,746
Moselle182,782132,024112,50288,55631,06112,0706,5009,52111,4906,3013,4381,686738,889606,898597,9318,967
Vosges70,01854,88242,70337,74911,8756,1292,6273,8224,3053,5712,450889288,720245,336241,0204,316
Bas-Rhin213,050100,233131,48477,55518,63112,2923,19511,8977,7677,3842,9041,452717,337596,047587,8448,203
Haut-Rhin149,33471,05082,85558,17714,67910,2002,9058,4856,0546,3742,2381,070506,877419,884413,4216,463
Doubs96,76074,32050,66136,58412,4196,4923,2485,6374,4704,4402,837907353,132303,075298,7754,300
Jura46,14435,95229,52021,1677,0134,3013,0843,4132,4512,6102,191714187,083161,252158,5602,692
Haute-Saône45,99035,45822,01024,8947,2733,7701,9142,3862,5312,1662,143553179,506153,871151,0882,783
Territoire de Belfort23,35619,47111,89411,5273,9601,7889551,4411,4271,14464026993,77979,08177,8721,209
Loire-Atlantique215,346228,851160,02250,40133,70423,94710,72414,5829,6049,9469,4472,187892,016778,034768,7619,273
Maine-et-Loire144,495108,443108,24533,20119,71720,3924,8938,6696,4305,4215,2291,463539,902474,390466,5987,792
Mayenne60,55342,65944,47614,2567,7556,0231,6783,5512,3912,4982,177508220,022192,151188,5253,626
Sarthe96,90385,07761,20034,99417,86212,1455,7655,5905,4764,3863,2821,244401,328341,008333,9247,084
Vendée119,64087,24483,62625,99114,64945,3883,6776,5594,5803,5606,5391,079464,249409,150402,5326,618
Côtes-d'Armor100,316116,82781,97328,72319,6977,7149,0547,3275,5395,9184,4691,263445,906393,819388,8204,999
Finistère157,307168,411131,17737,60028,83910,0589,57410,6597,1218,5046,0921,527667,662583,484576,8696,615
Ille-et-Vilaine162,372162,903137,43235,97425,96812,7935,98012,0737,3987,5825,4421,319665,646584,655577,2367,419
Morbihan137,510115,949101,40641,62919,70110,6477,2528,9675,6046,4805,2041,060534,901467,329461,4095,920
Charente58,76965,73037,15719,83310,2397,0173,8663,1053,1103,1523,875895259,756220,168216,7483,420
Charente Maritime114,119104,91665,30633,89615,40813,9975,8405,6344,6624,9879,1361,353453,394384,612379,2545,358
Deux-Sèvres60,84777,65543,41813,2569,0439,4892,2273,5362,6762,5433,697734269,277234,278229,1215,157
Vienne70,35073,63348,00121,08910,9088,1303,9644,0353,4953,2544,841854299,185256,618252,5544,064
Dordogne72,24880,03146,87625,43611,5796,0028,8993,6093,2834,6304,5661,279309,106272,991268,4384,553
Gironde230,955241,019162,66875,06233,32914,30215,16612,41910,12210,56614,6263,200953,526833,538823,43410,104
Landes67,08776,85548,99817,3009,4533,9316,3553,0392,6412,7125,395878283,071248,185244,6443,541
Lot-et-Garonne59,91451,81337,93025,6827,9304,6814,5452,5892,1833,2803,933933238,999208,463205,4133,050
Pyrénées-Atlantiques101,954107,582121,07425,18515,9395,1126,8266,6293,7876,7536,7801,282474,672413,823408,9034,920
Ariège21,40034,17915,3709,4914,9491,6342,9411,4891,1252,6101,766704113,83199,20297,6581,544
Aveyron54,31651,34440,81013,9597,4923,8072,8682,6001,9075,5793,332986217,981192,289189,0003,289
Haute-Garonne182,008225,769132,09157,62125,6029,99711,69410,8217,00911,2215,6012,821789,194690,638682,2558,383
Gers31,82138,04924,68010,2874,4612,3652,3341,5921,2022,0002,575644140,324124,008122,0101,998
Lot28,22437,26023,2108,4125,1952,2512,6551,6971,3523,0252,517716132,896118,301116,5141,787
Hautes-Pyrénées34,28046,51035,27011,6186,7142,3374,6811,8341,6212,1822,858728176,279152,798150,6332,165
Tarn64,75670,42545,12825,4239,4645,0664,6093,3362,7994,4363,5011,383276,354244,342240,3264,016
Tarn-et-Garonne41,28738,50325,08217,9565,3003,3932,2941,8981,5982,6343,130796165,833145,968143,8712,097
Corrèze44,83947,53828,76512,1257,1933,4156,1761,8901,9262,1963,065781187,233162,919159,9093,010
Creuse22,36223,67413,5967,0804,4602,1552,3671,0461,2881,3881,77339699,79983,27681,5851,691
Haute-Vienne56,67171,02540,08719,32012,3885,2197,1523,2083,3523,0453,1931,105265,865230,676225,7654,911
Ain109,21165,44962,11938,87310,8198,0134,2435,4733,6654,0043,6701,059372,899320,859316,5984,261
Ardèche55,80350,75537,45322,9129,2204,9624,9863,3542,4254,3874,6241,001235,578204,732201,8822,850
Drôme86,06369,68553,33634,40211,8957,3375,3075,3513,2785,0254,7341,177338,089291,578287,5903,988
Isère201,815179,413128,98367,42325,64512,99513,16012,4807,65110,3006,0072,186784,199676,859668,0588,801
Loire126,310101,38985,00750,91217,79311,3818,3346,8025,9185,8924,3351,634505,865431,845425,7076,138
Rhône311,204211,736185,52880,67426,84017,24713,29515,4848,68110,2634,2692,0561,037,635896,454887,2779,177
Savoie81,10953,44749,13826,3259,5555,3964,4915,2362,6914,5292,153795287,948248,278244,8653,413
Haute-Savoie149,41574,80888,10738,77611,9448,5733,8088,8173,7867,0202,8231,055472,822404,056398,9325,124
Allier60,99455,74439,70021,86010,9815,2929,8972,8633,3702,6463,119918259,537221,525217,3844,141
Cantal34,72624,98420,9568,5014,0222,1221,5021,2351,3141,5832,567573123,363105,850104,0851,765
Haute-Loire42,71033,47331,59317,3417,0023,7572,1672,2362,1142,6452,328907173,258150,896148,2732,623
Puy-de-Dôme99,723111,27577,14631,10219,5177,5598,3545,75466,1386,6584,4601,808443,260385,768379,4966,272
Aude57,02466,59030,08628,6358,9053,8916,0772,5772,2603,6282,8334,376254,404219,939216,8823,057
Gard126,71197,02765,40064,24817,3318,39111,9205,5054,8687,2045,5841,981488,899421,444416,1705,274
Hérault184,815154,60890,82279,19123,1869,98512,8088,6106,50111,1238,5343,228699,684600,924593,4117,513
Lozère16,51711,79910,9504,9002,0271,0118687215321,2601,06527560,01652,67051,925745
Pyrénées-Orientales84,95265,48637,48537,49411,1494,8886,9173,3743,0144,1873,3401,576314,769267,591263,8623,729
Alpes-de Haute-Provence30,32125,53116,78111,3654,3322,1872,7371,7271,2222,2582,056623118,936102,793101,1401,653
Haute Alpes26,77421,38517,2897,7923,6341,9481,6211,8058722,1641,720319102,95588,52787,3231,204
Alpes-Maritimes258,626106,21689,14379,92614,22310,88310,5338,5124,5456,2202,9851,442721,716599,324593,2546,070
Bouches-du-Rhône357,593248,290157,136144,80736,10717,30030,89513,94510,85614,3129,0813,9171,260,9161,056,9541,044,23912,715
Var235,068110,65990,55082,29219,01413,46510,6188,1075,9146,8606,6822,261716,795598,281591,4906,791
Vaucluse101,85366,95548,26351,64811,0219,0685,5644,2432,9985,1494,0101,373370,625316,193312,1454,048
Corse-du-Sud26,44313,8369,14411,2122,9889552,2859725827621,05720994,55571,47770,4451,032
Haute-Corse30,37619,6579,83512,2212,9539532,8791,1487648971,202241111,83984,35683,1261,230
Guadeloupe71,56864,26114,2925,3354,2767901,2522,0361,8341,560383301303,311179,365167,88811,477
Martinique53,82577,26613,7153,3674,0577779011,4792,0491,388338216287,465169,584159,37810,206
French Guiana14,65011,5264,4311,9539111912205333465051035962,52636,74335,4281,315
Réunion89,800165,46447,57417,4699,4192,09510,6454,6084,2884,8471,061695510,558370,719357,96512,754
Sainte Pierre and Miquelon68573263318417917879401414554,9233,1062,748358
Mayotte7,5746,9436,3791,04977517835537446543119613364,44029,81224,8524,960
Wallis and Futuna3,1252,83280486711440606341251511,1667,2087,17632
French Polynesia51,88347,8178,1992,1759133692801,529416719228186167,593115,843114,7141,129
New Caledonia44,65021,2967,9425,0911,5617073741,6817035,274326156146,06891,59689,7611,835
Source:European Election DatabaseArchived 24 June 2021 at theWayback Machine

