2005 New Zealand general election

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All 121 seats in theHouse of Representatives, including oneoverhang seat 61 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout	2,304,005 (80.92%)3.94%
First party Second party Third party   Leader Helen Clark Don Brash Winston Peters Party Labour National NZ First Leader since 1 December 1993 28 October 2003 18 July 1993 Leader's seat Mount Albert List List (lostTauranga) Last election 52 seats, 41.26% 27 seats, 20.93% 13 seats, 10.38% Seats before 51 27 13 Seats won 50 48 7 Seat change 1 21 6 Electorate vote 902,072 40.35% 4.34 902,874 40.38% 9.80 78,117 3.49% 0.49 Party vote 935,319 41.10% 0.16 889,813 39.10% 18.17 130,115 5.72% 4.66   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Rod Donald Jeanette Fitzsimons Tariana Turia Pita Sharples Peter Dunne Party Green Māori Party United Future New Zealand Leader since 21 May 1995 7 July 2004 16 November 2000 Leader's seat List List Te Tai Hauāuru Tāmaki Makaurau Ohariu-Belmont Last election 9 seats, 7.00% – 8 seats, 6.69% Seats before 9 1 8 Seats won 6 4 3 Seat change 3 3 5 Electorate vote 92,164 4.12% 1.23 75,076 3.36% new 63,486 2.84% 1.52 Party vote 120,521 5.30% 1.70 48,263 2.12% new 60,860 2.67% 4.02   Seventh party Eighth party   Leader Rodney Hide Jim Anderton Party ACT Progressive Leader since 13 June 2004 27 July 2002 Leader's seat Epsom Wigram Last election 9 seats, 7.14% 2 seats, 1.70% Seats before 9 2 Seats won 2 1 Seat change 7 1 Electorate vote 44,071 1.97% 1.58 36,638 1.64% 0.20 Party vote 34,469 1.51% 5.63 26,441 1.16% 0.54
Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin
Prime Minister before election Helen Clark Labour Subsequent Prime Minister Helen Clark Labour

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• Results of the 2005 New Zealand General Election

The2005 New Zealand general election on Saturday 17 September 2005 determined the membership of the48th New Zealand Parliament. One hundred and twenty-one MPs were elected to theNew Zealand House of Representatives: 69 from single-memberelectorates, including oneoverhang seat, and 52 from party lists (one extra due to the overhang).

Noparty won a majority, but theLabour Party ofPrime MinisterHelen Clark secured two seats more than its nearest rival, theNational Party, led byDon Brash. With the exception of the newly formedMāori Party, which took fourMāori electorates from Labour, most of the other parties polled lower than in the previous election, losing votes and seats.

Brash deferred conceding defeat until 1 October, when National's election-night 49 seats fell to 48 after special votes were counted. The official count increased the Māori Party share of the party vote above 2%, entitling them to three rather than two seats from the party vote. With four electorate seats, the election nightoverhang of two seats was reduced to one, and as National had the 120th seat allocated under the party vote, National lost one list seat (that ofKatrina Shanks) that they appeared to have won on election night.^[1]

The election was a strong recovery for National, which won 21 more seats than at the2002 election, where it suffered its worst result in its history, and the highest party vote percentage for the party since 1990; indeed, National saw its first vote share gain since 1990. Despite its resurgence, National failed to displace Labour as the largest party in Parliament. National's gains apparently came mainly at the expense of smaller parties, while Labour won only two seats less than in 2002.

On 17 October, Clark announced a new coalition agreement that saw the return of herminority government coalition with theProgressive Party, withconfidence and supply support fromNew Zealand First and fromUnited Future. New Zealand First parliamentary leaderWinston Peters and United Future parliamentary leaderPeter Dunne became ministers of the Crown outsideCabinet, Peters asMinister of Foreign Affairs and Dunne as Minister of Revenue. TheGreen Party, which had supported Labour before the election, received no cabinet post (see below), but gained several concessions from the coalition on matters such as energy and transport, and agreed to support the government on matters ofconfidence and supply. This was the second time that Labour won three consecutive elections, and to date it is the only time it has won three consecutive peacetime elections.

