 | |||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 68.56% 18.31pp | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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 County results Obama: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Keyes: 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Personal Illinois State Senator and U.S. Senator from Illinois 44th President of the United States Tenure
  | ||
The2004 United States Senate election in Illinois was held on November 2, 2004.Incumbent Republican SenatorPeter Fitzgerald decided to retire after one term. The Democratic and Republicanprimary elections were held in March, which included a total of 15 candidates who combined to spend a record total of over $60 million seeking theopen seat.
On March 16, 2004, State Senator and future PresidentBarack Obama won the Democratic primary, and businessmanJack Ryan won the Republican primary. Three months later, Ryan announced his withdrawal from the race four days after theChicago Tribune persuaded a California court to release records from Ryan's custody case, which included allegations that Ryan had pressured his then-wife, actressJeri Ryan, to perform sexual acts in public.
Six weeks later, the Illinois Republican State Central Committee chose former DiplomatAlan Keyes to replace Ryan as the Republican candidate. Keyes had previously lost two races for the U.S. Senate inMaryland in1988 and1992, both by large margins. The election was the first in U.S. Senate history in which both major-party candidates wereBlack. According to Obama's 2020A Promised Land, he had promised his wifeMichelle that if he lost the race, he would retire from politics.[1]
Obama won the election with 70% of the vote and a margin of 43% over Keyes, the largest margin of victory for a U.S. Senate candidate in Illinois history, and significantly larger than DemocratJohn Kerry's 10.3% margin in theconcurrent presidential election. Obama carried 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats had traditionally not done well. The inequality in the candidates spending for the fall elections – $14,244,768 by Obama, and $2,545,325 by Keyes – is also among the largest in history in both absolute and relative terms.[2] This was the first open-seat election for this seat since1980. Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator on January 3, 2005, and served until he resigned on November 16, 2008, 12 days after he was elected president.[3]
The primaries and general elections coincided with those for federal offices (president andHouse), as well asthose for state offices.
For the primary elections, turnout was 26.69%, with 1,904,800 votes cast.[4][5] For the general election, turnout was 68.56%, with 5,141,520 votes cast.[6][5]
In this campaign,Chirinjeev Kathuria became the first Indian-American and first person of theSikh religion to run for a United States Senate seat.
GOP frontrunner Jack Ryan had divorced actressJeri Ryan in 1999, and the records of the divorce were sealed at their mutual request. Five years later, when Ryan's Senate campaign began, theChicago Tribune newspaper andWLS-TV, the localABC affiliate, sought to have the records released. On March 3, 2004, several of Ryan's GOP primary opponents urged Ryan to release the records.[7] Both Ryan and his wife agreed to make their divorce records public, but not make the child custody records public, claiming that the custody records could be harmful to their son if released. Ryan went on to win the GOP primary on March 16, 2004, defeating his nearest competitor, Jim Oberweis, by twelve percentage points.[8]
Ryan was a proponent of across-the-boardtax cuts andtort reform, an effort to limit payout inmedical malpracticelawsuits. He was also a proponent ofschool choice and supportedvouchers for private school students.
Oberweis's 2004 campaign was notable for a television commercial where he flew in a helicopter over Chicago'sSoldier Field, and claimed enough illegal immigrants came into America in a week (10,000 a day) to fill the stadium's 61,500 seats.[9][10] Oberweis was also fined $21,000 by the Federal Election Commission for a commercial for his dairy that ran during his 2004 Senate campaign. The FEC ruled that the commercial wrongly benefited his campaign and constituted a corporate contribution, thus violating campaign law.[11]
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size[b] | Margin of error | Jack Ryan | Jim Oberweis | Steve Rauschenberger | Andrew McKenna | Jonathan Wright | John Borling | Norm Hill | Chirinjeev Kathuria | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago Tribune[12][A] | March 3–6, 2004 | 580 (LV) | ± 4.0% | 32% | 11% | 8% | 10% | 1% | 2% | <1% | <1% | – | 35% |
| Rasmussen Reports[13][B] | March 3, 2004 | – (LV) | – | 44% | 18% | 4% | 10% | – | – | – | – | 6% | 18% |
| Chicago Tribune[12][14][A] | February 11–17, 2004 | – (LV) | – | 30% | 12% | 4% | 8% | – | – | – | – | – | 43% |
| Chicago Tribune[15][A] | January 6–11, 2004 | 503 (LV) | ± 4.5% | 12% | 16% | 5% | 5% | – | – | – | – | – | 57% |