By region

[edit]
RegionNicolas SarkozySégolène RoyalFrançois BayrouJean-Marie Le PenOlivier BesancenotPhilippe de VilliersMarie-George BuffetDominique VoynetArlette LaguillerJosé BovéFrédéric NihousGérard SchivardiElectorateVotesValid votesInvalid votes
Île-de-France1,931,4251,593,0011,143,075430,562181,24789,478110,97089,88752,96257,44319,84912,3886,695,3445,773,6575,712,28761,370
Champagne-Ardenne246,683160,274122,642114,52233,42220,45012,46510,72613,5607,4149,0162,271928,447764,018753,44510,573
Picardy331,150251,918161,253168,74257,72026,72922,30314,22523,93811,61920,4174,1231,324,4961,109,6461,094,13715,509
Upper Normandy309,925257,664184,625126,79558,31225,69226,37615,70620,04812,56313,7173,6041,277,8491,070,2701,055,02715,243
Centre460,429345,354278,177168,91265,34745,72030,00322,65522,27917,39520,5675,6961,781,3641,505,5971,482,53423,063
Lower Normandy280,396209,000183,91788,38643,89625,64011,19714,36114,62013,15321,4073,0811,070,864923,257909,05414,203
Burgundy297,544241,094175,213119,04142,24624,97118,15413,69014,44012,29612,0803,6081,173,337988,980974,37714,603
Nord-Pas-de-Calais639,293573,021340,694335,856127,89340,68274,02131,38252,66824,59343,5986,3242,854,5322,326,0202,290,02535,995
Lorraine403,916315,596250,198196,69870,93129,18319,24121,56225,57416,09310,3794,2001,659,1241,383,6441,363,57120,073
Alsace362,384171,283214,339135,73233,31022,4926,10020,38213,82113,7585,1422,5221,224,2141,015,9311,001,26514,666
Franche-Comté212,250165,201114,08594,17230,66516,3519,20112,87710,87910,3607,8112,443813,500697,279686,29510,984
Pays de la Loire636,937552,274457,569158,84393,687107,89526,73738,95128,48125,81126,6746,4812,517,5172,194,7332,160,34034,393
Brittany557,505564,090451,988143,92694,20541,21231,86039,02625,66228,48421,2075,1692,314,1152,029,2872,004,33424,953
Poitou-Charentes304,085321,934193,88288,07445,59838,63315,89716,31013,94313,93621,5493,8361,281,6121,095,6761,077,67717,999
Aquitaine532,158557,300417,546168,66578,23034,02841,79128,28522,01627,94135,3007,5722,259,3741,977,0001,950,83226,168
Midi-Pyrénées458,092542,039341,641154,76769,17730,85034,07625,26718,61333,68725,2808,7782,012,6921,767,5461,742,26725,279
Limousin123,872142,23782,44838,52524,04110,78915,6956,1446,5666,6298,0312,282552,897476,871467,2599,612
Rhône-Alpes1,120,930806,682689,671360,297123,71175,90457,62462,99738,09551,42032,61510,9634,035,0353,474,6613,430,90943,752
Auvergne238,153225,476169,39578,80441,52218,73021,92012,09012,93613,53212,4744,206999,418864,039849,23814,801
Languedoc-Roussillon470,019395,510234,743214,46862,59828,16638,59020,78717,17527,40221,35611,4361,817,7721,562,5681,542,25020,318
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur1,010,235579,036419,162377,83088,33154,85161,96838,33926,40736,96326,5349,9353,291,9432,762,0722,729,59132,481
Corsica56,81933,49318,97923,4335,9411,9085,1642,1201,3461,6592,259450206,394155,833153,5712,262
Guadeloupe71,56864,26114,2925,3354,2767901,2522,0361,8341,560383301303,311179,365167,88811,477
Martinique53,82577,26613,7153,3674,0577779011,4792,0491,388338216287,465169,584159,37810,206
French Guiana14,65011,5264,4311,9539111912205333465051035962,52636,74335,4281,315
Réunion89,800165,46447,57417,4699,4192,09510,6454,6084,2884,8471,061695510,558370,719357,96512,754
Saint Pierre and Miquelon68573263318417917879401414554,9233,1062,748358
Mayotte7,5746,9436,3791,04977517835537446543119613364,44029,81224,8524,960
Wallis and Futuna3,1252,83280486711440606341251511,1667,2087,17632
French Polynesia51,88347,8178,1992,1759133692801,529416719228186167,593115,843114,7141,129
New Caledonia44,65021,2967,9425,0911,5617073741,6817035,274326156146,06891,59689,7611,835
Source:European Election DatabaseArchived 24 June 2021 at theWayback Machine

