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537 of the 543 seats in theLok Sabha 269 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 498,363,801 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 56.73% ( 5.22pp) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by constituency | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections were held inIndia on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the10th Lok Sabha, although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 inPunjab.
No party won a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in theIndian National Congress (Indira) forming aminority government under new Prime MinisterP. V. Narasimha Rao with the support of other parties. The government survived 28 July 1993 no confidence vote in controversial circumstances by bribing MPs from theJanata Dal and theJharkhand Mukti Morcha.[2][3]
Elections were not held for the six seats allocated toJammu and Kashmir, nor for two seats inBihar and one inUttar Pradesh. Similarly, elections were also delayed inPunjab. Voter turnout was 57%, the lowest to date in an Indian general election.[4]
In theprevious elections held 16 months before, the Janata Dal came into power with outside support of the Bharatiya Janata Party, however the BJP withdrew it's support from the government after itsRam Rathyatra was stopped atSamastipur inBihar, a state ruled by the Janata Dal, whose Chief MinisterLalu Prasad Yadav had the BJP presidentLal Krishna Advani arrested on spot. Following the resignation of V. P. Singh, the main opposition party, theIndian National Congress (Indira) provided outside support to a small breakaway faction of the Janata Dal, theSamajwadi Janata Party headed byChandra Shekhar for a time, but soon withdrew its support. Over 500 million eligible voters were once again given the chance to elect their government.[5] The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, theMandal Commission fallout and theRam Mandir-Babri Masjid issue.
While theMandal Commission report released by the VP Singh government suggested giving 27 per centreservation to theOther Backward Castes (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country with many students from theForward Caste groups in and around the capital city ofDelhi even setting themselves on fire in opposition to increase in reservations. Violence also erupted betweenScheduled Caste groups, who opposed increasing reservation for other communities & OBC groups, who supported reservation for their own community. 'Mandir' represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over construction ofRam Mandir at thedisputed site of theBabri Masjid inAyodhya which theHindu right wingBharatiya Janata Party was using as its major election manifesto. To counter the intense religious polarisation unleashed due to the Ram mandir movement, the ruling Janata Dal heavily campaigned on implementing the Mandal Commission report, which the BJP alleged was a ploy to undermine Hindu unity.
The Mandir-Mandal issue led to numerous riots in many parts of the country and the electorate was polarised on caste and religious lines. With the Janata Dal beginning tofall apart into different splinter groups each supporting a particular caste in a specific state, the Congress (I) managed to make the most of the polarisation, by getting the most seats and forming a minority government.[6]
A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime ministerRajiv Gandhi was assassinated while campaigning forMargatham Chandrasekar inSriperembudur. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June.
Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases. After the assassination, voter sentiment shifted dramatically, many undecided and regional voters moved toward INC for stability.[5]Congress (I) retained strong regional dominance in parts of India that voted in the first polling phase, and although Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination affected public sentiment, it did not result in a national seat sweep in later phases,which included major states where BJP and Janata Dal won a large share of seats.[7] The result was a Congress (I)-led minority government supported by the Janata Dal led byP. V. Narasimha Rao, who had previously announced his retirement from politics. While Rao had not contested in the election, he contested in aby-election inNandyal which he won by a record five lakh votes.
76 to 126 people were shot dead during campaign on 17 June 1991 in two attacks byKhalistani gunmen in Punjab, an area racked by separatist violence since the 1980s. Police reports said the killings, on separate trains, were carried out by Sikh militants.[8] Similarly,insurgency in Kashmir also saw themass exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from theKashmir Valley under threats fromPakistan-sponsored Muslim militants. Due to these insurgencies, no elections were held inJammu and Kashmir and Punjab, a total of 19 Lok Sabha seats.[9] Elections were held in Punjab on 19 February 1992,[10] where INC won 12 out of 13 seats,[11] thereby taking their tally in the Lok Sabha up from 232 to 244.