| Chicago Tribune[16][A] | October 15–20, 2003 | 450 (LV) | ± 5.0% | 20% | 11% | 4% | 3% | – | – | 1% | – | 4% | 58% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jack Ryan | 234,791 | 35.5% | |
| Republican | Jim Oberweis | 155,794 | 23.5% | |
| Republican | Steve Rauschenberger | 132,655 | 20.0% | |
| Republican | Andrew McKenna | 97,238 | 14.7% | |
| Republican | Jonathan C. Wright | 17,189 | 2.6% | |
| Republican | John L. Borling | 13,390 | 2.0% | |
| Republican | Norm Hill | 5,637 | 0.9% | |
| Republican | Chirinjeev Kathuria | 5,110 | 0.8% | |
| Total votes | 661,804 | 100.0% | ||
Source:[18]
Fitzgerald's predecessor, DemocratCarol Moseley Braun, declined to run.[19] Barack Obama, a member of theIllinois Senate since 1997 and an unsuccessful2000 Democratic primary challenger to four-term incumbent U.S. Rep.Bobby Rush for Rush'sU.S House seat, launched a campaign committee at the beginning of July 2002 to run for the U.S. Senate, 21 months before the March 2004 primary,[20] and two months later hadDavid Axelrod lined up to do his campaign media.[21] Obama formally announced his candidacy on January 21, 2003,[22] four days after former U.S. Sen.Carol Moseley Braun announced she would not seek a rematch with U.S. Sen.Peter Fitzgerald.[23]
On April 15, 2003, with six Democrats already running and three Republicans threatening to run against him,[24] incumbent Fitzgerald announced he would not seek a second term in 2004.[25] Three weeks later, popular Republican former GovernorJim Edgar declined to run,[26] leading to wide open Democratic and Republican primary races with 15 candidates. The two primary races included 7 millionaires,[27] and triggered the first application of the Millionaires' Amendment of the 2002McCain–Feingold Act, in what was, at that time, the most expensive Senate primary in U.S. history.[28]
Obama touted his legislative experience and early public opposition to theIraq War to distinguish himself from his Democratic primary rivals. Illinois ComptrollerDan Hynes won the endorsement of theAFL–CIO. Obama succeeded in obtaining the support of three of the state's largest and most active member unions:AFSCME,SEIU, and theIllinois Federation of Teachers. Hynes and multimillionaire former securities traderBlair Hull each won the endorsements of two of the nine Democratic Illinois members of the US House of Representatives. Obama had the endorsements of four:Jesse Jackson, Jr.,Danny Davis,Lane Evans, andJan Schakowsky.
Obama surged into the lead after he finally began television advertising in Chicago in the final three weeks of the campaign, which was expanded todownstate Illinois during the last six days of the campaign. The ads included strong endorsements by the five largest newspapers in Illinois—theChicago Tribune,Chicago Sun-Times,Daily Herald,The Rockford Register Star, andPeoria Journal Star—and a testimonial bySheila Simon that Obama was "cut from that same cloth" as her father, the late former U.S. SenatorPaul Simon, who had planned to endorse and campaign for Obama before his unexpected death in December 2003.[29]
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size[b] | Margin of error | Barack Obama | Daniel Hynes | Blair Hull | Maria Pappas | Gery Chico | Nancy Skinner | Joyce Washington | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago Tribune[12][A] | March 3–6, 2004 | 602 (LV) | ± 4.0% | 33% | 19% | 16% | 8% | 6% | 1% | 1% | 16% |
| Rasmussen Reports[13][B] | March 3, 2004 | – (LV) | – | 28% | 22% | 23% | 10% | 3% | 1% | 3% | 11% |
| Rasmussen Reports[13][B] | February 19, 2004 | – (LV) | – | 17% | 17% | 27% | 14% | 5% | 2% | 1% | 16% |
| Chicago Tribune[12][14][A] | February 11–17, 2004 | – (LV) | – | 15% | 11% | 24% | 9% | 5% | – | 1% | 34% |
| Chicago Tribune[15][A] | January 6–11, 2004 | 528 (LV) | ± 4.5% | 14% | 14% | 10% | 14% | 6% | – | – | 38% |
| Chicago Tribune[16][A] | October 15–20, 2003 | 450 (LV) | ± 5.0% | 9% | 12% | 6% | 16% | 6% | 3% | 2% | 45% |
| 10% | 15% | 6% | – | 8% | 4% | 3% | 54% |
On March 16, 2004, Obama won the Democratic primary by an unexpected landslide—receiving 53% of the vote, 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival, with a vote total that nearly equaled that of all eight Republican candidates combined—which overnight made him a rising star in the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.[30][31] The Democratic primary election, including seven candidates who combined to spend over $46 million, was the most expensive U.S. Senate primary election in history.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Barack Obama | 655,923 | 52.8% | |
| Democratic | Daniel W. Hynes | 294,717 | 23.7% | |
| Democratic | M. Blair Hull | 134,453 | 10.8% | |
| Democratic | Maria Pappas | 74,987 | 6.0% | |
| Democratic | Gery Chico | 53,433 | 4.3% | |
| Democratic | Nancy Skinner | 16,098 | 1.3% | |
| Democratic | Joyce Washington | 13,375 | 1.1% | |
| Democratic | Estella Johnson-Hunt (write-in) | 10 | 0.0% | |
| Total votes | 1,242,996 | 100.0% | ||
As a result of the GOP and Democratic primaries, DemocratBarack Obama was pitted against RepublicanJack Ryan.