Urban votes

[edit]
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Voting booth inVaulnaveys-le-Haut.

In urban areas, most lower and middle-income neighbourhoods and cities voted largely for Ségolène Royal. In thetenth arrondissement of Paris, Royal obtained 42% against 25% for Sarkozy, and 20.35% for Bayrou; in the11th arrondissement, Royal obtained more than 40.8% to 25.8% for Sarkozy and 20.9% for Bayrou. In the18th arrondissement, Royal obtained 41.1% against 23.4% for Sarkozy; in the19th arrondissement, Royal obtained more than 39%, against almost 28% for Sarkozy; and in the20th arrondissement, Royal obtained 42.4% against 23.2% for Sarkozy, and 18.3% for Bayrou. Royal also narrowly beat Sarkozy in the normally conservative city ofBordeaux (31.4% against 30.8%, and 22% for Bayrou), as well as inBrest,Caen,Clermont-Ferrand,Grenoble,Nantes,Rouen,Lille,Le Mans,Montpellier,Saint-Étienne,Limoges,Amiens,Pau (where Bayrou finished first),Rennes andToulouse (the historical base of the formerRadical-Socialist Party). Working-class Paris suburbs (calledlesbanlieues) also massively voted for Royal. This was more or less expected, in particular with the high level of voter registration by suburban youths, who had been strongly opposed to Sarkozy since the2005 riots during which he had made controversial remarks. Meanwhile, a large number of university students had participated in theprotests against the CPE, proposed by Sarkozy's UMP party, in the spring of 2006; they also strongly backed Royal. She consequently came first inNanterre, with almost 36% against 23% for Sarkozy. She reached 41.6% inSaint-Denis, against 19.6% for Sarkozy and 15.5% for Bayrou. InÉvry, she also passed the 40% line, while Sarkozy received only 23.6%. InCréteil, she won a closer race, gaining 35% to Sarkozy's 30% and 18% for Bayrou. In the department ofSeine-Saint-Denis, home to many people of immigrant origin, Royal obtained 34.2% to 26.8% for Sarkozy and 16.7% for Bayrou.

In contrast, wealthyarrondissements of Paris voted for Sarkozy. The prosperous16th arrondissement gave him 64% of its vote, against 16.4% for Bayrou and only 11.27% for Royal; theseventh arrondissement voted for 56% in favour of Sarkozy, to 20.35 for Bayrou and 15.35% for Royal; theeighth arrondissement voted at more than 58% for Sarkozy to 18.65% for Bayrou and 14% for Royal; the15th arrondissement voted 41.5% for Sarkozy against 24.3% for Royal and 22.9% for Bayrou. The mostly wealthy Paris suburbs of theHauts-de-Seine department, home ofNeuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy ismayor, voted 38.3% for him, against 26% for Royal and 21.3% for Bayrou. Sarkozy also won in theEssonne department (more than 31% against 27% for Royal), in theSeine-et-Marne (33.5% to almost 24% for Royal) as well as in theYvelines (37.7% against 23% for Royal and 22% for Bayrou).

Marseille, the second-largest city of France, went Sarkozy's way overall as he won 34.25% of the vote to 27.1% for Royal and only 14.1% for Bayrou (putting a close third ahead of Le Pen, who obtained 13.4%). However, in working-class neighbourhoods of the north of Marseille, such as Savine (15th arrondissement) and the Busserine (14th arrondissement), Royal received overwhelming support, receiving 60% of the vote in Busserine.

France's third-largest city,Lyon, also was won by Sarkozy, who received 34.5% of the vote to 27.3% for Royal and 22% for Bayrou. He triumphed as well in the wealthy city ofAix-en-Provence with 36.8%, against 25.4% for Royal and 19.8% for Bayrou. InNice, a conservative stronghold, Sarkozy obtained more than 41% against 20.4% for Royal and less than 15% for Bayrou. Sarkozy also narrowly beat Royal in the industrial port ofLe Havre (29% against 26.8%), as well as inAvignon,Nîmes,Metz,Nancy, andStrasbourg (these last three cities belonging to theAlsace-Lorraine region).

Regional votes

[edit]

A map of France's departments shows the candidate of the Socialist Party, Ségolène Royal, came first in the South-West and theMassif Central, which were traditional bases of theRadical-Socialist Party during theThird Republic. She also topped the poll inBrittany, except in the department ofMorbihan, but a fifth of electors in Brittany voted for Bayrou.[92]Nièvre andSeine-Saint-Denis were other departments where she came first, as well as the overseas departments ofMartinique andRéunion and the overseas territory ofSaint Pierre and Miquelon. Sarkozy came first everywhere else, except forPyrénées-Atlantiques, where Bayrou topped the poll in the department of his birth.

