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All651 seats in theHouse of Commons 326 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 33,614,074 77.7% (  2.4pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Colours denote the winning party, as shown in the main table of results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Composition of theHouse of Commons after the election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1992 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 9 April 1992, to elect651 members to theHouse of Commons. The governingConservative Party led byPrime MinisterJohn Major won a fourth consecutive election victory, with a majority of 21. This would be the last time that the Conservatives would win an overall majority at a general election until2015 and the last general election to be held on a day which did not coincide with any local elections until2017. This election result took many by surprise, as opinion polling leading up to the election day had shown a narrow but consistent lead for theLabour Party under leaderNeil Kinnock during a period of recession and declining living standards.[1]
John Major had won theleadership election in November 1990 following the resignation ofMargaret Thatcher. During his first term leading up to the 1992 election he oversaw the British involvement in theGulf War, introduced legislation to replace the unpopularCommunity Charge withCouncil Tax, and signed theMaastricht Treaty. Britain was sliding into its second recession in a decade at the time of Major's appointment.
Opinion polls in the run-up to the election had suggested that it would end in a hung parliament or a narrow Labour majority. The fact that it produced a Conservative majority meant that it was one of the most dramatic and memorable elections in the UK since the end of the Second World War.[2] The Conservative Party received what remains the largest number of votes at a United Kingdom general election in British history, breaking the previous record set by the Labour Party in1951.[3]
FormerConservative leader andPrime Minister Margaret Thatcher, formerLabour Party leaderMichael Foot, former SDP leaderDavid Owen, three formerChancellors of the Exchequer,Denis Healey,Geoffrey Howe andNigel Lawson, formerHome SecretaryMerlyn Rees,Francis Maude,Norman Tebbit,Rosie Barnes,Sinn Féin leaderGerry Adams andSpeaker of the House of CommonsBernard Weatherill left the House of Commons after this election, though Maude and Adams returned at the next election. Future Conservative leaderIain Duncan Smith was elected to Parliament for the first time in this election. As of 2025[update], the 1992-97 Parliament is the last in which every MP elected to the House of Commons took their seat (as Sinn Féin's MPs areabstentionist). Adams' defeat meant no Sinn Féin candidates were elected for the only time since 1983.
The Conservatives had been re-elected in a landslide at the1987 general election under the leadership ofMargaret Thatcher, who had led the party back into power in 1979 and won a landslide majority in 1983, but her popularity and that of her government sharply declined due tointernal divisions in the party and the unpopularCommunity Charge (also known as the 'poll tax'), as well as the fact that Britain was sliding into recession in the run-up to her resignation in November 1990.[citation needed]
Labour began to lead the Conservatives in the opinion polls by as much as 20 percentage points. Thatcher resigned following theparty leadership ballot in November 1990, initiated byMichael Heseltine, and was replaced by her Chancellor of the ExchequerJohn Major. This was well received by the public; Labour lost some momentum as it reduced the impact of their calls for "Time for a Change".[4]
On 16 January 1991, Operation Desert Storm began theGulf War, the Major ministry's first foreign affairs crisis. The quick and successful outcome on the conflict led to a boost in opinion polls for Major, in spite of the deepening recession and rising unemployment. Another boost in the polls for Major was his announcement that the unpopular community charge(poll tax) would be replaced with theCouncil Tax. The Labour opposition made repeated calls for a general election to be held during 1991, but Major resisted these calls.[citation needed]
As 1992 dawned, the recession had still not ended, unemployment now topped 2.5 million and the election loomed, with most opinion polls suggested that the election would produce a hung parliament or a narrow Labour majority, although the lead in the polls had shifted between Tory and Labour on several occasions since November 1990.[citation needed]
Parliament was due to expire no later than 16 June 1992. Major called the election on 11 March, as was widely expected, the day afterChancellor of the ExchequerNorman Lamont had deliveredthe Budget. The Conservatives maintained strong support in many newspapers, especiallyThe Sun, which ran a series of anti-Labour articles that culminated on election day with a front-page headline which urged "the last person to leave Britain" to "turn out the lights" if Labour won the election.[5]
The 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom sat for the last time on Monday 16 March, being dissolved on the same day.[6]
Under the leadership ofNeil Kinnock, theLabour Party had undergone further developments and alterations since its1987 general election defeat. Labour entered the campaign confident, with mostopinion polls showing a slight Labour lead that if maintained suggested ahung parliament, with no single party having an overall majority.
