 The flag of the Chinese Communist Party | |
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| Date | 18–24 October 2017 (6 days) |
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| Location | Great Hall of the People, Beijing, China |
| Participants | 2,280 delegates |
| Outcome | Election of the19th Central Committee and19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection |
| Website | 19th |
| 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party | |||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國共產黨第十九次全國代表大會 | ||||||
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| Abbreviation | |||||||
| Chinese | 十九大 | ||||||
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The19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (commonly referred to asShíjiǔ Dà;Chinese:十九大) was held at theGreat Hall of the People,Beijing, between 18 and 24 October 2017.[1] 2,280 delegates represented the party's estimated 89 million members. Preparations for the 19th National Congress began in 2016 and ended with a plenary session of the Central Committee a few days prior to the Congress. In 2016, local and provincial party organizations began electing delegates to the congress as well as receiving and amending party documents. It was succeeded by the20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
During the congress, a new guiding ideology, labeledXi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, was written into theparty's constitution. It marked the first time sinceMao Zedong Thought that a living party leader has enshrined into the party constitution an ideology named after himself. The Congress also emphasized strengtheningsocialism with Chinese characteristics, party-building,socialist rule of law, and setting concrete timelines for achieving development goals, such as building amoderately prosperous society and achieving "socialist modernization." It was also noted for rallying China to play a more substantial role internationally. The congress was also notable for the consolidation of power under Xi Jinping.
The 19th National Congress endorsed the membership list of theCentral Commission for Discipline Inspection and elected theCentral Committee, which in turn approved the members of the Politburo and its Standing Committee. Five members of the 18th Politburo Standing Committee left the body due to having reached retirement age, and five new members joined the 19th Standing Committee:Li Zhanshu,Wang Yang,Wang Huning,Zhao Leji, andHan Zheng.
The drafting process of the Report of the 18th Central Committee began in mid-to-late 2016, probably before the 6th Plenary Session.[2] Normal procedure is that the sitting Politburo appoints a drafting committee that is responsible for researching major topics and can establish investigative research teams.[2] The Draft Report is sent to party groups, such as the provincial party organisation, to government institutions, thePeople's Liberation Army and select mass organisations while the drafting committee consults with leading specialists.[2] The 6th Plenary Session of the18th Central Committee, which sat 24–27 October 2016, in its communique stated that the 19th National Congress would be held in Beijing in the second half of 2017.[3] The drafting process continued after the 6th Plenary Session, and by summer 2017, forums for party and non-party members in Beijing were established to review the draft report.[2] At some point in the process, retired party elders are consulted.[2]
The7th Plenary Session convened on 11 October and was in session until 14 October 2017.[4] 191 CC full members and 141 CC alternate members attended the session, with CCDI members attended in a non-voting capacity.[4] The 7th Plenary Session laid the groundworks for the 19th National Congress, and publicised the date of its convocation.[4] The 18th Politburo put forward a motion to the 7th Plenary Session of sending three documents to the 19th National Congress; the Report of the 18th Central Committee, Work Report of the18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and amendments to theCCP constitution.[citation needed]Xi Jinping presented the report of the 18th Central Committee whileLiu Yunshan presented the amendments to the CCP constitution to the 7th Plenary Session.[5] The Work Report of the 18th CCDI had been presented byWang Qishan at the 8th CCDI Plenary Session on 9 October, and sent to the 7th Plenary Session for approval.[6]
The Draft Report of the 18th Central Committee was sent to more than 4,700 individuals for review, who represented various regions and departments.[7] Six symposiums to hear opinions and suggestions on the draft report were organised, and Xi attended them.[7] The 7th Plenary Session approved the documents.[note 1][4]
Three days later, on 17 October, the preparatory meeting was convened and presided over by Xi.[9] 2,307 of the 19th National Congress delegates attended the meeting.[9] It elected 22 individuals to the Credential Committee, 243 members to the Presidium of the 19th National Congress and Liu Yunshan was elected as the Secretary-General of the 19th National Congress.[9] In addition, the attendees also approved the organizational setup and tasks of the secretariat of the congress.[9]Tuo Zhen, the Deputy Head of thePublicity Department and main spokesperson for the 19th National Congress, publicised the agenda of the 19th National Congress, which had been approved by the preparatory meeting.[4] The agenda was:[4]
The election of delegates to the 19th National Congress started on 8 November 2016 and ended in June 2017,[10][11] when the 18th Central Committee had approved the quota, needed qualifications and the election procedure.[citation needed] The criteria of becoming a delegate became "tougher" due to the ongoing anti-corruption campaign.[citation needed] As set forth by the 18th central Committee, a delegate is required to "be highly qualified politically and ideologically, have good work and life styles, be competent in discussing state affairs, and have been successful in their work."[10]