The left regressed, compared 2002, in theNord-Pas-de-Calais region, which has traditionally favored Socialist and Communist candidates. TheNord department, hit hard during the 1980s by an industrial crisis, gave a plurality to Sarkozy (29.3%), while Royal won 24.8% (and won the city ofLille) and Bayrou received 15.6%.Marie-George Buffet barely received 5% in the constituency of the Communist deputyAlain Bocquet.

TheHaute-Garonne, traditional Radical-Socialist territory, voted (including its capital, Toulouse), for Ségolène Royal, giving her 33%, against less than 27% for Sarkozy and slightly more than 19% for Bayrou. TheCorrèze, where Jacques Chirac began his political career as the deputy ofUssel, also voted slightly in favour of Royal, as did theCreuse, one of the least-populated departments of France.

Results of candidates with over 3% of votes in the first round, bydepartments ofMetropolitan France.

TheAlpes-Maritimes, part of theProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region where the National Front won several cities in the 1990s (Toulon of theVar,Marignane of theBouches-du-Rhône andOrange of theVaucluse) voted for Sarkozy at 43.6%, while Royal received only 17.9%, Bayrou 15.0%, and Jean-Marie Le Pen 13.5%. TheVaucluse department gave 32.8% of its votes to Sarkozy, 20.9% to Royal, 16.8% to Le Pen and 15.5% to Bayrou.

TheVendée voted 29.7% for Sarkozy, 21.7% for Royal, 20.8% for Bayrou, and 11.3% forPhilippe de Villiers, deputy of the department. Le Pen. meanwhile, managed only 6.5%.

Le Pen's highest departmental tallies occurred inAisne (17.3%) andHaute-Marne (17%). Other departments to give him more than 15% were theVaucluse (16.8%),Haute-Saône (16.5%),Meuse (16.3%),Ardennes (16.2% – where left-wing candidate Besancenot received 5.35%),Pas-de-Calais (16%),Oise (15.9%),Corse-du-Sud (15.9%),Vosges (15.7%), andGard (15.4%),

Departments where Besancenot obtained more than 5% of the vote includeArdennes, Aisne (where Le Pen also achieved a strong results),Ariège, Allier (where Sarkozy obtained 28% against nearly 26% for Royal),Calvados (where Sarkozy finished first with 29% to 25% for Royal),Finistère, Cher,Côtes d'Armor, Creuse,Indre, Meurthe-et-Moselle,Nord, Meuse,Moselle, Pas-de-Calais (6.2%),Sarthe, Nièvre,Puy-de-Dôme, Somme,Territoire-de-Belfort, Seine-Maritime,Haute-Vienne and theoverseas collectivity ofSaint Pierre and Miquelon (6.5%, along with 5.1% for José Bové; only 6.7% for Le Pen).

Theoverseas department ofMartinique has been strongly opposed to Sarkozy;Aimé Césaire,mayor ofFort-de-France and leader of theNégritude movement, refused to see him during his visit there in December 2005 (due to the UMP vote of the2005 law on colonialism[93]). In the first round, it heavily supported Royal (48.5%, against 33.8% for Sarkozy and only 8.6% for Bayrou; the next highest total was received by Besancenot, with 2.5%).Réunion also strongly supported Royal (46.2%, to 25% for Sarkozy and 13% for Bayrou). Meanwhile, Sarkozy won inNew Caledonia (with 49.7% of the vote) and inGuadeloupe (with 42.6%, against 38.3% for Royal), as well as inFrench Guiana and the overseas territories ofFrench Polynesia andWallis and Futuna.

Demographic breakdown of the first-round vote

[edit]

Source: IPSOS, seeSociologie du vote du 1er tour,L'Humanité, 5 May 2007.

30% of men voted for Sarkozy, 24% of them for Royal. 32% of women voted Sarkozy, 27% Royal. 29% of 18- to 24-year-olds voted Royal, against 26% for Sarkozy. Sarkozy also made a higher score for 35- to 44-year-olds and 60- to 69-year-olds, but a lesser score in the 45- to 59-year-old category.

36% of farmers voted Sarkozy against 8% for Royal. Workers voted at similar levels for both Sarkozy and Royal (21% for each), while public servants voted at 34% for Royal (18% for Sarkozy). 19% of unemployed people voted for Sarkozy, 32% of them for Royal. Students also voted in majority for Royal (32% against 21%), while pensioned elders voted at 41% for Sarkozy (23% for Royal).

Second round

[edit]
Results of the second round: the candidate with the majority of votes in each of the 36,784communes of France. Nicolas Sarkozy:blue; Ségolène Royal:pink. All territories are shown at the same geographic scale.
Nicolas Sarkozy supporters celebrate on thePlace de la Concorde in Paris
Supporters of Ségolène Royal awaiting the results, 8 pm, in front of the headquarters of the Socialist Party in Paris

The second round of the 2007 French presidential election started inSaint Pierre and Miquelon on Saturday 5 May 2007 at 8 am local time (2007-05-05 10:00 UTC) and ended in the large cities ofMetropolitan France on Sunday, 6 May 2007 at 8 pm local time (2007-05-06 18:00 UTC).Turnout in the second round of the election was 84.0%, higher than in the first round. Nicolas Sarkozy got 53.06% of the votes and Ségolène Royal got 46.94%.