Ryan trailed Obama in early polls, after the media reported that Ryan had assigned Justin Warfel, a Ryan campaign worker, to track Obama's appearances.[33] The tactic backfired when many people, including Ryan's supporters, criticized this activity. Ryan's spokesman apologized, and promised that Warfel would give Obama more space. Obama acknowledged that it is standard practice to film an opponent in public, and Obama said he was satisfied with Ryan's decision to have Warfel back off.[33]
As the campaign progressed, the lawsuit brought by theChicago Tribune to openchild custody files from Ryan's divorce was still continuing. Barack Obama's backers emailed reporters about the divorce controversy, but refrained from on-the-record commentary.[34] On March 29, 2004, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Robert Schnider ruled that several of the Ryans' divorce records should be opened to the public, and ruled that a court-appointed referee would later decide which custody files should remain sealed to protect the interests of Ryan's young child.[35] A few days later, on April 2, 2004, Barack Obama changed his position about the Ryans' soon-to-be-released divorce records, and called on Democrats to not inject them into the campaign.[34]
On June 22, 2004, after receiving the report from the court appointed referee, the judge released the files that were deemed consistent with the interests of Ryan's young child. In those files,Jeri Ryan alleged that Jack Ryan had taken her to sex clubs in several cities, intending for them to have sex in public.[36][37]
The decision to release the files generated much controversy because it went against both parents' direct request, and because it reversed the earlier decision to seal the papers in the best interest of the child. Jim Oberweis, Ryan's defeated GOP opponent, commented that "these are allegations made in a divorce hearing, and we all know people tend to say things that aren't necessarily true in divorce proceedings when there is money involved and custody of children involved."[36]
Although theirsensational nature made the revelations fodder fortabloid and television programs specializing in such stories, the files were also newsworthy because of questions about whether Ryan had accurately described the documents to GOP party leaders. Prior to release of the documents, Ryan had told leading Republicans that five percent of the divorce file could cause problems for his campaign.[38] But after the documents were released, GOP officials including state GOP ChairJudy Baar Topinka said they felt Ryan had misleadingly indicated the divorce records would not be embarrassing.[39]
That charge of dishonesty led to intensifying calls for Ryan's withdrawal, though Topinka, who was considering running herself, said after the June 25 withdrawal that Ryan's "decision was a personal one" and that the state GOP had not pressured Ryan to drop out.[40] Ryan's campaign ended less than a week after the custody records were opened, and Ryan officially filed the documentation to withdraw on July 29, 2004. Obama was left without an opponent.