The delegates are elected from 40 electoral units.[10] Of the 40 electoral units, 34 are divided by a defined geographical area and six units are for the central party and government.[10] ThePeople's Liberation Army makes up one of the six central units and is the largest in term of delegate quota.[10] One electoral unit represents the departments directly subordinate to the Central Committee and anotherstate-owned economy.[10] The quote on the number of delegates can elect does not reflect population size or party size in the given region.[10] Rather, it reflects the political importance of the given region or subject.[10] For instance, Shanghai has historically sent the highest number of delegates to the party congresses among regional electoral units.[10]
Delegates are elected at local congresses of local party committees.[12] The election process is competitive up to a point, with 15% of preliminary nominees being voted off by members during the election process.[13] For instance, of the delegates elected at local party congresses of the Jiangxi Provincial Committee nominated 90 people.[10] The quota for the Jiangxi electoral unit was 69.[10] In this given unit there was 30% more candidates than seats.[10] Once nominated, the candidates are reviewed by Central Committee through theOrganization Department.[10] The remaining delegates will then have to stand for election at the provincial party congress, and the winners represented their electoral unit at the 19th National Congress.[10]
In the election of 2016–2017 99.2% of party members participated in the election process, and increase of 1.2% since the last congress.[13] 2,287 delegates were elected according toXinhua News Agency in early October,[10] an increase of 30 delegates since the 18th National Congress.[citation needed] However, the number was reduced to 2,280 in an announcement on 17 October.[14] Of the delegates, 24.1% were women and 11.5% were ethnic minorities.[10] The number of delegates who represented or were active in frontline production and manufacturing (a category which includes workers, farmers, and technicians) made up 771 delegates (33.7%, an increase of 3.2% from the18th National Congress).[10]
At the October 18, 2017 opening session, General Secretary Xi Jinping gave a speech laying out a comprehensive approach to China's developmental path.[15]: 21 While the speech reflected an updating of some policy issues that had been on the Party's agenda, it put forward a more concrete implementation strategy.[15]: 21
Xi stated that economic challenges must be addressed within a "five-sphere integrated of plan" that was (1) political, (2) cultural, (3) economic, (4) social, and (5) ecological.[15]: 21 The immediate economic task Xi described was supply-side structural reform, focusing on the reduction of excess capacity, eliminating excess homebuilding surplus, reducing debt, and decreasing costs.[15]: 21 Xi warned against complacency and described "Three Critical Battles" that required focus: de-risking, poverty alleviation, andpollution control.[15]: 22 Xi stated that theprimary contradiction in China was "between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life."[15]: 22 With regard toChina's property sector, Xi stated that "houses are for living, not for speculation."[16]: 73 These remarks were later part of the basis for thethree red lines rule.[16]: 73
With regard tointernational relations, Xi stated that China sought to promote coordination and cooperation with the other major powers and stated that China does not seekhegemonism or expansion.[17]: 45
The congress duly elected the party's leading bodies, including the Central Committee and theCentral Commission for Discipline Inspection, the internal discipline organ that has come to the political foreground since 2012. In the immediate aftermath of the congress, the Central Committee formally elected the 25-member Politburo, the 7-member Politburo Standing Committee, thegeneral secretary of the Central Committee, and a new, scaled downCentral Military Commission.
As expected,Xi Jinping duly renewed his term as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, the party's top position and thede factotop office of China.[18] Before the congress, speculation mounted on whether one of the younger officials already on the Politburo, such as Guangdong party secretaryHu Chunhua or Chongqing party secretarySun Zhengcai, would be elevated to the Politburo Standing Committee, the party's top decision-making body, in preparation for their assuming overall leadership of the party in 2022. However, in July 2017, Sun was abruptly removed from office and then expelled from the party, upsetting the carefully calibrated balance prior to the opening of the congress.[19]
ThePolitburo Standing Committee is generally considered to be the most powerful decision-making body in China. Since16th National Congress in 2002, its membership selection had become largely institutionalized, with mandatory retirement of any member who has reached the age of 68 at the time of a party congress. This informal precedent was retained at the 19th Congress. All five of the seven members of the 18th Politburo Standing Committee who were 68 or older at the time of the congress relinquished their seats (birth year in parentheses):Zhang Dejiang (1946),Yu Zhengsheng (1945),Liu Yunshan (1947),Wang Qishan (1948) andZhang Gaoli (1946).[20]
Although the retirement of four members of retirement age was not in doubt, there was speculation prior to the Congress thatWang Qishan, 69 years old at the time of the Congress, would stay on for another term as the anti-corruption chief. Wang made a media appearance in 2016 during which he stated that he was anticipating retiring soon due to his age, though it did not reduce the speculation. Ultimately, Wang retired from all party bodies at the congress, but became vice-president, a largely symbolic position, in 2018, signaling that he would continue to play a limited role in state affairs.[21]
Xi and Li Keqiang renewed their terms on the Politburo Standing Committee; five new members joined, listed below in order of precedence.