Theleft-right division was reinforced, according to many observers, by the election of Nicolas Sarkozy.[84] 91% of the electors self-identifying as members of the centre-left voted for Royal, and 92% of those who self-identified as centre-right voted for Sarkozy.[84] The center thus appears to have been polarized.[84] The vast majority of the dissident left also voted for Royal, while the extreme right strongly supported Sarkozy.[84] Although Jacques Chirac was successful among young electorsin 1995, mostly owing to his discourse on the "social rupture" (fracture sociale), Sarkozy's electorate was more traditionally right-wing and focused on older people. The only age group that gave him a majority was the over-50, who accounted for 52% of his voters, compared to only 37% of Royal's.[84] Sarkozy obtained only 40% among those 18–24 years old, while Chirac had obtained 55% in the same category in 1995.[84]

In social categories, Sarkozy won majorities among pensioned and inactive elders (58%), business leaders, shopkeepers and craftworkers (82% ), categories which are traditionally conservative.[84] Sarkozy lost votes, compared to Chirac, among workers (59% for Royal) and employees (57% for Royal).[84]

The general electoral geography did not significantly change from the first Chirac election. However, Sarkozy received a lesser score inCorrèze, Chirac's home department, and bettered Chirac's score in the North-East, where Le Pen had obtained some of his better scores in 2002.[84] Overall, the increase in votes for Sarkozy between the two rounds occurred mostly in departments where theNational Front's presence is strong.[84]

Spoilt votes represented 4.2% of the electors (as much as in 2002 and 1995).[84]

By department

[edit]
DepartmentNicolas SarkozySégolène RoyalElectorateVotesValid votesInvalid votes
Paris511,920508,0821,222,2311,055,5321,020,00235,530
Seine-et-Marne367,080285,492801,895680,359652,57227,787
Yvelines435,014305,909893,701770,145740,92329,222
Essonne319,170293,652743,090638,434612,82225,612
Hauts-de-Seine416,666332,096905,058777,472748,76228,710
Seine-Saint-Denis245,337319,205708,163583,909564,54219,367
Val-de Marne302,513304,978746,130630,817607,49123,326
Val-de Oise288,062262,693675,274572,186550,75521,431
Ardennes84,60773,442199,104165,433158,0497,384
Aube101,29162,885204,735171,773164,1767,597
Marne177,028121,988382,293313,648299,01614,632
Haute-Marne66,78246,134142,345118,995112,9166,079
Aisne161,670141,338377,467317,396303,00814,388
Oise252,728180,890536,646453,307433,61819,689
Somme168,317165,280410,186349,066333,59715,469
Eure188,416139,980403,691343,416328,39615,020
Seine-Maritime354,988352,174873,623738,271707,16231,109
Cher94,44789,323232,240193,636183,7709,866
Eure-et-Loir138,45299,601293,844249,003238,05310,950
Indre71,32171,818177,331151,359143,1398,220
Indre-et-Loire174,646156,774401,748346,227331,42014,807
Loir-et-Cher109,23286,101240,584205,510195,33310,177
Loiret207,861147,160435,575371,776355,02116,755
Calvados203,583194,026482,675414,393397,60916,784
Manche171,038133,482371,790318,603304,52014,083
Orne101,63474,641216,339184,475176,2758,200
Côte-d'Or162,217126,760349,541302,194288,97713,217
Nièvre64,30872,258169,340143,168136,5666,602
Saône-et-Loire173,844154,206408,850344,817328,05016,767
Yonne115,45881,254245,501206,567196,7129,855
Nord721,506672,6791,776,6051,456,2771,394,18562,092
Pas-de-Calais410,398445,2731,078,402897,261855,67141,590
Meurthe-et-Moselle199,441190,727490,176407,928390,16817,760
Meuse64,70148,951141,227119,369113,6525,717
Moselle325,371249,859738,923602,730575,23027,500
Vosges125,734104,024288,654243,164229,75813,406
Bas-Rhin376,567197,650717,570599,690574,21725,473
Haut-Rhin264,757140,131506,854424,033404,88819,145
Doubs162,972129,107353,154306,240292,07914,161
Jura84,60569,180187,165161,792153,7858,007
Haute-Saône81,91964,898179,409155,319146,8178,502
Territoire de Belfort41,66034,30793,76680,16675,9674,199
Loire-Atlantique349,366391,655892,230771,863741,02130,842
Maine-et-Loire242,330205,221540,056469,527447,55121,976
Mayenne100,84481,013219,951190,472181,8578,615
Sarthe162,465159,735401,318338,321322,20016,121
Vendée220,680166,060464,228405,307386,74018,567
Côtes-d'Armor168,622210,577445,750394,042379,19914,843
Finistère258,614301,826667,354582,964560,44022,524
Ille-et-Vilaine265,929292,606665,677582,202558,53523,667
Morbihan228,053218,085534,904465,991446,13819,853
Charente100,357112,632259,795222,344212,9899,355
Charente Maritime193,372179,017453,387388,229372,38915,840
Deux-Sèvres102,474124,204269,097236,020226,6789,342
Vienne120,079127,029299,239258,775247,10811,667
Dordogne121,947139,604309,001273,749261,55112,198
Gironde382,366409,550953,649826,882791,91634,966
Landes112,211125,638282,988248,153237,84910,304
Lot-et-Garonne107,26191,516238,952208,312198,7779,535
Pyrénées-Atlantiques186,013205,499475,022411,927391,51220,415
Ariège38,44956,628113,78299,56395,0774,486
Aveyron93,43390,382217,855192,585183,8158,770
Haute-Garonne299,062357,825789,412684,392656,88727,505
Gers56,45762,421140,283124,572118,8785,694
Lot49,38063,959132,881118,603113,3395,264
Hautes-Pyrénées62,12783,596176,248152,606145,7236,883
Tarn114,518117,836276,335243,815232,35411,461
Tarn-et-Garonne73,92565,547165,795145,708139,4726,236
Corrèze73,54882,909187,179164,528156,4578,071
Creuse37,77543,04399,79184,75780,8183,939
Haute-Vienne96,295123,518265,881232,072219,81312,259
Ain185,174120,679372,951319,523305,85313,670
Ardèche100,41494,121235,544203,934194,5359,399
Drôme152,482125,384338,120290,776277,86612,910
Isère335,314308,072784,163671,093643,38627,707
Loire221,648185,421505,913426,888407,06919,819
Rhône485,628364,9781,037,922884,920850,60634,314
Savoie134,30499,987288,079245,194234,29110,903
Haute-Savoie241,466141,582472,858400,243383,04817,195
Allier102,426107,442259,503220,677209,86810,809
Cantal56,98145,208123,322106,618102,1894,429
Haute-Loire77,08665,085173,262149,885142,1717,714
Puy-de-Dôme168,859197,915443,310384,474366,77417,700
Aude101,128109,195254,384220,228210,3239,905
Gard226,132176,806488,820421,299402,93818,361
Hérault311,465265,066699,652600,184576,53123,653
Lozère28,10022,30759,99152,83850,4072,431
Pyrénées-Orientales143,043113,784314,805267,988256,82711,161
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence52,68446,360118,928103,78899,0444,744
Haute Alpes45,95139,668103,04389,69485,6194,075
Alpes-Maritimes399,120187,169721,912606,764586,28920,475
Bouches-du-Rhône597,318431,9921,260,8081,069,3681,029,31040,058
Var382,344201,069716,810606,058583,41322,645
Vaucluse184,714119,516370,704318,223304,23013,993
Corse-du-Sud43,84427,24994,55473,99771,0932,904
Haute-Corse49,92734,960111,87588,22484,8873,337
Guadeloupe92,38795,510303,222198,537187,89710,640
Martinique70,796108,522287,518189,125179,3189,807
French Guiana20,31117,95462,72739,81038,2651,545
Réunion138,807242,231511,033394,482381,03813,444
Sainte Pierre and Miquelon1,3782,1434,9233,6833,521162
Mayotte11,82917,77564,47630,66329,6041,059
Wallis and Futuna3,8663,84011,1637,7587,70652
French Polynesia64,05559,374167,577125,138123,4291,709
New Caledonia61,33136,057146,00799,48397,3882,095
Source:European Election DatabaseArchived 24 June 2021 at theWayback Machine