The total votes cast in 2005 was 2,304,005 (2,164,595 & 139,510 Māori). Turnout was 80.92% of those on the rolls, or 77.05% of voting age population. Turnout was higher than in the previous 2002 election (72.5% and 76.98% respectively), and the Māori roll turnout at 67.07% was significantly higher than 2002 (57.5%).^[2]

In the election 739 candidates stood, and there were 19 registered parties with party lists. Of the candidates, 525 were electorate and list, 72 were electorate only and 142 were list only. All but 37 represented registered parties (on the list or in the electorate or both). Only 35 candidates from registered parties chose to stand as an electorate candidate only. 71% of candidates (523) were male and 29% (216) female; the same percentages as in 2002.^[3]

Labour had achieved a third term in office for the first time since 1943.

Eight MPs intended to retire at the end of the 47th Parliament.

Summary of the 17 September 2005 election for theHouse of Representatives^[4]

Party		Party vote			Electorate vote			Seats
		Votes	%	Change (pp)	Votes	%	Change (pp)	List	Electorate	Total	+/-
	Labour	935,319	41.10	0.16	902,072	40.35	4.34	19	31	50	2
	National	889,813	39.10	18.17	902,874	40.38	9.84	17	31	48	21
	NZ First	130,115	5.72	4.66	78,117	3.49	0.49	7	0	7	6
	Green	120,521	5.30	1.70	92,164	4.12	1.23	6	0	6	3
	Māori Party	48,263	2.12	new	75,076	3.36	new	0	4	4	new
	United Future	60,860	2.67	4.02	63,486	2.84	1.52	2	1	3	5
	ACT	34,469	1.51	5.63	44,071	1.97	1.58	1	1	2	7
	Progressive	26,441	1.16	0.54	36,638	1.64	0.20	0	1	1	1
	Destiny	14,210	0.62	new	17,608	0.79	new	0	0	0	new
	Legalise Cannabis	5,748	0.25	0.39	2,601	0.12	0.05	0	0	0
	Christian Heritage	2,821	0.12	1.23	1,296	0.06	1.99	0	0	0
	Alliance	1,641	0.07	1.20	1,901	0.09	1.60		0	0
	Family Rights	1,178	0.05	new	1,045	0.05	new	0	0	0	new
	Democrats	1,079	0.05	new	565	0.03	new	0	0	0	new
	Libertarianz	946	0.04	0.04	781	0.03		0	0	0
	Direct Democracy	782	0.03	new	1,934	0.09	new		0	0	new
	99 MP	601	0.03	new	—	—	—	0	0	0	new
	One NZ	478	0.02	0.07	214	0.01	0.12		0	0
	RONZ	344	0.02	new	131	0.01	new	0	0	0	new
	Unregistered parties	—	—	—	1,466	0.07	0.12	0	0	0
	Independent	—	—	—	11,829	0.53	0.22	0	0	0
Valid votes		2,275,629	98.77	0.07	2,235,869	97.04	0.05
Informal votes		10,561	0.46	0.04	24,801	1.08	0.21
Disallowed votes		17,815	0.77	0.03	43,335	1.88	0.26
Total		2,304,005	100		2,304,005	100		52	69	121	1
Eligible voters and Turnout		2,847,396	80.92	3.94	2,847,396	80.92	3.94

The election saw an 81% voter turnout.^[5]

The results of the election give aGallagher index of disproportionality of 1.11.

The table below shows the results of the 2005 general election:

Key:

MPs returned via party lists, and unsuccessful candidates, were as follows:^[6][7]

Notes

1. These party list members later entered parliament in the term as other list MPs elected resigned from parliament.
2. These party list members later resigned during the parliamentary term.

Going into the election, Labour had assurances of support from the Greens (six seats in 2005, down three from 2002) and from the Progressives (one seat, down one). This three-party bloc won 57 seats, leaving Clark four seats short of the 61 seats needed for a majority in the 121-seat Parliament (decreased from the expected 122 because the final results gave the Māori Party only oneoverhang seat, after it appeared to win two overhang seats on election night). On 5 October the Māori Party began a series ofhui to decide whom to support. That same dayreports emerged that a meeting between Helen Clark and Māori co-leaderTariana Turia on 3 October had already ruled out a formal coalition between Labour and the Māori Party. Māori Party representatives also held discussions with National representatives, but most New Zealanders thought the Māori Party more likely to give confidence-supply support to a Labour-dominated government because its supporters apparently heavily backed Labour in the party vote.