The Illinois Republican State Central Committee chose former diplomatAlan Keyes to replace Ryan as the Republican candidate after former governorJim Edgar, Topinka, and formerChicago Bears head coachMike Ditka declined to run.[41] Farm broadcasterOrion Samuelson was prepared to accept the nomination but was forced to abandon those plans under a doctor's orders.[42] Keyes, aconservative Republican, faced an uphill battle. First, as a native of Maryland, he had almost no ties to Illinois. Second, he had an unsuccessful electoral track record, losing two races for U.S. Senate in Maryland by landslides and making unsuccessful bids for the Republican presidential nomination in 1996 and 2000.[43] Third, Keyes's lack of electoral momentum enabled Obama to focus on campaigning in more conservative downstate regions, an unusual move for an Illinois Democrat.[44]
Media lambasted Keyes for what they considered hisparachute candidacy. TheChicago Tribune published a scathingeditorial, calling him "[t]he GOP's rent-a-senator" and sarcastically listing basic facts about local geography for a candidate they suspected had no familiarity with the area: "Keyes may have noticed a large body of water as he flew intoO'Hare. That is calledLake Michigan. It's large. It's wide. It's deep. And we'll spoil the surprise: You can't even see across it."[45] In a similar vein,The New York Times published an editorial decrying "the rank hypocrisy", recalling that four years earlier, Keyes had attackedHillary Clinton for establishing residency in New York for the first time only two months before announcing her U.S. Senate candidacy in that state.[46] Keyes attacked Barack Obama for voting against a bill that would have outlawed a form of late-term abortion.[47]
Race became an issue in the contest between the two black candidates when Keyes claimed that he, not Obama, was the true "African-American". The black voters of Illinois voted 92% for Obama.[48][49]
Obama ran the most successful Senate campaign in 2004, and was so far ahead in polls that he soon began to campaign outside of Illinois in support of other Democratic candidates. He gave large sums of campaign funds to other candidates and theDemocratic Senatorial Campaign Committee and sent many of his volunteers to work on other races, including that of eventual three-term CongresswomanMelissa Bean who defeated then-CongressmanPhil Crane in that year's election. Obama and Keyes differed on many issues includingschool vouchers and tax cuts, both of which Keyes supported and Obama opposed.[50]
| Source | Ranking | As of |
|---|---|---|
| Sabato's Crystal Ball[51] | Safe D(flip) | November 1, 2004 |
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size[b] | Margin of error | Alan Keyes (R) | Barack Obama (D) | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SurveyUSA[52][C] | October 27–29, 2004 | 655 (LV) | ± 3.9% | 27% | 66% | 5% | 1% |
| Research 2000[53] | October 27–28, 2004 | 600 (LV) | ± 4.0% | 25% | 67% | – | 8% |
| Research 2000[54][D] | October 21–23, 2004 | 800 (LV) | ± 3.5% | 25% | 67% | – | 8% |
| Chicago Tribune[55][A] | October 16–19, 2004 | 700 (LV) | ± 4.0% | 19% | 66% | 6% | 9% |
| SurveyUSA[56][C] | October 4–6, 2004 | 636 (LV) | ± 4.0% | 23% | 68% | 7% | 2% |
| Rasmussen Reports[57][B] | October 5, 2004 | 500 (LV) | ± 4.5% | 20% | 64% | 7%[c] | 9% |
| Research 2000[58] | October 3–4, 2004 | 600 (LV) | ± 4.0% | 24% | 69% | – | 7% |
| Chicago Tribune[59][A] | September 17–20, 2004 | 700 (LV) | ± 4.0% | 17% | 68% | 3% | 12% |
| Research 2000[60][D] | September 14–16, 2004 | 800 (LV) | ± 3.5% | 23% | 68% | – | 9% |
| Chicago Tribune[61][A] | August 13–16, 2004 | 700 (LV) | ± 4.0% | 24% | 65% | – | 11% |
| SurveyUSA[62] | August 8–6, 2004 | 612 (RV) | ± 4.0% | 28% | 67% | – | 5% |
Jack Ryan vs. Barack Obama
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size[b] | Margin of error | Jack Ryan (R) | Barack Obama (D) | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago Tribune[63][A] | May 21–24, 2004 | 600 (RV) | ± 4.0% | 30% | 52% | – | 8% |
| Rasmussen Reports[64][B] | May 12, 2004 | 500 (LV) | ± 4.5% | 40% | 48% | – | 12% |
Swing by county
Trend by county
County flipsDemocratic Hold Gain from Republican | Republican Hold
|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Barack Obama | 3,597,456 | 69.97% | +22.6% | |
| Republican | Alan Keyes | 1,390,690 | 27.05% | −23.3% | |
| Independent | Al Franzen | 81,164 | 1.6% | N/A | |
| Libertarian | Jerry Kohn | 69,253 | 1.3% | N/A | |
| Write-in | 2,957 | 0.1% | N/A | ||
| Total votes | 5,141,520 | 100.0% | N/A | ||
| Democraticgain fromRepublican | |||||
By county | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic[edit]
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The Obama-Keyes race was one of the first to be called onElection Day, November 2, 2004. At the start of Keyes' candidacy in August, Keyes had 24% support in thepolls. He received 27% of the vote in the November general election to Obama's 70%.[66]
Following theelection, Keyes refused to call Obama to congratulate him. Media reports claimed that Keyes also failed to concede the race to Obama.[67] Two days after the election, a radio interviewer asked Keyes whether he had conceded the race. Keyes replied, "Of course I've conceded the race. I mean, I gave my speech to that effect."[68]
On the radio program, Keyes explained that his refusal to congratulate Obama was "not anything personal," but was meant to make a statement against "extend[ing] false congratulations to the triumph of what we have declared to be across the line." He said that Obama's position on moral issues regarding life and the family had crossed that line. "I'm supposed to make a call that represents the congratulations toward the triumph of that which I believe ultimately stands for... a culture evil enough to destroy the very soul and heart of my country? I can't do this. And I will not make a false gesture," Keyes said.[68]
Obama would go on to be electedPresident of the United States in2008.