By region

[edit]
RegionNicolas SarkozySégolène RoyalElectorateVotesValid votesInvalid votes
Île-de-France2,885,7622,612,1076,695,5425,708,8545,497,869210,985
Champagne-Ardenne429,708304,449928,477769,849734,15735,692
Picardy582,715487,5081,324,2991,119,7691,070,22349,546
Upper Normandy543,404492,1541,277,3141,081,6871,035,55846,129
Centre795,959650,7771,781,3221,517,5111,446,73670,775
Lower Normandy476,255402,1491,070,804917,471878,40439,067
Burgundy515,827434,4781,173,232996,746950,30546,441
Nord-Pas-de-Calais1,131,9041,117,9522,855,0072,353,5382,249,856103,682
Lorraine715,247593,5611,658,9801,373,1911,308,80864,383
Alsace641,324337,7811,224,4241,023,723979,10544,618
Franche-Comté371,156297,492813,494703,517668,64834,869
Pays de la Loire1,075,6851,003,6842,517,7832,175,4902,079,36996,121
Brittany921,2181,023,0942,313,6852,025,1991,944,31280,887
Poitou-Charentes516,282542,8821,281,5181,105,3681,059,16446,204
Aquitaine909,798971,8072,259,6121,969,0231,881,60587,418
Midi-Pyrénées787,351898,1942,012,5911,761,8441,685,54576,299
Limousin207,618249,470552,851481,357457,08824,269
Rhône-Alpes1,856,4301,440,2244,035,5503,442,5713,296,654145,917
Auvergne405,352415,650999,397861,654821,00240,652
Languedoc-Roussillon809,868687,1581,817,6521,562,5371,497,02665,511
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur1,662,1311,025,7743,292,2052,793,8952,687,905105,990
Corsica93,77162,209206,429162,221155,9806,241
Guadeloupe92,38795,510303,222198,537187,89710,640
Martinique70,796108,522287,518189,125179,3189,807
French Guiana20,31117,95462,72739,81038,2651,545
Réunion138,807242,231511,033394,482381,03813,444
Saint Pierre and Miquelon1,3782,1434,9233,6833,521162
Mayotte11,82917,77564,47630,66329,6041,059
Wallis and Futuna3,8663,84011,1637,7587,70652
French Polynesia64,05559,374167,577125,138123,4291,709
New Caledonia61,33136,057146,00799,48397,3882,095
Source:European Election DatabaseArchived 24 June 2021 at theWayback Machine

Abstention and spoilt votes

[edit]

Abstention was exceptionally low, as well asprotest votes.Blank vote (going to vote, but deliberately cancelling one's ballot, by any means possible – tearing it in two, writingTintin on it, or anything absurd as such) is not included in official counts – i.e. it is considered aspoilt vote, counted as equivalent to abstention. A very small party, theParti Blanc (White Party, for "white vote", i.e. blank vote) called for the official count of white votes by the state (as inNone of the above systems). It organised a march in Paris on Wednesday 18 March 2007 in which only thirty people participated.[94]

Aftermath

[edit]

Riots

[edit]
Pro-Ségolène Royal youth chanted against Nicolas Sarkozy
A gathering of opponents to Sarkozy onPlace de la Bastille in Paris, on 6 May evening, quickly ended in confrontations between the far-left and the riot control forces
Bastille tear-gassed

Thousands of youths took to the streets Sunday night following the final presidential election results. While many simply expressed their discontent at the election of Nicolas Sarkozy, others chose to engage in violent action. Riots erupted in several urban centers including the capital Paris where some of the most intense clashes were reported in thePlace de la Bastille.[95] A gathering of opponents to Sarkozy there quickly ended in confrontations between the youth and the riot control forces, whotear gassed the whole place.

732 cars were torched according to estimates of theDGPN (direction of the police) and government buildings and property came under attack. Police clashed with protesters who were described by French media as members of theultra-left and of theautonome movement or youth from the suburbs.[96] During the fighting dozens of officers were injured and 592 alleged rioters were arrested.[97] 70 people were arrested in the North department and 79 in Paris.[98] Overall the situation remained calm.