Had Turia and her co-leaderPita Sharples opted to join a Labour-Progressive-Green coalition, Clark would have had sufficient support to govern with support from a grouping of four parties (Labour, Green, Māori and Progressive). Without the Māori Party, Labour needed the support of New Zealand First (seven seats, down six) and United Future (three seats, down five) to form a government. New Zealand First said it would support (or at least abstain from opposing in confidence-motions) the party with the most seats. Clark sought from New Zealand First a positive commitment rather than abstention. United Future, which had supported the previous Labour-Progressiveminority government in confidence and supply, said it would talk first to the party with the most seats about support or coalition. Both New Zealand First and United Future said they would not support a Labour-led coalition which included Greens in Cabinet posts. However, United Future indicated it could support a government where the Greens gave supply-and-confidence votes.^[8]

Brash had only one possible scenario to become Prime Minister: a centre-right coalition with United Future andACT (two seats, down seven). Given the election results, however, such a coalition would have required the confidence-and-supply votes of both New Zealand First and the Māori Party. This appeared highly unlikely on several counts. New Zealand First's involvement in such a coalition would have run counter to Peters' promise to deal with the biggest party, and Turia and Sharples would have had difficulty in justifying supporting National after their supporters' overwhelming support for Labour in the party vote. Turia and Sharples probably remembered the severe mauling New Zealand First suffered in the1999 election. (Many of its supporters in 1996 believed they had voted to get rid of National, only to have Peters go into coalitionwith National; New Zealand First has never really recovered.) Even without this to consider, National had indicated it would abolish theMaori seats if it won power.

The new government as eventually formed consisted of Labour and Progressive in coalition, while New Zealand First and United Future entered agreements of support on confidence and supply motions. In an unprecedented move, Peters and Dunne became Foreign Affairs Minister and Revenue Minister, respectively, but remained outside cabinet and had no obligatorycabinet collective responsibility on votes outside their respective portfolios.

Possible government setups

The governingLabour Party retained office at2002 election. However, its junior coalition partner, theAlliance, lost most of its support after internal conflict and disagreement and failed to win parliamentary representation. Labour formed a coalition with the newProgressive Coalition, formed by former Alliance leaderJim Anderton. The Labour-Progressive coalition then obtained an agreement of support ("confidence and supply") fromUnited Future, enabling it to form a stable minority government. TheNational Party, Labour's main opponents, suffered a major defeat, winning only 21% of the vote (22.5% of the seats), its weakest showing in an election.

The collapse of National's vote led ultimately to the replacement of its Parliamentary party leaderBill English with parliamentary newcomerDon Brash, the former governor of theReserve Bank of New Zealand, on 28 October 2003. Brash began an aggressive campaign against the Labour-dominated government. A major boost to this campaign came with his "Orewa speech" (27 January 2004), in which he attacked the Labour-dominated government for giving "special treatment" to theMāori population, particularly over theforeshore and seabed controversy. This resulted in a surge of support for the National Party, although most polls indicated that this subsequently subsided. National also announced it would not stand candidates in theMāori electorates, with some smaller parties following suit.

The foreshore-and-seabed controversy also resulted in the establishment of the Māori Party in July 2004. The Māori Party hoped to break Labour's traditional (and then current) dominance in the Māori electorates, just asNew Zealand First had done in the1996 election.

A large number of so-called "minor" parties also contested the election. These includedDestiny New Zealand (the political branch of theDestiny Church) and theDirect Democracy Party.

A series of opinion polls published in June 2005 indicated that the National Party had moved ahead of Labour for the first time since June 2004. Commentators speculated^{[citation needed]} that a prominent billboard campaign may have contributed to this. Some said^{[citation needed]} the National Party had peaked too early. The polls released throughout July showed once more an upward trend for Labour, with Labour polling about 6% above National. The release by the National Party of a series oftax-reform proposals in August 2005 appeared to correlate with an increase in its ratings in the polls.

Direct comparisons between the following polls have no statistical validity:

No single political event can explain the significant differences between most of these polls over the period between them. They show either volatility in the electorate and/or flaws in the methods of polling. In the later polls, the issue of National's knowledge of a series of pamphlets (distributed by members of thePlymouth Brethren Christian Church and attacking the Green and Labour parties) appeared not to have reduced National Party support.