Voter demographic data for 2004 was collected byCNN. The voter survey is based onexit polls completed by 1,373 voters in person as well as by phone.[69]
| Demographic subgroup | Keyes | Obama | % of total vote |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ideology | |||
| Liberals | 8 | 91 | 23 |
| Moderates | 18 | 80 | 50 |
| Conservatives | 61 | 33 | 27 |
| Party | |||
| Democrats | 5 | 94 | 40 |
| Republicans | 56 | 40 | 33 |
| Independents | 24 | 74 | 27 |
| Gender | |||
| Men | 30 | 67 | 45 |
| Women | 25 | 73 | 55 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 31 | 66 | 78 |
| Black | 8 | 92 | 10 |
| Latino | 17 | 82 | 9 |
| Asian | N/A | N/A | 2 |
| Other | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Gender by race/ethnicity | |||
| White men | 33 | 64 | 36 |
| White women | 28 | 69 | 42 |
| Non-White men | 19 | 81 | 10 |
| Non-White women | 11 | 88 | 13 |
| Age | |||
| 18–29 years old | 25 | 73 | 21 |
| 30–44 years old | 27 | 70 | 30 |
| 45–59 years old | 26 | 72 | 29 |
| 60 and older | 32 | 65 | 20 |
| Income | |||
| Under $15,000 | 28 | 72 | 7 |
| $15–30,000 | 27 | 71 | 12 |
| $30–50,000 | 29 | 70 | 24 |
| $50–75,000 | 27 | 71 | 24 |
| $75–100,000 | 24 | 72 | 14 |
| $100–150,000 | 24 | 70 | 11 |
| $150–200,000 | N/A | N/A | 4 |
| $200,000 or More | 25 | 75 | 4 |
| Religion | |||
| Protestant | 37 | 60 | 47 |
| Catholic | 23 | 75 | 36 |
| Jewish | N/A | N/A | 3 |
| Other | 8 | 92 | 5 |
| None | 15 | 84 | 9 |
| Issue regarded as most important | |||
| War in Iraq | 12 | 88 | 21 |
| Economy/Jobs | 4 | 93 | 20 |
| Moral Issues | 61 | 38 | 19 |
| Terrorism | 40 | 51 | 18 |
| Healthcare | 12 | 88 | 5 |
| Taxes | 41 | 59 | 5 |
| Education | 25 | 75 | 5 |
| Decision to go to war in Iraq | |||
| Strongly Approve | 65 | 29 | 22 |
| Somewhat Approve | 38 | 59 | 25 |
| Somewhat Disapprove | 11 | 87 | 18 |
| Strongly Disapprove | 4 | 94 | 34 |
| Bush job approval | |||
| Strongly Approve | 61 | 34 | 28 |
| Somewhat Approve | 38 | 56 | 19 |
| Somewhat Disapprove | 13 | 87 | 15 |
| Strongly Disapprove | 4 | 96 | 38 |
| Region | |||
| Chicago | 11 | 88 | 20 |
| Cook County Suburbs | 23 | 75 | 20 |
| Collar counties | 32 | 65 | 23 |
| Northern Illinois | 35 | 62 | 24 |
| Southern Illinois | 36 | 61 | 13 |
| Area type | |||
| Urban | 19 | 80 | 31 |
| Suburban | 27 | 70 | 47 |
| Rural | 40 | 58 | 22 |
Partisan clients
With Michelle, I didn't sugarcoat the amount of time I'd be away. But this was it, I promised, up or out; if I lost this one, we were done with politics for good.
Official campaign websites (archived)
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