Millennium spanning the years 1 to 1000
From top left, clockwise: Depiction ofJesus , the central figure inChristianity ; TheColosseum , a landmark of the once-mightyRoman Empire ;Kaaba , theGreat Mosque of Mecca , the holiest site ofIslam ;Chess , a new board game, becomes popular around the globe; TheWestern Roman Empire falls, ushering in theEarly Middle Ages ; The skeletal remains of a young woman, known as the "ring lady", killed by the eruption ofMount Vesuvius in AD 79;Attila the Hun , leader of theHunnic Empire , which takes most ofEastern Europe (Background: Reproduction of ancient mural fromTeotihuacan , National Museum of Anthropology,Mexico City ) Map of the world in 1 AD, at the beginning of the new millennium. The1st millennium of theanno Domini orCommon Era was amillennium spanning the years1 to1000 (1st to10th centuries; in astronomy:JD 721 425 .5086 667 .5[ 1] world population rose more slowly than during thepreceding millennium , from about 200 million in the year 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000.[ 2]
In Western Eurasia (Europe andNear East ), the first millennium was a time of great transition fromClassical Antiquity to theMiddle Ages . The 1st century saw the peak of theRoman Empire , followed by its gradual decline during the period ofLate Antiquity , the rise ofChristianity and theGreat Migrations . The second half of the millennium is characterized as theEarly Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by theViking expansion in the west, and the continuation of theByzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) in the east.
InEast Asia , the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably thespread of Buddhism to East Asia. InChina , theHan dynasty is replaced by theJin dynasty and later theTang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . InJapan , a sharp increase in population followed when farmers' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. TheYamato court was established. The NorthIndian subcontinent was divided amongnumerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, until the formation of theGupta Empire .Islam expanded rapidly fromArabia to western Asia, India, North Africa and theIberian Peninsula , culminating in theIslamic Golden Age (700–1200).
InMesoamerica , the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as theClassic Era (200–900).Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica. InSouth America , pre-Incan,coastal cultures flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. InNorth America , theMississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in theMississippi andOhio river valleys. Numerous cities were built;Cahokia , the largest, was based in present-dayIllinois . The construction ofMonks Mound at Cahokia was begun in 900–950.
InSub-Saharan Africa , theBantu expansion reachesSouthern Africa by about the 5th century. Thetrans-Saharan slave trade spans theSahara and theSwahili coast by the 9th century.
[ edit ] Kingdoms and civilizations of the 1st millennium AD Africa Asia / Oceania Europe Pre-Columbian Americas North Africa East Africa Sahara / West Africa Central / Southern Africa West Asia East Asia Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Southeastern Europe Italy Iberia Western / Central Europe Eastern Europe Northern Europe Mesoamerica South America North America
The events in this section are organized according to theUnited Nations geoscheme
Events and trends of the 1st millennium AD Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania 1st century AD 70 Amanikhatashan sends Kushite cavalry to aid Roman Emperor in Jerusalem revolt[ 4] AD 100 Kingdom of Aksum AD 100 [ 5] AD 1 Cahuachi established[ 6] AD 50 Pyramid of the Sun began[ 6] AD 25 Han dynasty reestablished underGuangwu AD 33 Christianity begins AD 70 Jewish diaspora AD 9 Rhine established as boundary between Rome and Germany[ 7] AD 47 Londinium foundedAD 58 [ 7] AD 79 Pompeii destroyed AD 1 Caroline Islands colonized[ 8] 2nd century 150 Swahili ,Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 200 Bantu reach east Africa [ 9] 200 Nok culture ends150 Cahuachi becomes dominant ceremonial site in southern Peru[ 6] 184 Yellow Turban Rebellion 106 Dacia becomes a Roman province[ 7] 166 [ 7] 180 [ 7] 3rd century 212 [ 9] 230 Aksum wars withHimyar andSaba alliance300 Aksum prints own coins250 Laguna de los Cerros 292 Stela 29 inscribed [ 6] 300 [ 6] 208 Battle of Red Cliffs during thedecline of the Han dynasty 280 Jin reunifies China 212 [ 7] 214 [ 7] 286 [ 7] 300 Eastern Polynesian culture develops [ 10] 4th century 333 Aksum converts to Christianity350 Meroe comes to an end [ 9] 350 378 Teotihuacan conquersWaka ,Tikal , andUaxactun , the beginning of its conquest of theMaya [ 11] 319 Gupta Empire in South Asia383 Battle of Fei River 393 Olympic Games 313 Edict of Milan [ 7] 370 [ 7] 396 [ 7]