The list was consistent with that released by the Hong Kong-basedSouth China Morning Post on 22 October, showing that external media sources continued to have access to the last-minute deliberations of the Beijing leadership.[23]
According to convention, Politburo members entering the body in 2017 must be born after 1950. Three members of the outgoing Politburo,Liu Qibao,Zhang Chunxian, andLi Yuanchao, were not elected to the incoming Politburo even though they met the relevant age requirements. Liu and Zhang continued to hold seats in the Central Committee and were eventually given ceremonial positions with the CPPCC and NPC, respectively. Li Yuanchao did not secure a seat on the Central Committee and retired from politics altogether. All members of the 18th Politburo born prior to 1950 retired without exception.Hu Chunhua,Xu Qiliang andSun Chunlan returned to the Politburo for a second term, whileCai Qi, who was not even part of the outgoing Central Committee, vaulted directly into the Politburo. Taking into account Standing Committee members who were all promoted from the Politburo level, the changes represented a 60% turnover of membership between the 18th and 19th Politburo. Out of a total of fifteen 'open' seats, at least ten of the individuals promoted to fill them were close associates of Xi.[24]
The full list of Politburo members (excluding Standing Committee) was:[25]
The day-to-day executive organ of the Politburo, the Secretariat, also saw significant turnover; the Politburo members in charge of the propaganda and organization departments, and the General Office chief typically held a seat on the Secretariat. The likely areas of purview for each secretary are listed along with their names.[26] All members of the 19th Secretariat are also concurrently members of the Politburo, with the sole exception ofYou Quan.
The Central Committee, composed of 204 members, was elected on 24 October 2017. Like previous congresses, the "more candidates than seats" elections method was used. 8% of candidates were rejected by delegate vote - the same ratio from the 18th National Congress in 2012.[27] Since 2007 the higher ranks of the party apparatus has seen its median age increase while retaining retirement limits. The 19th Central Committee showed a continuation of this trend;Lu Hao (born 1967), the youngest full member of the previous CC, remained its youngest member. 78 members of the 18th CC were named to the 19th CC, while 32 alternate members of the 18th CC were elected to full membership of the 19th CC.[28]
The Congress ratified changes to theConstitution of the Chinese Communist Party, including the incorporation ofXi Jinping Thought.[29] Xi thus became the first leader sinceDeng Xiaoping to append his name into party ideology; the change also led to many international media outlets calling Xi the "most powerful leader since Mao."[30] TheBelt and Road Initiative was also added to the party constitution.[31]: 58 The termsFour Confidences,Chinese Dream,new concept for development,Four Comprehensives,Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military,Community of Common Destiny,Four Consciousnesses andthe Party leads everything were also added to the Party constitution.[32]
As part of his stance on the Sinicization of Chinese religion, Xi stated at the Congress, "We will fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, uphold the principle that religions in China must be Chinese in orientation and provide active guidance to religions so that they can adapt themselves to a socialist society."[33]
The 19th National Congress re-affirmed the goal of transitioning solely state-owned enterprises towards mixed (both state and private) ownership.[34]: 120
The report of the 19th Congress described the primary contradiction of China's conditions as "the contradiction between the people's ever-growing need for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development."[35]: 267–268 In this context, "unbalanced" refers to rural-urban inequalities, regional inequalities, inequalities between the rich and poor, and structural imbalances in the economy.[35]: 268 "Inadequate" refers to household income share.[35]: 268
Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity, the Central Committee member- and alternate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership, Central Military Commission members, Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection membership, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, offices an individual held, retirement, if the individual in question is military personnel, female, has been expelled, is currently under investigation or has retired:
The following is a list of all resolutions and report produced by the 19th National Congress that were made available to the public.
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