| Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation | |
|---|---|
 Jiang Zemin andVladimir Putin after signing the treaty | |
| Type | Treaty of friendship |
| Signed | 16 July 2001 (2001-07-16) |
| Location | Moscow, Russia |
| Effective | 28 February 2002 (2002-02-28) |
| Signatories |
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| Parties | |
| Languages | |
| Full text | |
 zh:中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦睦邻友好合作条约 atWikisource | |
| 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中俄睦邻友好合作条约 | ||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中俄睦鄰友好合作條約 | ||||||||||||
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| Russian name | |||||||||||||
| Russian | Договор о Добрососедстве Дружбе и Сотрудничестве Между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой | ||||||||||||
TheTreaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation (FCT) is a twenty-yearstrategic treaty betweenChina andRussia. The treaty was signed by Chinese PresidentJiang Zemin andRussian PresidentVladimir Putin on 16 July 2001, and it came into force on 28 February 2002.
The treaty was signed by Chinese leader Jiang Zemin and Russian President Vladimir Putin on 16 July 2001 in Moscow.[1] TheStanding Committee of the National People's Congress of China approved the treaty on 27 October 2001.[2] It was also ratified by Russia'sState Duma on 26 December 2001, the Federation Council on 16 January 2002, and by President Vladimir Putin on 25 January 2002.[3] On 28 February 2002, Chinese Assistant Foreign MinisterLiu Guchang and Russian Deputy Foreign MinisterAlexander Losyukov exchanged instruments of force in Beijing, formally bringing the treaty into force.[4]
On 28 June 2021, Russia and China extended the treaty for another 5 years after its expiration in February 2022.[5]
The treaty outlines the broad strokes which are to serve as a basis forpeaceful relations, economic cooperation, as well asdiplomatic andgeopolitical reliance.
Article 9 of the treaty can be seen as an implicitdefensepact similar toNATO's Article 5. Article 9 states "When a situation arises in which one of the contracting parties deems that peace is being threatened and undermined or its security interests are involved or when it is confronted with the threat of aggression, the contracting parties shall immediately hold contacts and consultations in order to eliminate such threats."[6]
Other articles (A7 and A16) point at increasingmilitary cooperation, including the sharing of "military know-how" (A16).
The treaty also encompasses a mutual, cooperative approach toenvironmental technologyregulations andenergy conservation; and towardinternational finance andtrade. The document affirms Russia's stand on Taiwan as "an inalienable part of China" (A5), and highlights the commitment to ensure the "national unity and territorial integrity" in the two countries (A4). The treaty includes ano first use clause for the two nations against each other.
According to Paul Stronski and Nicole Ng of theCarnegie Endowment for International Peace, "the greatest threat to the West of the Sino-Russian partnership emanates from their efforts to adjust the international system to their advantage".[7]