 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
| Indian National Congress (Indira) | 99,799,403 | 36.26 | 232 | |
| Bharatiya Janata Party | 55,345,075 | 20.11 | 120 | |
| Janata Dal | 32,589,180 | 11.84 | 59 | |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 16,954,797 | 6.16 | 35 | |
| Janata Party | 9,267,096 | 3.37 | 5 | |
| Telugu Desam Party | 8,223,271 | 2.99 | 13 | |
| Communist Party of India | 6,851,114 | 2.49 | 14 | |
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 5,741,910 | 2.09 | 0 | |
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 4,470,542 | 1.62 | 11 | |
| Bahujan Samaj Party | 4,420,719 | 1.61 | 2 | |
| Shiv Sena | 2,208,712 | 0.80 | 4 | |
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | 1,749,730 | 0.64 | 4 | |
| Asom Gana Parishad | 1,489,898 | 0.54 | 1 | |
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 1,481,900 | 0.54 | 6 | |
| Janata Dal (Gujarat) | 1,399,702 | 0.51 | 1 | |
| Pattali Makkal Katchi | 1,283,065 | 0.47 | 0 | |
| All India Forward Bloc | 1,145,015 | 0.42 | 3 | |
| Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha | 982,954 | 0.36 | 1 | |
| Indian Union Muslim League | 845,418 | 0.31 | 2 | |
| Indian Peoples Front | 644,891 | 0.23 | 0 | |
| Natun Asom Gana Parishad | 494,628 | 0.18 | 0 | |
| Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha | 490,275 | 0.18 | 0 | |
| Doordarshi Party | 466,869 | 0.17 | 0 | |
| All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen | 456,900 | 0.17 | 1 | |
| Kerala Congress (M) | 384,255 | 0.14 | 1 | |
| Jharkhand Party | 350,699 | 0.13 | 0 | |
| Haryana Vikas Party | 331,794 | 0.12 | 1 | |
| Nagaland People's Council | 328,015 | 0.12 | 1 | |
| Bharatiya Republican Paksha | 327,941 | 0.12 | 0 | |
| Kerala Congress | 319,933 | 0.12 | 0 | |
| Peasants and Workers Party of India | 295,402 | 0.11 | 0 | |
| United Minorities Front, Assam | 206,737 | 0.08 | 0 | |
| Lokdal | 173,884 | 0.06 | 0 | |
| Marxist Co-ordination Committee | 171,767 | 0.06 | 0 | |
| United Reservation Movement Council of Assam | 170,376 | 0.06 | 0 | |
| Manipur Peoples Party | 169,692 | 0.06 | 1 | |
| Autonomous State Demand Committee | 139,785 | 0.05 | 1 | |
| Sanjukta Loka Parishad | 125,738 | 0.05 | 0 | |
| Sikkim Sangram Parishad | 106,247 | 0.04 | 1 | |
| Republican Party of India (Khobragade) | 91,557 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann) | 88,084 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Plain Tribals Council of Assam | 87,387 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Mizo National Front | 82,019 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Sarv Jati Janata Parishad | 70,368 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha | 67,495 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party | 64,752 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Tharasu Makkal Mandram | 55,165 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Uttarakhand Kranti Dal | 47,369 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava) | 43,085 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh | 42,504 | 0.02 | 0 | |
| Jan Parishad | 37,725 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Republican Party of India | 36,541 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Amra Bangali | 35,186 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Indian Union Muslim League (IML) | 31,387 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Sampooran Kranti Das | 29,647 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Das | 28,528 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Uttar Pradesh Republican Party | 28,379 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Yuva Vikas Party | 28,159 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) | 27,730 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Jawan Kisan Mazdoor Party | 23,929 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Proutist Bloc of India | 22,734 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Soshit Samaj Dal | 19,925 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Jansangh | 19,243 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Orissa Vikas Parishad | 15,893 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Hul Jharkhand Party | 15,406 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| Socialist Party of India (Lohia) | 12,928 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Hindustani Krantikari Samajwadi Party | 12,820 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Dalit Panthers Party | 11,967 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bharatiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Dal | 10,837 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Samaj Dal | 8,825 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bhartiya Shivsena-Rashtrawadi | 8,810 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Asom Jatiyatabadi Dal | 8,519 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam | 8,252 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Asom Jatiya Parishad | 8,047 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Socialist Party (Ramakant Pandey) | 7,104 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Pichhadavarg Party | 6,897 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh | 5,888 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Vidarbha Praja Party | 5,597 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad | 5,521 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bhartiya Dharmnirpeksh Dal | 5,436 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Hindu Swaraj Sangathan | 5,325 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Republican Presidium Party of India | 4,967 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Surajya Party | 4,705 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Sarvodaya