For lists of candidates in the 2005 election see:

• Candidates grouped by electorate
• Candidates grouped by party list

The Labour Party platform^[9] included:

• student loans: writing off interest if the recipient stays in New Zealand
• health: a pledge of extrapublic-hospital operations
• Treaty of Waitangi: accepting no lodgements for Treaty-claims after 1 September 2008
• increasingrates-rebates
• a "KiwiSaver" programme, aimed at getting first homeowners into their own homes
• sponsoring 5,000 newapprenticeships
• increasing community police-force numbers by 250.
• a "Working for Families" tax-relief/benefit programme aimed at lower to middle-income families

The National Party campaigned on the platform of (National Party Press Release):

• taxation: lowering income-tax rates. The party ran a television advertisement parodying thetelethons aired by TVNZ in the 1980s, rewording the telethon theme song "Thank you very much for your kind donation" (itself a cover of the 1967 The Scaffolds song "Thank U Very Much") to "Thank you very much for your high taxation"^[10][11]
• removing references to theTreaty of Waitangi from existing legislation; and resolving alltreaty claims amicably by 2010
• by 1 April 2006, makestudent-loan repayments and $5000 of pre-school childcare costs recoupable to mainstream New Zealanders
• "reworking" the New ZealandResource Management Act 1991 to makedevelopment easier
• "removing excessivebureaucracy" in the education system, in particular by overhauling theNCEA, and by re-introducing "bulk funding" of schools
• abolishing earlyparole for violent criminals. (As of 2005 most prisoners became eligible for parole after serving one-third of their sentence)
• a return to "market rents" forstate-housing tenants, including a system of paying housing-subsidies (for the poorest tenants) directly to private landlords
• increase Nationwide Maths and English standards
• welfare Reform – reduce the waste of having 300,000 working age New Zealand adults on benefits and to ensure all of those on benefits really need the help
• a "work-for-the-dole" scheme
• abolishing theMaori electorates

Postal voting for New Zealanders abroad began on 31 August. Ballot voting took place on Saturday 17 September, from 9 am to 7 pm. The Chief Electoral Office released a provisional result at 12:05 am on 18 September.

New Zealand operates on a system whereby the Electoral Commission allocates funding for advertising on television and on radio. Parties must use their own money for all other forms of advertising, but may not use any of their own money for television or radio advertising.

*Must register for funding
Source:Electoral Commission

Police investigated six political parties for alleged breaches of election-spending rules relating to the 2005 election, but brought no prosecutions,^[12]determining that "there was insufficient evidence to indicate that an offence under s214b of the Electoral Act had been committed."^[13]

TheAuditor-General has also investigated publicly funded party-advertising for the 2005 election, with a leaked preliminary finding of much of the spending as unlawful. Observers expected the release of a final report in October 2006.^[14]

The 2005 general election was marked by controversial third-party campaigning by members of thePlymouth Brethren Christian Church (at the time known as the Exclusive Brethren), a secretive Christian group.^[15] Members of the church funded a campaign aimed at helping the National Party win, which included anonymous pamphlets and the hiring of private investigators.^[15]

Brethren members funded and distributed a series of pamphlets that attacked the incumbent Labour government and, in particular, the Green Party.^[16] The pamphlets made claims such as that the Greens' policies were "reminiscent...of communists".^[17] The campaign, which was later revealed to have a "war-chest" of $1.2 million, was organised by a group of seven Brethren businessmen who later identified themselves as the "secret seven".^[16][18]

The controversy deepened after the election when, in September 2006, it was revealed that Brethren members had hired private investigators to "dig dirt" on Labour MPs.^[19] This included the surveillance of Prime Minister Helen Clark and her husband, Peter Davis, which coincided with what Clark called a "smear campaign" of rumours about Davis.^[19][20]

The campaign also raised questions about the National Party's involvement. Party leader Don Brash initially distanced himself from the pamphlets.^[16] However, he later admitted to meeting with Brethren members, who told him they planned to issue pamphlets attacking the government, to which Brash replied, "that's tremendous".^[17] The full extent of the coordination was later detailed in Nicky Hager's 2006 book,The Hollow Men, which was based on leaked emails from Brash's office.^[21] In the wake of the scandal, Brash "cut ties" with the church.^[20]

• Levine, Stephen; Roberts, Nigel S., eds. (2007).The Baubles of Office: The New Zealand General Election of 2005. Wellington: Victoria University Press.ISBN 978-0-86473-539-3.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to2005 New Zealand election.

• Elections New Zealand, joint website of the Electoral Enrolment Centre, Chief Electoral Office, and Electoral Commission.
• 2005 General Election Results from the Chief Electoral Office, Ministry of Justice
• nzvotes.org, comparative information on parties, candidates and electorates
• New Zealand Herald Election 2005 website
• Stuff.co.nz Election 2005 website
• Scoop Election 2005 website
• Scoop Election 2005 campaign diary

• 2005 New Zealand general election
• September 2005 in New Zealand

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