2003 California gubernatorial recall election

← 2002 October 7, 2003 2006 →
Turnout	61.20%[1]34.4pp
Vote on recall
Shall Gray Davis be recalled (removed) from the office of Governor?
Results
Choice Votes % Yes 4,976,274 55.39% No 4,007,783 44.61% Valid votes 8,984,057 95.44% Invalid or blank votes 429,431 4.56% Total votes 9,413,488 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 15,380,536 61.2%
County results Congressional district results Yes:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80% No:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%
Replacement candidates
If Davis is recalled, who should replace him as governor?
Turnout	61.20%
Candidate Arnold Schwarzenegger Cruz Bustamante Tom McClintock Party Republican Democratic Republican Popular vote 4,206,284 2,724,874 1,161,287 Percentage 48.6% 31.5% 13.4%
County results Congressional district results Schwarzenegger:     30–40%     40–50%     50–60%     60–70% Bustamante:     30–40%     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%
Governor before election Gray Davis Democratic Governor after election Arnold Schwarzenegger Republican

Elections in California
Federal government U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 Dem Rep 2000 Dem Rep 2004 Dem Rep 2008 Dem Rep 2012 Dem Rep 2016 Dem Rep 2020 Dem Rep 2024 Dem Rep U.S. Senate 1849 1850 1852 sp 1856 1857 sp 1860 1860 sp 1868 1872 1873 1873 sp 1878 1880 1885 1886 sp 1887 1891 1891 sp 1893 1895 sp 1897 1900 sp 1903 1905 1909 1911 1914 1916 1920 1922 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1946 sp 1950 1952 1954 sp 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1992 sp 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2012 2016 2018 2022 2022 sp 2024 2024 sp 2028 2030 U.S. House of Representatives 1849 1851 1852 1854 1856 1859 1861 1863 1864 1867 1868 1871 1872 1875 1876 1879 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 12th 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1987 5th sp 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 32nd sp 2002 2004 2005 5th sp 48th sp 2006 50th sp 2007 36th sp 2008 12th sp 2009 10th sp 32nd sp 2010 2011 36th sp 2012 2014 2016 2017 34th sp 2018 2020 25th sp 2022 22nd sp 2024 16th 20th sp 30th 45th 47th 2026
State government Executive Governor 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1867 1871 1875 1879 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2003 (recall) 2006 2010 2014 2018 2021 (recall) 2022 2026 Lieutenant governor 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Attorney general 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Secretary of state 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Treasurer 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Controller 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Insurance commissioner 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Superintendent 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Board of equalization 2018 2022 Legislature Senate 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Special Assembly 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2021 (79th sp) 2022 (17th sp) 2024 Special Judiciary Court of appeals 1994 1998 2002 2006 Elections by year 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 Feb Jun Nov 2009 2010 Jun Nov 2012 Jun Nov 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
State propositions 1910–1919 1911 4 7 8 1960–1969 1964 14 1970–1979 1978 6 8 13 1980–1989 1982 8 1986 64 65 1988 98 99 1990–1999 1994 187 1996 196 209 215 218 1998 6 10 227 2000–2009 2000 21 22 36 39 2003 53 54 2004 1A 55 56 57 58 59 60 60A 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 71 2005 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 2006 81 82 83 85 87 89 90 2008 91 92 93 94, 95, 96, and 97 98 and 99 1A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2009 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 2010–2019 2010 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2012 28 29 30 31 32 34 36 37 38 39 2014 1 2 41 42 45 46 47 48 2016 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 2018 68 69 70 71 72 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2020–2029 2020 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2022 1 26 27 28 29 30 31 2024 1 2 3 4 5 6 32 33 34 35 36 Full list
Los Angeles County Los Angeles County Board of supervisors 1980 1996 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Ballot measures 1980 A 2008 R 2012 B J 2016 M 2024 G Elections 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 Los Angeles Mayor 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1909 (sp) 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1929 1933 1937 1938 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2022 2026 City attorney 2009 Ballot measures 1986 U 2017 S Elections 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 (sp) 2020 2022 2023 (sp) 2024 2026 Long Beach Mayor 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022
Orange County Orange County Board of supervisors 2018 2020 2022 2024 District attorney 2018 Anaheim Mayor 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Irvine Mayor 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Costa Mesa Municipal 1947 1953 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
Sacramento Mayor 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
San Diego County San Diego County Board of supervisors 2020 San Diego Mayor 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1932 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 (sp) 1984 1986 (sp) 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2005 (sp) 2008 2012 2013–14 (sp) 2016 2020 2024 2028 City attorney 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 City council 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Special
San Francisco Mayor 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1931 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 (recall) 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2018 (sp) 2019 2024 District attorney 2019 2022 (recall) 2022 (sp) 2024 Board of supervisors 1977 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Board of education 2018 2022 (recall) Ballot measures 2024 G Elections 2004 Mar Nov 2005 2006 Jun Nov 2007 2008 Feb Jun Nov 2009 2010 Jun Nov 2011 2012 Jun Nov 2013 2022 Feb
San Jose Mayor 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2024
Other localities Bakersfield Mayoral elections: 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Fresno Mayoral elections: 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Oakland Mayoral elections: 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2024 (recall) 2025 (sp) Riverside Mayoral elections: 1997 2001 2005 2009 2012 2016 2020 2024 San Bernardino Mayoral elections: 2005 2009 2014 2018 2022 Stockton Mayoral elections: 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
v t e