Some clashes continued on the night of Monday to Tuesday, with 365 torched cars and 160 alleged riotersdetained by the police.[96] Ten people were in court already by Monday. Two of them were given firm prison sentences of six and three months respectively, and two others to 120 hours ofTIG (General Interest Labour, an alternative sentence to prison).[96] Another one has been given a two-month firm prison sentence and two others TIG hours.[99] Some of the people judged inLyon have denied any involvement in the riots (two of them received 120 hours of TIG and a 200 euros fine).[100]

300 to 400 people demonstrated on theBoulevard Saint-Michel on Wednesday 9 May, in opposition to a demonstration ofwhite supremacists. By 9 pm that night 118 of them had been arrested.[101] A 31-year-old engineer took legal action following his release from custody claiming he had been a victim ofpolice brutality. He claimed that he had not taken part to the demonstrations, but had been arrested nonetheless.[102]

Sarkozy's detention March 2018

[edit]

On 20 March 2018, Sarkozy was arrested by the French Police because of the suspect having received 50 million euros for his presidential campaign fromMuammar Gaddafi.[103]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Sarkozy wins the race".The Economist.ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved4 August 2025.
  2. ^"Voting begins in presidential election in France".International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 22 April 2007. Retrieved29 April 2007. "Either way, France will get its first president born after World War II, since both Royal and Sarkozy are in their fifties."
  3. ^Keskin, Umut; Sanver, M. Remzi; Tosunlu, H. Berkay (August 2022)."Monotonicity violations under plurality with a runoff: the case of French presidential elections".Social Choice and Welfare.59 (2):305–333.doi:10.1007/s00355-022-01397-4.
  4. ^Balinski, Michel; Laraki, Rida (2011), Dolez, Bernard; Grofman, Bernard; Laurent, Annie (eds.),"Election by Majority Judgment: Experimental Evidence",In Situ and Laboratory Experiments on Electoral Law Reform: French Presidential Elections, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 13–54,doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7539-3_2,ISBN 978-1-4419-7539-3, retrieved31 October 2024
  5. ^Balinski, Michel; Laraki, Rida (1 March 2020)."Majority judgment vs. majority rule".Social Choice and Welfare.54 (2):429–461.doi:10.1007/s00355-019-01200-x.ISSN 1432-217X.
  6. ^Ministère de l'Interieur:Élection Présidentielle 2012, Résultats 2nd tour
  7. ^"Decree n°2007-227 of 21 February 2007" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved13 June 2010.
  8. ^"6 questions about the president". Elysee.fr. Archived fromthe original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved13 June 2010.
  9. ^ab"Decision of 19 March 2007, of the Constitutional Council". Conseil-constitutionnel.fr. Retrieved13 June 2010.
  10. ^Le Conseil Constitutionnel (26 April 2007)."Décision du 26 avril 2007". Archived fromthe original on 1 May 2007. Retrieved23 March 2018.
  11. ^France to choose president with help of electronic voting,International Herald Tribune, 17 April 2007(in English)
  12. ^Electoral code,article R27: "Posters and flyers, having an electoral goal or character, and including some combination of the three colours blue, white, and red (except the reproduction of an emblem of a party or political group), are prohibited"
  13. ^Nicolas Sarkozy,Ensemble, Xo, 3 April 2007,ISBN 2-84563-345-9
  14. ^M. Sarkozy et Mme Royal se rendent coup pour coup,Le Monde
  15. ^Conseil Constitutionnel (6 November 1962)."Loi N° 16-1292 du 6 novembre 1962". Archived fromthe original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved23 March 2018.
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  18. ^11 French hopefuls make deadline[dead link]
  19. ^"Chirac renews attack on Iraq war".BBC News. 5 January 2007. Retrieved2 May 2010.
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  24. ^abRégis Debray,La Coupe de l'Elysée 2007,Le Monde, 23 February 2007(in French)
  25. ^Ségolène Royal, pour « l’ordre juste »[dead link],L'Humanité, 4 October 2006;Les 100 propositions de Ségolène RoyalArchived 20 October 2007 at theWayback Machine,Libération, 12 février 2007, proposition 52
  26. ^2007 Presidential Campaign: Humiliated, the "Beur" Minister Defects ... to the Right,L'Humanité, 16 March 2007 (transl. 30 March)(in English)
  27. ^Les reconduites à la frontière en France depuis 1990Archived 6 May 2007 at theWayback Machine,Le Monde, 26 March 2007(in French)
  28. ^abSarkozy et les immigrés «qui n'aiment pas» la France,RFI, 24 April 2006(in French)
  29. ^Répression: Sarkozy s’en prend aux immigrés[dead link],L'Humanité, 10 November 2005(in French)
  30. ^Nicolas Sarkozy fait de la sécurité un thème majeur de la campagne,Le Monde, 1 April 2007(in French)
  31. ^M. Sarkozy contre l’anti-France,Le Monde diplomatique, 26 September 2005(in French)
  32. ^abÉtienne Balibar,«Royal, pour faire échec à la droite»,Libération, 6 April 2007(in French)Archived 6 April 2007 at theWayback Machine
  33. ^Lichfield, John (10 April 2007)."Le Pen's mask slips as he plays the race card against Sarkozy".The Independent. London. Archived fromthe original on 4 November 2007. Retrieved2 May 2010.
  34. ^"EJP | France's extreme-right candidate evokes Sarkozy's immigrant roots". Ejpress.org. 10 April 2007. Archived fromthe original on 17 July 2009. Retrieved13 June 2010.
  35. ^What Future for the Anti-liberal Movement?,L'Humanité, 22 December 2006 (transl. 25 December)(in English)
  36. ^José Bové – One Candidacy Too Many or a Miracle Candidate?, analysis inL'Humanité, 2 February 2007 (transl. 23 February)(in English)
  37. ^Bayrou's Journey to the Heart of the Chirac-d’Estaing Machine,L'Humanité, 9 March 2007 (transl. 11 April)(in English)
  38. ^2 April 2007 Injunction by Isabelle Nicole, first vice-president of the Paris court of large claims
  39. ^Reuters,2 April 2007Archived 9 May 2007 at theWayback Machine
  40. ^Reuters,5 April 2007[permanent dead link]
  41. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrsLes principales propositions de Ségolène RoyalArchived 16 April 2007 at theWayback Machine,Le Monde, 16 March 2007(in French)
  42. ^Europe : le programme des candidats (Royal),Le Monde, 13 March 2007(in French)