The parties campaigned on the familiar grounds oftaxation and health care. Major became known for delivering his speeches while standing on an upturnedsoapbox during public meetings. Immigration was also an issue, with Home SecretaryKenneth Baker making a controversial speech stating that, under Labour, the floodgates would be opened for immigrants from developing countries. Some speculated that this was a bid by the Conservatives to shore up its support amongst its white working-class supporters.[who?] The Conservatives also attacked The Labour Party over the issue of taxation, producing a memorable poster entitled "Labour's Double-Whammy", showing a boxer wearing gloves marked "tax rises" and "inflation".
An early setback for Labour came in the form of the "War of Jennifer's Ear" controversy, which questioned the truthfulness of a Labour partyelection broadcast concerningNational Health Service (NHS) waiting lists.
Labour seemingly recovered from the NHS controversy, and opinion polls on 1 April (dubbed "Red Wednesday") showed a clear Labour lead. But the lead fell considerably in the following day's polls. Observers blamed the decline on the Labour Party's triumphalist "Sheffield Rally", an enthusiastic American-style political convention at theSheffield Arena, whereNeil Kinnock famously cried out "We're all right!" three times.[7] However, some analysts and participants in the campaign believed it actually had little effect, with the event only receiving widespread attention after the election.[8]
This was the first general election for the newly formedLiberal Democrats, a party formed by the formal merger of theSDP–Liberal Alliance following the 1987 general election. Its formation had not been without its problems, but under the strong leadership ofPaddy Ashdown, who proved to be a likeable and candid figure, the party went into the election ready to win votes and seats. They focused on education throughout the campaign, as well as a promise on reforming the voting system.[9]
The weather was largely dull for most of the campaign, but sunny conditions on 9 April may have been a factor in the high turnout.[10][11][12]
InScotland, theScottish National Party (SNP) hoped for a major electoral breakthrough in 1992 and had run a hard independence campaign with "Free by '93" as their slogan, urging voters to back a party which would deliver Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. Although the party increased its total vote by 50% compared to 1987, they only held onto the three seats they had won at theprevious election. They lostGlasgow Govan, which their deputy leaderJim Sillars had taken from Labour in aby-election in 1988. Sillars quit active politics after the general election with a parting shot at the Scottish electorate as being "ninety-minute patriots", referring to their support of theScotland football team only during match time.[13]
The election also saw a small change inNorthern Ireland: the Conservatives organised and stood candidates in the constituent country for the first time since theUlster Unionist Party had broken with them in 1972 over theSunningdale Agreement. Although they won no seats, their best result was Laurence Kennedy achieving over 14,000 votes to run second toJames Kilfedder inNorth Down.
Former prime ministerMargaret Thatcher stepped down at the general election, as did former cabinet ministerNorman Tebbit, Labour veteranDenis Healey, former Conservative chancellorNigel Lawson,Geoffrey Howe, former Labour leaderMichael Foot, former SDP leaderDavid Owen,Merlyn Rees, then-SpeakerBernard Weatherill, former Conservative Party chairmanCecil Parkinson,John Wakeham,Nicholas Ridley andPeter Morrison.Alan Clark also retired from Parliament, though he returned in 1997 as MP forKensington and Chelsea, only to die two years later.
The followingnewspapers endorsed political parties running in the election in the following ways:[14]
| Newspaper | Party/ies endorsed | Circulation (in millions) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Sun | Conservative Party | 3.6 | |
| Daily Mirror | Labour Party | 2.9 | |
| Daily Mail | Conservative Party | 1.7 | |
| Daily Express | Conservative Party | 1.5 | |
| Daily Telegraph | Conservative Party | 1.0 | |
| The Guardian | Labour Party | 0.4 | |
| Liberal Democrats | |||
| The Independent | None | 0.4 | |
| The Times | Conservative Party | 0.4 | |
In a move later described inThe Observer as appalling to itsCity readership,[15] theFinancial Times endorsed the Labour Party in this general election.
| Opinion polling for UK general elections |
|---|
| 1983 election |
| Opinion polls |
| 1987 election |
| Opinion polls |
| 1992 election |
| Opinion polls |
| 1997 election |
| Opinion polls |
| 2001 election |
| Opinion polls |
Almost every poll leading up to polling day predicted either ahung parliament withLabour the largest party, or a small Labour majority of around 19 to 23. Polls on the last few days before the country voted predicted a very slim Labour majority.[16] Of the 50 opinion polls published during the election campaign period, 38 suggested Labour had a narrow but clear lead.[17] After the polls closed, the BBC and ITVexit polls still predicted that there would be a hung parliament and "that the Conservatives would only just get more seats than Labour".[18]
With opinion polls at the end of the campaign showing Labour and the Conservatives neck and neck, the actual election result was a surprise to many in the media and in polling organisations. The apparent failure of the opinion polls to come close to predicting the actual result led to an inquiry by theMarket Research Society, and would eventually result in the creation of theBritish Polling Council a decade later. Following the election, most opinion polling companies changed their methodology in the belief that a 'Shy Tory factor' affected the polling.