The2003 California gubernatorial recall election was a special election permitted underCalifornia state law. It resulted in voters replacing incumbentDemocratic GovernorGray Davis withArnold Schwarzenegger, aRepublican. The recall effort spanned the latter half of 2003. Seven of the nine previous governors, including Davis, had faced unsuccessful recall attempts.^[2]

After several legal and procedural efforts failed to stop it, California's first-ever gubernatorialrecall election was held on October 7, and the results were certified on November 14, 2003, making Davis the first governor recalled in the history of California, and just the second in U.S. history (the first wasNorth Dakota's 1921 recall ofLynn Frazier).^[3]Imperial,Lake, andSan Benito counties all voted for the recall after voting for Davis in 2002.

California is one of 19 states that allow recalls.^[4] Nearly 18 years after the 2003 election, California held a second recall election in2021; however, that recall was unsuccessful, failing to oust Democratic GovernorGavin Newsom.^[5]

The California recall processbecame law in 1911 as the result ofProgressive Era reforms that spread across the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The ability to recall elected officials came along with theinitiative andreferendum processes. The movement in California was spearheaded by Republican GovernorHiram Johnson, a reformist, who called the recall process a "precautionary measure by which a recalcitrant official can be removed". No illegality has to be committed by politicians in order for them to be recalled. If an elected official commits a crime while in office, the state legislature can holdimpeachment trials. For a recall, only the will of the people is necessary to remove an official.^[6] Nineteen U.S. states, along with the District of Columbia, allow the recall of state officials.^[7]

Before the successful recall of Gray Davis, no California statewide official had ever been recalled, although there had been 117 previous attempts. Only seven of those even made it onto the ballot, all for state legislators. EveryCalifornia governor sinceGoodwin Knight in the 1950s has been subject to a recall effort. Davis was the first governor of California whose opponents gathered the necessary signatures to qualify for a special election. Davis also faced a recall petition in 1999 but that effort failed to gain enough signatures to qualify for the ballot. Davis's recall at the time was only the second gubernatorial recall election in U.S. history. The first governor recall occurred in 1921, when North Dakota'sLynn J. Frazier wasrecalled over a dispute about state-owned industries, and was replaced byRagnvald A. Nestos.^[8] A third gubernatorial recall election occurred inWisconsin in 2012 which, unlike the previous two, failed.

The 2003 recall was prompted by some actions taken by Davis and his predecessor, GovernorPete Wilson. Many people were upset with the governor's decision to block the enactment ofProposition 187, which had been found unconstitutional by a Federal District Court. Davis, who had opposed the measure, decided not to appeal the case to the U.S. Supreme Court, effectively killing the ballot measure. He also signed two new restrictive gun-control laws. Many people were further upset about the then ongoingCalifornia electricity crisis. The crisis was brought on by a series of deregulatory moves, including a bill signed into law by the previous Governor. As Davis's recall transpired before he had served half of his term as governor, he remained eligible to serve another term, should he win a future election for the California governor post.

Under California law, any elected official may be the target of a recall campaign.^[9] To trigger a recall election, proponents of the recall must gather a certain number of signatures from registered voters within a certain time period. The number of signatures statewide must equal 12% of the number of votes cast in the previous election for that office.^[10] For the 2003 recall election, that meant a minimum of 897,156 signatures, based on the November 2002 statewide elections.^[11] As the2002 California gubernatorial election had the lowest turnout in modern history, the number of signatures required was less than usual.^[12]

The effort to recallGray Davis began with Republicans Ted Costa, Mark Abernathy, andHoward Kaloogian, who filed their petition with theCalifornia Secretary of State and started gathering signatures. The effort was not taken seriously until U.S. RepresentativeDarrell Issa, who hoped to run as a replacement candidate for governor, donated $2 million to a new committee, Rescue California, which then led the effort. Eventually, proponents gathered about 1.6 million signatures, of which 1,356,408 were certified as valid.^[11]

Under most circumstances in which a recall campaign against a statewide elected official has gathered the required number of signatures, the governor is required to schedule a special election for the recall vote.^[13] If the recall campaign qualified less than 180 days prior to the next regularly scheduled election, then the recall becomes part of that regularly scheduled election.^[14] In the case of a recall against the governor, the responsibility for scheduling a special election falls on thelieutenant governor,^[15] who in 2003 wasCruz Bustamante.^[16]

The political climate was largely shaped by theCalifornia electricity crisis of the early 2000s, during which many people experienced a tripling in the cost of their energy consumption as rolling blackouts happened throughout the state. The public held Davis partly responsible, although the causes included federal deregulation and California's Electric Utility Industry Restructuring Act, signed into law by Governor Wilson.^[17]