  43. ^Europe : le programme des candidats (Sarkozy)Le Monde, 13 March 2007(in French)
  44. ^abcdefLes principales propositions de Nicolas SarkozyArchived 18 April 2007 at theWayback Machine,Le Monde, 16 March 2007(in French)
  45. ^abcdefghijklmRoyal, Sarkozy and Bayrou: The policies,BBC, 11 April 2007(in English)
  46. ^365 Gay (20 June 2006)."French Presidential Contender Calls for Gay Marriage". Archived fromthe original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved23 March 2018.
  47. ^"gay.com". gay.com. Archived fromthe original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved13 June 2010.
  48. ^Un appel d'intellectuels pour Ségolène Royal,Le Nouvel Observateur, 19 April 2007(in French)
  49. ^Pourquoi je choisis Nicolas Sarkozy,Le Monde, 29 January 2007(in French)
  50. ^Bernard-Henri Lévy votera Ségolène Royal,Le Nouvel Observateur, 10 April 2007(in French)
  51. ^Le pas de deux de Max Gallo et Nicolas Sarkozy,Le Monde, 22 June 2006(in French)
  52. ^L'Amérique dans leur tête, Chronicle ofJacques Julliard inLe Nouvel Observateur, 8 February 2007(in French)
  53. ^abSarkozy, une lutte sans merci pour le pouvoir[dead link],Libération, 7 May 2007(in French)
  54. ^"RFI music review". Rfimusique.com. Archived fromthe original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved23 April 2012.
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  60. ^Royal RubbishArchived 5 March 2007 at theWayback Machine, article bySteve Forbes inFORBES Magazine, 12 March 2007
  61. ^"EXCLUSIVE – Gaddafi to Sarkozy: 'give us back our money'".Euronews. 16 March 2011. Archived fromthe original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved21 March 2011."Gaddafi: 'Libya funded Sarkozy's French poll campaign'".BBC News. 16 March 2011. Retrieved21 March 2011.
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  63. ^Dallison, Paul (21 March 2018)."Nicolas Sarkozy charged with corruption".Politico. Retrieved21 March 2018.
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  67. ^Including children and non-registered people (citizens and non-citizens)
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  73. ^Déclaration d’Olivier BesancenotArchived 25 April 2007 at theWayback Machine(in French)
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  76. ^Bayrou Refuses to Endorse Candidate,Sfgate, 25 April 2007(in English)
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  81. ^"Tribune de Genève". Tdg.ch. Retrieved13 June 2010.
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  83. ^Jean-Luc Porquet, "Le Pen refait et contre-fait",Le Canard enchaîné, 25 April 2007 (n°4513)
  84. ^abcdefghijklAnalyse : un clivage droite-gauche renforcé, by Eric Dupin inLe Figaro, 8 May 2007(in French)Archived 10 May 2007 at theWayback Machine
  85. ^Besson, le traître étalon,Libération, 23 April 2007(in French)Archived 27 April 2007 at theWayback Machine
  86. ^For France's Right-Wing Candidate, "Paedophiles are born, not made",L'Humanité, 4 April 2007 (transl. 26 April)(in English)
  87. ^Dialogue betweenNicolas Sarkozy andMichel Onfray inPhilo Mag,Confidences entre ennemisArchived 9 May 2007 at theWayback Machine(in French)
  88. ^Les propos sur la génétique de Nicolas Sarkozy suscitent la polémiqueArchived 28 April 2007 at theWayback Machine,Le Monde, 4 April 2007(in French)
  89. ^Tollé dans la communauté scientifique après les propos de Nicolas Sarkozy sur la génétiqueArchived 17 July 2007 at theWayback Machine,Le Monde, 11 April 2007(in French)
  90. ^Le Canard enchaîné, "Le Gay Savoir de Sarko", 18 April 2007
  91. ^A Look behind the Operation for an Alliance of the Center,L'Humanité, 17 April 2007 (transl. 19 April)(in English)
  92. ^Présidentielles, résultats définitifs en BretagneArchived 6 October 2007 at theWayback Machine,Agence Bretagne Presse, 23 April 2007
  93. ^Aimé Césaire refuse de recevoir Nicolas SarkozyArchived 22 April 2008 at theWayback Machine,Le Monde, 7 December 2005(in French)
  94. ^Le Parti blanc voudrait légitimer les bulletins vierges,Le Monde, 20 April 2007(in French)
  95. ^Hundreds Are Arrested in Post-Election Riots Across France,The New York Times, 8 May 2007(in English)
  96. ^abcL'ultragauche se déchaîne contre Sarkozy,Le Figaro, 9 May 2007(in French)
  97. ^Premier bilan de la présidence Sarkozy: 730 voitures brûlées, 592 interpellations,Libération, 7 May 2007(in French)Archived 11 May 2007 at theWayback Machine
  98. ^Le nouveau président est parti «habiter la fonction»,Libération, 7 May 2007 (see here[1])(in French)"La presse cherche Sarkozy en Corse, il est à Malte". Archived from the original on 11 May 2007. Retrieved7 May 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  99. ^Prison ferme pour des manifestants anti-Sarkozy,Le Figaro, 8 May 2007(in French)
  100. ^Les premières comparutions immédiates après les arrestations du soir du 6 mai à Lyon, HNS, 9 May 2007(in French)
  101. ^"Manif et interpellations mouvementées mercredi soir à Paris",Libération, 9 May 2007, read here[2](in French)
  102. ^"Manifs anti-Sarkozy: un ingénieur victime d'une bavure porte plainte",Libération, 11 May 2007, read here[3];video here
  103. ^theguardian.com:Nicolas Sarkozy in police custody over Gaddafi allegations

Further reading

[edit]
  • Dolez, Bernard, and Annie Laurent. "Strategic voting in a semi-presidential system with a two-ballot electoral system. The 2007 French legislative election."French politics 8.1 (2010): 1-20.Online
  • Dumitrescu, Delia. "Know me, love me, fear me: The anatomy of candidate poster designs in the 2007 French legislative elections."Political Communication 27.1 (2010): 20–43.Online
  • Gurau, Calin, and Nawel Ayadi. "Political communication management: The strategy of the two main candidates during the 2007 French presidential elections."Journal of Communication Management 15.1 (2011): 5-22.online
  • Lemennicier, Bertrand, Hororine Lescieux-Katir, and Bernard Grofman. "The 2007 French presidential election."Canadian Journal of Political Science 43.1 (2010): 137–161.Online
  • Lewis-Beck, Michael S., Éric Bélanger, and Christine Fauvelle-Aymar. "Forecasting the 2007 French presidential election: Ségolène Royal and the Iowa model."French Politics 6.2 (2008): 106–115.Online
  • Mayer, Nonna. "Why extremes don't meet: Le Pen and Besancenot voters in the 2007 French presidential election."French Politics, Culture & Society 29.3 (2011): 101–120.Online

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