5th century 401 429 Vandal invasion [ 9] 500 Nubia split intoNobadia ,Makuria ,Alodia 420 Northern and Southern dynasties period begins407 [ 12] 421 [ 12] 476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire [ 12] 500 Hawaii ,Easter Island ,Society Islands ,Tuamotus andMangareva [ 10] 6th century 520 Kaleb attacksYemen 533 Belisarius invades Africa [ 9] 540 monophysite Christianity600 Wari' conquer Peru[ 13] 600 Construction of Palenque [ 6] 538 Buddhism introduced in Japan.570 Muhammad 507 [ 12] 535 [ 12] 585 [ 12] 7th century 641 Muslims invade Africa [ 14] 690 Za dynasty founded 697 Carthage destroyed [ 14] 650 Xochitecatl andCacaxtla [ 13] 700 Teotihuacan destroyed[ 13] 618 Tang dynasty established 632 Islam 651 Islamic conquest of Persia c.680 First Bulgarian Empire is founded 700 Settlement of the Cook Islands [ 10] 8th century 702 Aksum attacks Arabia [ 14] 706 Arabic in Egypt [ 14] 789 Independent Morocco [ 14] 738 Quiriguá becomes independent ofCopan 750 Sacred Cenote built atChichén Itzá [ 13] 780 Bonampak abandoned[ 13]
738 Caliphate campaigns in India and invasion of India byUmayyad Caliphate is averted755 An Shi Rebellion 717 Siege of Constantinople 718 Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula c.722 Reconquista begins
9th century 801 Kanem Empire founded801 900 Igbo-Ukwu founded[ 15] c.830 Classic Maya collapse 835 Ganlu Incident 872 Battle of Hafrsfjord helpedunified Norway [ 16] 874 Settlement of Iceland 896 Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin 10th century 905 Tulunids ejected[ 17] [ 14] 909 Fatimid established [ 14] 969 Fustat captured [ 14] 950 Great Serpent Mound constructed[ 13] 990 Chichen Itza 907 Five Dynasties begins960 Song dynasty established958 Denmark unites 985 AD 1000 [ 10]
[ edit ] Centuries and decades [ edit ] style="text-align:right;"|
^ "Julian Day Number from Date Calculator" .keisan.casio.com .^ Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86.doi :10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x (pbl.nl ).Goldewijk et al. (2011) estimate 188 million as of the year 1, citing a literature range of 170 million (low) to 300 million (high).Out of the estimated 188 million, 116 million are estimated for Asia (East Asia ,South Asia ,Southeast Asia , andCentral Asia , excludingWestern Asia ),44 million for Europe and theNear East , 15 million for Africa (includingRoman Egypt andRoman North Africa ), 12 million forMesoamerica and South America. North America and Oceania were at or below one million.For 1000, they estimate the world population at 295 million.[1] ^ Aldenderfer, Mark (2007). "Defining Zhang Zhung ethnicity: an archaeological perspective from far western Tibet". In Amy Heller and Giacomella Orofino (ed.).Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalayas: Essays on History, Literature, Archaeology and Art 1– 22.ISBN 978-90-04-15520-6 ^ Jr Ph D Grant Bishop Williams(2009). Abraham's Other Sons. AuthorHouse: pp. 50,51.ISBN 9781438997094 ^ Ehret, Christopher (2002).The civilizations of Africa: a history to 1800 (1. publ ed.). Charlottesville, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia. p. 177.ISBN 978-0-8139-2085-6 ^a b c d e f "World Timeline of the Americas 200 BC - AD 600" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived fromthe original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved2009-04-01 .^a b c d e f g h i j k "World Timeline of Europe 200 BC-AD 400 Roman" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived fromthe original on 2009-03-13. Retrieved2009-04-06 .^ "World Timeline of the Oceania 1500 BC-AD 1" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived fromthe original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved2009-04-02 .^a b c d e "World Timeline of Africa 332 BC-AD 400" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived fromthe original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved2009-04-02 .^a b c d "World Timeline of Oceania AD 1-1100" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived fromthe original on 2009-05-29. Retrieved2009-04-02 .^ "National Geographic Magazine" .^a b c d e f "World Timeline of Europe AD 400-800 Early medieval" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived fromthe original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved2009-04-06 .^a b c d e f "World Timeline of the Americas AD 600-1000" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived fromthe original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved2009-04-01 .^a b c d e f g h "World Timeline of Africa AD 600-1500" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived fromthe original on 2009-03-13. Retrieved2009-04-02 .^ Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. The History of African Cities South of the Sahara. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005, p. 45,ISBN 1-55876-303-1 ^ Joys, Charles; Enander, Henrik; et al. (19 September 2017)."Norway: Earliest Peoples - The Vikings" .Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved10 January 2018 . ^ "Ṭūlūnid Dynasty | Arabic Caliphate, Abbasid Rule, Egypt | Britannica" .www.britannica.com . Retrieved2025-02-04 .^a b "Who Built it First" .Ancient Discoveries . A&E Television Networks. 2008.Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved2009-04-03 .^ Urton, Gary. (2011). "Tying the Archive in Knots, or: Dying to Get into the Archive in Ancient Peru ^ "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing - Wikisource, the free online library" .en.wikisource.org . Retrieved2025-02-04 .^ Mahathevan, Iravatham (24 June 2010)."An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil" .The Hindu . Retrieved31 October 2010 . ^ "Horseshoe."Encyclopædia Britannica . 15th edn. Vol. 20. 2005. 651–51. Print.