Driving the outcome of the recall was the perception that Davis had mismanaged the events leading up to the energy crisis. It was argued that he had not fought vigorously for Californians against the energy fraud, and that he had not pushed for legislative or emergency executive action against the fraudulent companies soon enough. He was said to have signed deals agreeing to pay energy companies fixed yet inflated prices for years to come based on those paid during the crisis. Opponents felt that a corporate-friendly Republican governor could shield California politically from further corporate fraud. Others speculated that the corporations involved sought not only profit but were acting in concert with Republican political allies to cause political damage to the nationally influential Democratic governor. Still others, such asArianna Huffington, argued that Davis's fundraising andcampaign contributions from various companies, including energy companies, rendered him unable to confront his contributors. Davis had accepted $2 million from the California Correctional Peace Officers Association, and used his political connections to pass an estimated $5 billion raise for them over the coming years. That led many people throughout California to believe Davis was guilty of corruption, even if he did not meet the standard necessary for prosecution.^[18]

On February 5, 2003, anti-tax activist Ted Costa announced a plan to start apetition drive to recall Davis. Several committees were formed to collect signatures, but Costa's Davis Recall Committee was the only one authorized by the state to submit signatures. One committee "Recall Gray Davis Committee", organized by Republican political consultantSal Russo and former Republican assemblymanHoward Kaloogian played a smaller role in drumming up support. Kaloogian served as chairman, Russo as chief strategist of the committee.^[19] After the recall both Kaloogian and Russo went on to foundMove America Forward.^[20][21]

By law, the committee had to collect signatures from registered California voters amounting to 12% of the number of Californians who voted in the previous gubernatorial election (November 2002) for the special recall vote to take place. The organization was given the go-ahead to collect signatures on March 25, 2003. Organizers had 160 days to collect signatures. Specifically, they had to collect at least 897,158 valid signatures from registered voters by September 2, 2003.

The recall movement began slowly, largely relying on talk radio, a website, cooperative e-mail, word-of-mouth, and grassroots campaigning to drive the signature gathering. Davis derided the effort as "partisan mischief" by "a handful of right-wing politicians" and called the proponents losers; nevertheless, by mid-May, recall proponents said they had gathered 300,000 signatures. They sought to gather the necessary signatures by July in order to get the special election in the fall of 2003 instead of March 2004 during theDemocratic presidential primary election, when Democratic Party turnout would presumably be higher. The effort continued to gather signatures, but the recall was far from a sure thing and the proponents were short on cash to promote their cause.

The movement took off when wealthy U.S. RepresentativeDarrell Issa, a Republican representing San Diego, California, announced on May 6 that he would use his personal money to push the effort. All told, he contributed $1.7 million of his own money to finance advertisements and professional signature-gatherers. With the movement accelerated, the recall effort began to make national news and soon appeared to be almost a sure thing. The only question was whether signatures would be collected quickly enough to force the special election to take place in late 2003 rather than in March 2004.

The Issa recall committee's e-mail stated that California Secretary of StateKevin Shelley, belonging to the same party as the Governor, resisted certification of the recall signatures as long as possible. By mid-May, the recall organization was calling for funds to begin a lawsuit against Shelley, and publicly considered a separate recall effort for the Secretary of State (also an elected official in California). By July 23, 2003, recall advocates turned in over 110% of the required signatures, and on that date, the Secretary of State announced that the signatures had been certified and a recall election would take place. Proponents had set a goal of 1.2 million to provide a buffer in case of invalid signatures. In the end, there were 1,363,411 valid signatures out of 1,660,245 collected (897,156 required). On July 24, Lieutenant GovernorCruz Bustamante announced that Davis would face a recall election. This was to be the second gubernatorial recall election in United States history and the first in thehistory of California. California's Constitution required that a recall election be held within 80 days of the date the recall petition was certified, or within 180 days if a regularly scheduled statewide election came within that time. Had the petition been certified at the deadline of September 2, the election would have been held in March 2004, the next scheduled statewide election. Instead, Bustamante had to select a date. He chose Tuesday, October 7, 2003, which was 76 days after the date of certification.

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Backers of the recall effort cited Davis's alleged lack of leadership, combined with California's weakened and hurt economy. According to the circulated petition:

[Governor Davis's actions were a] gross mismanagement of California Finances by overspending taxpayers' money, threatening public safety by cutting funds to local governments, failing to account for the exorbitant cost of the energy, and failing, in general, to deal with the state's major problems until they get to the crisis stage.^[22]

Opponents of the recall said the situation was more complicated for several reasons. The entire United States and many of its economic trading partners had been in an economic recession. California was hit harder than other states at the end of thespeculative bubble known as the "dot-com bubble"—from 1996 to 2000—whenSilicon Valley was the center of theinternet economy. California state expenditures soared when the government was flush with revenues. Some Californians blamed Davis and the state legislature for continuing to spend heavily while revenues dried up, ultimately leading to record deficits.

TheCalifornia electricity crisis of 2000–2001 caused great financial damage to the state of California. The legal issues still were not resolved in time to alleviate California's dire need for electricity, and the state instituted "rolling blackouts" and in some cases instituted penalties for excess energy use. In the recall campaign, Republicans and others opposed to Davis's governance sometimes charged that Davis did not "respond properly" to the crisis. Most economists disagreed,^[who?] believing that Davis could do little else—and anyone in the governor's office would have had to capitulate, as Davis did, in the absence of federal help. TheGeorge W. Bush administration rejected requests for federal intervention, responding that it was California's problem to solve.^[23] Still, subsequent revelations ofcorporate accounting scandals andmarket manipulation by some Texas-based energy companies, mainlyEnron, did little to quiet the criticism of Davis's handling of the crisis.^{[further explanation needed]}

Davis swept into the governor's office in 1998 in alandslide victory and a 60% approval rating as California's economy roared to new heights during the dot-com boom. Davis took his mandate from the voters and sought out a centrist political position, refusing some demands from labor unions and teachers' organizations on the left. The Democratic Davis, already opposed by Republicans, began losing favor among members of his own party. Nevertheless, Davis's approval ratings remained above 50%.