The election turnout of 77.67%[19] was the highest in 18 years. There was an overall Labour swing of 2.2%, which widened the gap between Labour and the Liberal Democrats. Although the percentage of Conservative votes was only 0.3% down on 1987, the Conservativeoverall majority in theHouse of Commons was reduced from 102 to 21. This number was reduced progressively during the course of Major's term in office due to defections of MPs to other parties, by-election defeats, and for a time in 1994–95 the suspension of the Conservative whip for some MPs who voted against the government on its European policy—by 1996, the Conservative majority had been reduced to just 1 seat, and they were in aminority going into 1997 until the1997 general election. The Conservatives in 1992 received 14,093,007 votes,[19] the highest total of votes for any political party in any UK general election, beating the previous largest total vote of 13.98 million achieved by Labour in1951 (although this was from a smaller electorate and represented a higher vote share). Nine government ministers lost their seats in 1992, including party chairmanChris Patten.
The Sun's analysis of the election results was headlined "It's The Sun Wot Won It", though in his testimony to the April 2012Leveson Inquiry,Rupert Murdoch claimed that the "infamous" headline was "both tasteless and wrong".[20]Tony Blair also accepted this theory of Labour's defeat and put considerable effort into securingThe Sun's support forNew Labour, both asLeader of the Opposition before the1997 general election and asPrime Minister afterwards.
Steve Richards notes that one theory for Labour's defeat relates to Kinnock seeming triumphalist, "overconfident and cocky" at a majorLabour Party election rally in Sheffield. At the time of the event polls suggested Labour was well ahead of the Conservatives. Richards argues the rally "acquired a mythological status as fatal event" after Labour's defeat, but considers this theory to be "a red herring". He notes that prior to the result of the election becoming known, "there was no suggestion that Kinnock had made a terrible blunder" at the event. Indeed, Richards notes that the BBC's political editorJohn Cole had indicated he had been impressed in his live reporting of the rally which Cole compared with similar events held byPresident Kennedy. Richards concluded that the party would have lost the election even if there had been no Sheffield Rally.[21]
This election continued the Conservatives' decline in Northern England, with Labour regaining many seats they had not held since 1979. The Conservatives also began to lose support in the Midlands, but achieved a slight increase in their vote in Scotland, where they had a net gain of one seat. Labour andPlaid Cymru strengthened in Wales, with Conservative support declining. However, in the South East, South West, London and Eastern England the Conservative vote held up, leading to few losses there: many consideredBasildon to be indicative of anouveau riche working-class element, referred to asEssex man, voting strongly Conservative. This election is the most recent in which the Conservatives won more seats than Labour inGreater London, at 48 to 35;[19] in the 1997 election, the Conservatives would win only 11.[22]
For the Liberal Democrats their first election campaign was a reasonable success; the party had worked itself up from a "low base" during its troubled creation and come out relatively unscathed.[23]
It was Labour's second general election defeat under leaderNeil Kinnock and deputy leaderRoy Hattersley. Both resigned soon after the election, and were succeeded byJohn Smith andMargaret Beckett respectively.
Sitting MPsDave Nellist,Terry Fields,Ron Brown,John Hughes andSyd Bidwell, who had been expelled or deselected by the Labour Party and stood as independents, were all defeated, although in Nellist's case only very narrowly.Tommy Sheridan, fighting the election from prison, polled 19% inGlasgow Pollok.