When theCalifornia electricity crisis slammed the state in 2001, Davis was blasted for his slow and ineffective response. His approval rating dropped into the 30s and never recovered. When the energy crisis settled down, Davis's administration was hit with a fund-raising scandal. California had a $95 million contract withOracle Corporation that was found to be unnecessary and overpriced by the state auditor. Three of Davis's aides were fired or resigned after it was revealed that the governor's technology adviser accepted a $25,000 campaign contribution shortly after the contract was signed. The money was returned, but the scandal fueled close scrutiny of Davis's fundraising for his 2002 re-election bid.

In the 2002 primary election, Davis ran unopposed for the Democratic nomination. He spent his campaign funds on attack ads against California Secretary of StateBill Jones and Los Angeles mayorRichard Riordan, the two well-known moderates in the Republican primary. The result was that his opponent in the general election was conservative Republican and political newcomerBill Simon, who was popular within his own party but unknown by the majority of the state population. The attacks from both sides turned off voters and suppressed turnout; Davis ultimately won with 47% of the vote. The suppressed turnout had the effect of lowering the threshold for the 2003 recall petition to qualify.

On December 18, 2002, just over a month after being reelected, Davis announced that California would face a record budget deficit possibly as high as $35 billion, a forecast $13.7 billion higher than one a month earlier. The number was finally estimated to be $38.2 billion, more than all 49 other states' deficits combined. Already suffering from low approval ratings, Davis's numbers hit historic lows in April 2003 with 24% approval and 65% disapproval, according to a CaliforniaField Poll. Davis was almost universally disliked by both Republicans and Democrats in the state and a recall push was high. A hot-button issue that seemed to galvanize the public was the vehicle license fee increase Davis implemented under provisions of legislation passed by his predecessor which originally reduced the fees.^[24]

On June 20, 2003, the Davis administration re-instituted the full vehicle license fee, and the action withstood legal challenge. The action was a key step in the plan to close the $38 billion shortfall in the 2003–2004 budget. The increase tripled the vehicle license fee for the average car owner, and began appearing in renewal notices starting August 1. The California state budget passed in late July 2003 included the projected $4 billion in increased vehicle license fee revenue. Proponents of the Governor's recall characterized the increase as a tax hike and used it as an issue in the recall campaign. In mid-August 2003, Davis floated a plan to reverse the increase, making up the revenue with taxes on high-income earners, cigarettes, and alcoholic beverages.

When Davis was recalled andArnold Schwarzenegger was elected governor in October 2003, Schwarzenegger vowed that his first act as governor would be to revoke the vehicle license fee increase. On November 17, just after his inauguration, Governor Schwarzenegger signed Executive Order S-1-03, rescinding the vehicle license fee retroactive to October 1, 2003, when the fee increase went into effect. Analysts predicted that this would add more than $4 billion to the state deficit. Schwarzenegger did not indicate how cities and counties would be reimbursed for the lost revenue they received from the license fee to support public safety and other local government activities.

In total, 135 candidates qualified for the ballot for the October 7 recall election. Several of the candidates were prominentcelebrities. In the election, only four candidates received at least 1% of the vote:

• Cruz Bustamante, lieutenant governor, Democrat^[25]
• Peter Camejo, 2002Green Party candidate for governor
• Tom McClintock,State Senator, Republican^[26]
• Arnold Schwarzenegger,Hollywood actor, Republican^[27]

The ballot consisted of two questions; voters could vote on one or the other, or on both. The first question asked whether Gray Davis should be recalled. It was a simpleyes–no question, and if a majority voted no, then the second question would become irrelevant and Davis would remain California governor. If a majority voted yes, then Davis would be removed from office once the vote was certified, and the second question would determine his successor.

Voters had to choose one candidate from a long list of 135 candidates. Voters who voted against recalling Davis could still vote for a candidate to replace him in case the recall vote succeeded. The candidate receiving the most votes (aplurality) would then become the next governor of California. Certification by theSecretary of State of California would require completion within 39 days of the election, and history indicated that it could require that entire time frame to certify the statewide election results. Once the results were certified, a newly elected governor would have to be sworn into office within 10 days.

Those Californians wishing to run for governor were given until August 9 to file. The requirements to run were relatively low and attracted a number of interesting and strange candidates. A California citizen needed only to gather 65 signatures from their own party and pay a nonrefundable $3,500 fee to become a candidate, or in lieu of the fee collect up to 10,000 signatures from any party, the fee being prorated by the fraction of 10,000 valid signatures the candidate filed. No candidate in fact collected more than a handful of signatures-in-lieu, so that all paid almost the entire fee.^{[citation needed]} In addition, candidates from recognized third parties were allowed on the ballot with no fee if they could collect 150 signatures from their own party.

The low requirements attracted many "average Joes" with no political experience to file as well as several celebrity candidates. Many prominent potential candidates chose not to run. These included Democratic U.S. SenatorDianne Feinstein, widely regarded as the most popular statewide office-holding Democrat in California, who citedher own experience with a recall drive while she was mayor ofSan Francisco.

Darrell Issa, who bankrolled the recall effort and had said he would run for governor, abruptly dropped out of the race on August 7 among accusations that he had bankrolled the recall effort solely to get himself into office. Issa claimed that Schwarzenegger's decision to run did not affect his decision and he dropped out because he was assured that there were several strong candidates running in the recall.^[29] TheSan Francisco Chronicle claimed that Davis's attacks on Issa's "checkered past" and polls showing strong Republican support for Schwarzenegger caused Issa to withdraw.^[29]

FormerMayor of Los AngelesRichard Riordan and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger (a fellow Republican) agreed that only one of them would run; when Schwarzenegger announced onThe Tonight Show with Jay Leno that he would be a candidate, Riordan dropped out of the race. Riordan was surprised and those close to him say he was angered when he learned Schwarzenegger was running. Riordan did end up endorsing Schwarzenegger, but his endorsement was described as terse and matter-of-fact in contrast to his usually effusive way.^[29]

Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante himself entered the race and quickly became the Democratic frontrunner, although he continued to oppose the recall and urged Californians to vote against it. State Insurance CommissionerJohn Garamendi (a Democrat) announced on August 7 that he would be a candidate for governor. Just two days later and only hours before the deadline to file, he announced "I will not engage in this election as a candidate", adding "this recall election has become a circus". Garamendi had been under tremendous pressure to drop out from fellow Democrats who feared a split of the Democratic vote between him and Bustamante, should the recall succeed.

On September 3, five top candidates—independent Arianna Huffington, Democratic Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante, Green Party candidatePeter Camejo, Republican State Senator Tom McClintock, and former baseball commissionerPeter Ueberroth—participated in a live television debate. Noticeably absent was Arnold Schwarzenegger, who opponents charged was not adequately prepared.^[30] Schwarzenegger had repeatedly stated that he would not participate in such events until later in the election cycle. Prior to this first debate, Governor Davis spent 30 minutes answering questions from a panel of journalists and voters.

Due to the media attention focused on some candidates,GSN held a game show debate entitledWho Wants to Be Governor of California? – The Debating Game, a political game show featuring six candidates unlikely to win the election, including former child starGary Coleman and porn starMary Carey. Several candidates who would still be listed on the ballot dropped out of the campaign before the October 7 election. On August 23, RepublicanBill Simon (the 2002 party nominee) announced he was dropping out. He said: "There are too many Republicans in this race and the people of our state simply cannot risk a continuation of the Gray Davis legacy." Simon did not endorse any candidates at the time, but several weeks later he endorsed front-runner Arnold Schwarzenegger, as did Darrell Issa, who had not filed for the race. On September 9, formerMLB commissioner and Los AngelesOlympic Committee PresidentPeter Ueberroth withdrew his candidacy in the recall election.

On September 24, the remaining top five candidates (Schwarzenegger, Bustamante, Huffington, McClintock, and Camejo) gathered in the University Ballroom atCalifornia State University, Sacramento, for a live televised debate^[31] that resembled the red-carpet premiere of a movie inHollywood. Schwarzenegger's marquee name attracted large crowds, a carnival atmosphere, and an army of hundreds of credentialed media from around the world. While the candidate and his staff rode on buses namedRunning Man andTotal Recall, the reporters' buses were named afterPredator.^[32] The aftermath of the debate was swift. On September 30, author Arianna Huffington withdrew her candidacy on theLarry King Live television program and announced that she was opposing the recall entirely in light of Schwarzenegger's surge in the polls. Apparently in response to her withdrawal, Bustamante endorsed her plan for public financing of election campaigns, an intended anti-corruption measure.

Some replacement ballot candidates urged voters to vote "no" on recall the recall question. An endorsement of voting "no" on the recall was included in several candidates' official statements, including those of Bustamante,^[33] Eric Korevaar,^[34] Christopher Ranken,^[35] C.T. Weber^[36] and Tim Sylvester.^[37]

On July 29, 2003, federal judgeBarry Moskowitz ruled section 11382 of the California election codeunconstitutional. The provision required that only those voters who had voted in favor of the recall could cast a vote for a candidate for governor. The judge ruled that a voter could vote for or against the recall election and still vote for a replacement candidate. Secretary of StateKevin Shelley did not contest the ruling, thereby setting a legal precedent.^[38]

In August, a federal judge inSan Jose announced that he was considering issuing an order postponing the recall election. Activists inMonterey County had filed suit, claiming that Monterey County, and othercounties of California affected by theVoting Rights Act were violating the act by announcing that, because of budgetary constraints, they were planning on hiring fewer Spanish-speaking poll watchers, and were going to cut back by almost half the number of polling places. On September 5, a three-member panel of federal judges ruled that the county's election plans did not constitute a violation of the federal Voting Rights Act.