| Candidates | Votes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Leader | Stood | Elected | Gained | Unseated | Net | % of total | % | No. | Net % | |
| Conservative | John Major | 645 | 336 | 3 | 44 | −41 | 51.69 | 41.9 | 14,094,116 | −0.3 | |
| Labour | Neil Kinnock | 634[b] | 271[c] | 43 | 1 | +42[d] | 41.62[e] | 34.4[f] | 11,557,062[g] | +3.6[h] | |
| Liberal Democrats | Paddy Ashdown | 632 | 20 | 4 | 6 | −2 | 3.07 | 17.8 | 6,027,038 | −4.8 | |
| SNP | Alex Salmond | 72 | 3 |  | | | 0.46 | 1.9 | 629,552 | +0.6 | |
| UUP | James Molyneaux | 13 | 9 | | | | 1.38 | 0.8 | 270,749 | 0.0 | |
| SDLP | John Hume | 13 | 4 | 1 | | +1 | 0.61 | 0.5 | 184,445 | 0.0 | |
| Green | Jean Lambert andRichard Lawson | 253 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.5 | 170,047 | +0.2 | |
| Plaid Cymru | Dafydd Wigley | 38 | 4 | 1 | | +1 | 0.61 | 0.5 | 156,796 | +0.1 | |
| DUP | Ian Paisley | 7 | 3 | | | | 0.46 | 0.3 | 103,039 | 0.0 | |
| Sinn Féin | Gerry Adams | 14 | 0 | | 1 | −1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 78,291 | −0.1 | |
| Alliance | John Alderdice | 16 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.2 | 68,695 | 0.0 | |
| Liberal | Michael Meadowcroft | 73 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.2 | 64,744 | | |
| Natural Law | Geoffrey Clements | 309 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.2 | 62,888 | | |
| Ind. Social Democrat | N/A | 2 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.1 | 28,599 | | |
| Independent | N/A | 6 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.1 | 22,844 | | |
| UPUP | James Kilfedder | 1 | 1 | | | | 0.15 | 0.1 | 19,305 | 0.0 | |
| Ind. Conservative | N/A | 12 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 11,356 | | |
| Monster Raving Loony | Screaming Lord Sutch | 25 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7,929 | | |
| Independent | N/A | 23 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7,631 | | |
| BNP | John Tyndall | 13 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7,631 | | |
| SDP | John Bates | 8 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6,649 | | |
| Scottish Militant Labour | Tommy Sheridan | 1 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6,287 | | |
| National Front | John McAuley | 14 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4,816 | | |
| True Labour | Sydney Bidwell | 1 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4,665 | | |
| Anti-Federalist | Alan Sked | 17 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4,383 | | |
| Workers' Party | Marian Donnelly | 8 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4,359 | 0.0 | |
| Official Conservative Hove Party | Nigel Furness | 1 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,658 | | |
| Loony Green | Stuart Hughes | 5 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,538 | | |
| Ind. Unionist | N/A | 1 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,256 | | |
| New Agenda | Proinsias De Rossa | 2 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,133 | | |
| Independent Progressive Socialist | N/A | 1 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1,094 | | |
| Islamic Party | David Pidcock | 4 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1,085 | | |
| Revolutionary Communist | Frank Furedi | 8 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 745 | | |
| Independent Nationalist | N/A | 1 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 649 | | |
| Communist (PCC) | Jack Conrad | 4 | 0 | | | | 0.0 | 0.0 | 603 | | |
All parties with more than 500 votes shown. Plaid Cymru result includes votes for Green/Plaid Cymru Alliance.
| Government's new majority | 21 |
| Total votes cast[19] | 33,614,074 |
| Turnout | 77.7% |
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| Ethnic group | Party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | Conservative | SDP/Lib | Other | |
| Ethnic minority (non-White) | 81% | 10% | n/a | 9% |
| Asian[25] | 77% | 11% | 10% | 3% |
| Afro-Caribbean[25] | 85% | 8% | 6% | 1% |
| Ethnic group | Class | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | non-White | |||
| ABC1 | C2DE | ABC1 | C2DE | |
| Labour | 37% | 52% | 54% | 78% |
| Conservative | 47% | 28% | 31% | 8% |
The BBC ran coverage from 21:55 till 06:00, and from 09:30 till 16:00 on Friday 10 April.[30][31] Unlike most prior British elections, the BBC's coverage started five minutes before the polls closed and the result of the exit poll was announced live, accompanied by footage ofBig Ben striking, at 10pm. This method of revealing the exit poll has been repeated in all subsequent BBC election night broadcasts.
Coverage was, according to theRadio Times, supposed to end at 04:00 on Friday morning, but was extended.[32]
The BBC began construction of the Election 92 studio in October 1990, completing it in February 1991, due to speculation that an early election may be called in 1991. Rehearsals were held in the event of a Conservative and Labour victory.[33]
Although the election was not part of the storyline, there was much background chanting and campaigning in the BBC televisionsoap operaEastEnders.[34]
On ITV, ITN produced their election night coverage from their studios in London, with Jon Snow anchoring the coverage from 22:00 until 06:00. They continued their daytime coverage on Friday 10 April from 09:25 until 15:25. Breakfast coverage of the election results were provided by TV-am, the ITV breakfast franchise, from 06:00 until 09:25, who were producing their third and final general election special.[35]
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