A lawsuit filed in Los Angeles by theAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) claimed that the use of the "hanging chad" style punch-card ballots still in use in six California counties (Los Angeles,Mendocino,Sacramento,San Diego,Santa Clara, andSolano) were in violation of fair election laws. U.S. District JudgeStephen V. Wilson in Los Angeles ruled on August 20, 2003, that the election would not be delayed because of the punch-card ballot problems.^[39] There was an estimate that up 40,000 voters in those heavily minority districts might be disenfranchised, if the election were not postponed to remedy the difficulty. His ruling was appealed, and heard by three judges in the9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. On September 15, the judges issued a unanimous ruling postponing the recall election until March 2004, on the grounds that the existence of allegedly obsolete voting equipment in those six counties violated theequal protection constitutional guarantee, thus overruling the lower district court which had rejected this argument.^[40][41]

Recall proponents questioned why punch-card ballots were adequate enough to elect Governor Davis, but were not good enough to recall him.^{[citation needed]} Proponents planned to appeal the postponement to theU.S. Supreme Court; however, an 11-judgeen banc panel, also from theNinth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and quickly and carefully canvassed by JudgeAlex Kozinski, gathered to rehear the controversial case.^[40] On the morning of September 23, the panel reversed the three-judge ruling in a unanimous decision, arguing that the concerns about the punch-card ballots were outweighed by the harm that would be done by postponing the election.^[42]

Further legal appeals were discussed but did not occur. The ACLU announced it would not make an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, and Davis was widely quoted in the press as saying "Let's just get it over with", and the election proceeded as planned on October 7.

Public opinion was divided on the recall, with many passionately-held positions on both sides of the recall election. Californians were fairly united in their disapproval of Governor Davis's handling of the state, with his approval numbers in the mid-20s. On the question of whether he should be recalled, Californians were more divided, but polls in the weeks leading up to the election consistently showed that a majority would vote to remove him.

Polls showed that the two leading candidates, Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante, a Democrat, and Hollywood actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, a Republican, were neck and neck with about 25–35% of the vote each, and Bustamante with a slight lead in most polls.^{[citation needed]} Republican State Senator Tom McClintock also polled in the double-digits. Remaining candidates polled in the low single digits. Polls in the final week leading up to the election showed support for Davis slipping and support for Schwarzenegger growing.

Many observers outside California and some members of the press consistently called the recall chaos and madness as well as amedia circus and nightmare. With the candidacies of a few celebrities and many regular Californians, the entire affair became a joke to some (there were tongue-in-cheek references to Schwarzenegger's role in the science fiction filmTotal Recall) as well as an "only-in-California" event. Nevertheless, most Californians took the recall seriously, with the future of the governor's office at stake. In the months before the election, 380,000 Californians registered to vote, for a total of 15.3 million—more registered voters than there had been in the three previous presidential elections.^[43]

The October 7ballot had two questions. The first question was whether Gray Davis, the sitting governor, should berecalled; those voting on it were 55.4% in favor of recall and 44.6% opposed. The second question was who would replace the governor in the event that a majority voted to recall him. Among those voting on the potential replacement, Arnold Schwarzenegger received aplurality of 48.6%, surpassing Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante's 31.5%, about a 3-to-2 ratio. Republican Tom McClintock received 13.4% of the vote – less than half the share of the candidate he trailed.Green Party candidatePeter Camejo polled 2.8%, trailing McClintock by almost four-to-one. Each remaining candidate polled 0.6% or less.

Schwarzenegger's votes exceeded those for the next five candidates combined, despite the presumed division of Republican voters between him and McClintock. There were also more votes for Schwarzenegger (4,206,284) than votes against recalling Davis (4,007,783), avoiding the theoretical scenario of the replacement having less support than the recalled governor. At 10 p.m. local time, Davis conceded that he had lost to Schwarzenegger. He said "We've had a lot of good nights over the last 20 years, but tonight the people did decide that it's time for someone else to serve, and I accept their judgment." About 40 minutes later, in his acceptance speech, Schwarzenegger said: "Today California has given me the greatest gift of all: You've given me your trust by voting for me. I will do everything I can to live up to that trust. I will not fail you."

Following the election, all 58 ofCalifornia's counties had 28 days (until November 4, 2003) each to conduct a countywide canvass of their votes. Counties used this time to count anyabsentee ballots or provisional ballots not yet counted, to reconcile the number of signatures on the roster of registered voters with the number of ballots recorded on the ballot statement, to count any valid write-in votes, to reproduce any damaged ballots, if necessary, and to conduct a hand count of the ballots cast in 1% of the precincts, chosen at random by the elections official. Counties then had seven days from the conclusion of canvassing (November 11, 2003, 35 days after the election) to submit their final vote totals to the California Secretary of State's office. The Secretary of State had to certify the final statewide vote by 39 days (until November 15) after the election. The vote was officially certified on November 14, 2003. Once the vote was certified, governor-elect Schwarzenegger had to be sworn into office within ten days.^[45] His inauguration took place on November 17, 2003.

California gubernatorial recall election, 2003[1][46][47][48]
Vote on recall				Votes	Percentage
YYes				4,976,274	55.4%
No				4,007,783	44.6%
Invalid or blank votes				429,431	4.6%
Totals				9,413,488	100.0%
Voter turnout				61.2%
Rank	Party		Candidate	Votes	Percentage
1		Republican	Arnold Schwarzenegger	4,206,284	48.6%
2		Democratic	Cruz Bustamante	2,724,874	31.5%
3		Republican	Tom McClintock	1,161,287	13.4%
4		Green	Peter Camejo	242,247	2.8%
5		Independent	Arianna Huffington[49]	47,505	0.5%
	All other listed andwrite-in candidates (see below for details)			275,719	3.2%
Complete list of all other candidates Rank Party Candidate Votes Percentage 6 Republican Peter Ueberroth[50] 25,134 0.3% 7 Democratic Larry Flynt 17,458 0.2% 8 Independent Gary Coleman 14,242 0.2% 9 Independent George B. Schwartzman 12,382 0.1% 10 Independent Mary Carey 11,179 0.1% 11 Democratic Bruce Margolin 9,188 0.1% 12 Republican Bill Simon[51] 8,913 0.1% 13 Republican Van Vo 7,226 0.1% 14 Independent John Christopher Burton 6,748 0.1% 15 Democratic David Laughing Horse Robinson 6,496 0.1% 16 Independent Leo Gallagher 5,466 0.1% 17 Republican Cheryl Bly-Chester 5,297 0.1% 18 Democratic Lawrence Strauss 5,245 0.1% 19 Democratic Ronald Palmieri 4,221 0.1% 20 Democratic Calvin Louie 3,906 0.1% 21 Independent Badi Badiozamani 3,404 <0.1% 22 Democratic Audie Bock 3,358 <0.1% 23 Democratic Ralph Hernandez 3,199 <0.1% 24 Democratic Edward Kennedy 3,007 <0.1% 25 Democratic Dan Feinstein 2,927 <0.1% 26 Independent Bob McClain 2,857 <0.1% 27 Democratic James Green 2,848 <0.1% 28 Democratic Garrett Gruener 2,562 <0.1% 29 Independent Angelyne 2,536 <0.1% 30 Democratic Paul Mariano 2,455 <0.1% 31 Green Ivan Hall 2,346 <0.1% 32 Democratic Jim Weir 2,328 <0.1% 33 Independent Jerome Kunzman 2,317 <0.1% 34 Libertarian Ned Roscoe 2,250 <0.1% 35 Democratic Georgina Russell 2,216 <0.1% 36 Democratic Jonathan Miller 2,214 <0.1% 37 Independent Jack Grisham 2,200 <0.1% 38 Democratic Christopher Sproul 2,039 <0.1% 39 Green Daniel Watts 2,021 <0.1% 40 Libertarian Ken Hamidi 1,948 <0.1% 41 Democratic Marc Valdez 1,840 <0.1% 42 Democratic Frank Macaluso 1,801 <0.1% 43 Democratic Daniel Ramirez 1,778 <0.1% 44 Republican Randall Sprague 1,771 <0.1% 45 Independent Brooke Adams 1,713 <0.1% 46 Independent Mohammad Arif 1,709 <0.1% 47 Independent Nathan Walton 1,697 <0.1% 48 Libertarian John Hickey 1,689 <0.1% 49 Democratic Mike Schmier 1,652 <0.1% 50 Peace and Freedom C.T. Weber 1,626 <0.1% 51 Democratic Diana Foss 1,577 <0.1% 52 Democratic Michael Wozniak 1,562 <0.1% 53 Independent B.E. Smith 1,545 <0.1% 54 Democratic Lingel Winters 1,466 <0.1% 55 Independent Richard Simmons 1,422 <0.1% 56 Democratic Joe Guzzardi 1,419 <0.1% 57 Independent Mike McCarthy 1,351 <0.1% 58 Democratic Art Brown 1,344 <0.1% 59 Independent Leonard Padilla 1,343 <0.1% 60 Natural Law Iris Adam 1,297 <0.1% 61 Green Maurice Walker 1,236 <0.1% 62 Independent Trek Kelly 1,210 <0.1% 63 Democratic Vikramjit Bajwa 1,168 <0.1% 64 Republican David Sams 1,166 <0.1% 65 Natural Law Darin Price 1,152 <0.1% 66 American Independent Charles Pineda 1,104 <0.1% 67 Democratic John Mortensen 1,078 <0.1% 68 Independent Sara Hanlon 1,077 <0.1% 69 American Independent Diane Templin 1,067 <0.1% 70 Democratic Dick Lane 1,065 <0.1% 71 Republican Jim Hoffmann 1,046 <0.1% 72 Democratic William Vaughn 1,028 <0.1% 73 Independent C. Stephen Henderson 989 <0.1% 74 Republican Robert Newman 987 <0.1% 75 Republican Jamie Safford 943 <0.1% 76 Democratic Robert Mannheim 914 <0.1% 77 Republican Dorene Musilli 907 <0.1% 78 Democratic Scott Mednick 903 <0.1% 79 Democratic A. Lavar Taylor 851 <0.1% 80 Independent Brian Tracy 842 <0.1% 81 Independent Kurt Rightmyer 837 <0.1% 82 Democratic Christopher Ranken 823 <0.1% 83 Independent Sharon Rushford 821 <0.1% 84 Democratic Darrin Scheidle 814 <0.1% 85 Independent Patricia Tilley 792 <0.1% 86 Independent Darryl Mobley 778 <0.1% 87 Republican Alex-St. James 771 <0.1% 88 Democratic Bob Edwards 758 <0.1% 89 Republican Douglas Anderson 754 <0.1% 90 Independent Joel Britton 751 <0.1% 91 Republican Michael Jackson 746 <0.1% 92 Republican Ed Beyer 727 <0.1% 93 Democratic Paul Mailander 715 <0.1% 94 Republican John Beard 699 <0.1% 95 Democratic Paul Nave 679 <0.1% 96 Democratic Robert Cullenbine 632 <0.1% 97 Democratic Warren Farrell 626 <0.1% 98 Republican Chuck Walker 623 <0.1% 99 Republican William Chambers 610 <0.1% 100 Republican Vip Bhola 607 <0.1% 101 Democratic Gerold Lee Gorman 598 <0.1% 102 Republican Dennis McMahon 591 <0.1% 103 Republican James Vandeventer 588 <0.1% 104 Democratic Eric Korevaar 586 <0.1% 105 Democratic Kelly Kimball 582 <0.1% 106 Republican Mike McNeilly 581 <0.1% 107 Republican S. Issa 554 <0.1% 108 Republican Gino Martorana 532 <0.1% 109 Republican Richard Gosse 497 0.0% 110 Democratic Tim Sylvester 489 0.0% 111(t) Democratic Bill Prady 474 0.0% 111(t) Republican Bryan Quinn 474 0.0% 113 Republican Jeffrey Mock 455 0.0% 114 Republican Paul Vann 452 0.0% 115 Independent Michael Cheli 451 0.0% 116 Republican Heather Peters 444 0.0% 117 Independent[a] Jeff Rainforth 425 0.0% 118 Independent Ronald Friedman 419 0.0% 119 Republican Todd Carson 386 0.0% 120 Independent Scott Davis[54][55] 384 0.0% 121 Republican Daniel Richards 383 0.0% 122 Republican Carl Mehr 376 0.0% 123 Democratic Lorraine Fontanes 365 0.0% 124 Democratic Gary Leonard 359 0.0% 125 Republican Gregory Pawlik 349 0.0% 126 Republican Jon Zellhoefer 346 0.0% 127 Republican Reva Renz 333 0.0% 128 Republican Kevin Richter 305 0.0% 129 Republican Stephen Knapp 298 0.0% 130 Republican William Tsangares 281 0.0% 131 Republican Logan Clements 274 0.0% 132 Republican Robert Dole 273 0.0% 133 Democratic David Kessinger 261 0.0% 134 Republican Gene Forte 235 0.0% 135 Independent Todd Lewis 192 0.0% 136 Independent Mathilda Spak (write-in) 16 0.0% 137(t) Republican Jason Gastrich (write-in) 11 0.0% 137(t) Democratic Monty Manibog (write-in) 11 0.0% 139(t) Independent Thomas Benigno (write-in) 7 0.0% 139(t) Independent R. Charlie Chadwick (write-in) 7 0.0% 141(t) Independent Shirley Coly (write-in) 5 0.0% 141(t) Democratic Jane Dawson (write-in) 5 0.0% 143(t) Democratic Pauline Cooper (write-in) 4 0.0% 143(t) Independent Paul Walton (write-in) 4 0.0% 145(t) Republican Jim Trenton (write-in) 3 0.0% 145(t) Democratic Wignes Warren (write-in) 3 0.0% 147(t) Independent Christy Cassel (write-in) 2 0.0% 147(t) Republican Jacques-André Istel (write-in) 2 0.0% 147(t) Democratic Christian Meister (write-in) 2 0.0% 147(t) Independent Vincent Pallaver (write-in) 2 0.0% 147(t) Democratic Lincoln Pickard (write-in) 2 0.0% 147(t) Democratic Lynda Toth (write-in) 2 0.0% 147(t) Republican Donald Wang (write-in) 2 0.0% 154(t) Democratic Robert Gibb (write-in) 1 0.0% 154(t) Independent Ronald Spangler (write-in) 1 0.0% 154(t) Independent Kyle Conover (write-in) 1 0.0% 154(t) Democratic Bill Thill (write-in) 1 0.0% 154(t) Democratic Jurlene White (write-in) 1 0.0% 154(t) Republican Joel Wirth (write-in) 1 0.0%
Invalid or blank votes				755,575	8.0%
Totals				9,413,491	100.0%
Voter turnout				61.2%
	Republicangain fromDemocratic

Note thatSan Bernardino County did not report write-in votes for individual candidates.^[47]

• Los Angeles (largest municipality:Los Angeles)
• Contra Costa (largest municipality:Concord)
• Humboldt (largest municipality:Eureka)
• Imperial (largest municipality:El Centro)
• Lake (largest municipality:Clearlake)
• Monterey (largest municipality:Salinas)
• Napa (largest municipality:Napa)
• San Benito (largest municipality:Hollister)
• Solano (largest municipality:Vallejo)
• Yolo (largest municipality:Davis)

"Yes" won 32 of 53 congressional districts, including 12 that were represented by Democrats.^[56]