Party | 4,642 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Janata Dal (Samajwadi) | 4,548 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Deseeya Karshaka Party | 4,508 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Gondwana Party | 3,605 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Azad Hind Fauz (Rajkiya) | 3,543 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Samdarshi Party | 2,921 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Lok Party | 2,873 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Socialist League of India | 2,852 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| All India Urdu Morcha | 2,655 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad (Vasudev Shastri Atul) | 2,519 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| All India Kisan Mazdoor Sabha | 2,311 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Pondicherry Mannila Makkal Munnani | 2,259 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Pandav Dal | 2,213 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Internationalist Democratic Party | 2,078 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Gomant Lok Party | 1,983 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha | 1,792 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Workers Party of India | 1,781 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Nationalist Party | 1,768 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Marx Engles Leninist Commune Health Association | 1,692 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Nagaland Peoples Party | 1,572 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Adarsh Lok Dal | 1,544 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Desh Bhakt Party | 1,521 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Bharat Desham Party | 1,466 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Republican Party of India (Kamble) | 1,300 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Janhit Jagrati Party | 1,245 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Mukt Bharat | 1,191 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Rashtriya Krantikari Dal | 1,125 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Sampooran Rashtriya Sena | 1,040 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam | 1,030 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Navbharat Party | 787 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad) | 684 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Thayaga Marumalrchi Kazhagam | 665 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress | 605 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Jammu-Kashmir Panthers Party | 587 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Kannada Paksha | 576 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Mahila Dal | 573 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Socialist Revolutionary Party | 571 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Lokhit Morcha | 532 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Republican Party of India (Athawale) | 521 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Labour Party (Ashok Bhattacharjee) | 434 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Loktantra Party | 408 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Cheluva Kannad Nadu | 383 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Azad Party | 372 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Democratic Party of India | 359 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bharatiya Backward Party | 329 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Hindu Shiv Sena (A.K. Brahmbatt) | 325 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das | 316 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad | 314 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Loktantric Alpsankhyak Janmorcha | 257 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Sr. Citizens National Party of India | 250 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Socialist Labour League | 246 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| M.G.R. Munnetra Kazhagam | 228 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Mahabharat People's Party | 225 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Janata Congress Party of Bharatvarsha | 194 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Shakti Dal | 193 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Akhil Bharatiya Socialist Party | 166 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Kannada Desh Party | 164 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bharatiya Dhruba Labour Party | 142 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Jai Mahakali Nigrani Samiti | 138 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Bhartiya Sangthit Nagrik Party | 120 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Vishal Bharat Party | 56 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Jan Ekata Morcha | 34 | 0.00 | 0 | |
| Independents | 11,441,688 | 4.16 | 1 | |
| NominatedAnglo-Indians | 2 | |||
| Total | 275,206,990 | 100.00 | 523 | |
| Valid votes | 275,206,990 | 97.35 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 7,493,952 | 2.65 | ||
| Total votes | 282,700,942 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 498,363,801 | 56.73 | ||
| Source:ECI | ||||
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian National Congress (Indira) | 1,486,289 | 49.27 | 12 | |
| Bahujan Samaj Party | 594,628 | 19.71 | 1 | |
| Bharatiya Janata Party | 497,999 | 16.51 | 0 | |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 119,902 | 3.98 | 0 | |
| Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann) | 77,970 | 2.58 | 0 | |
| Communist Party of India | 47,226 | 1.57 | 0 | |
| Janata Dal | 39,220 | 1.30 | 0 | |
| Janata Party | 27,966 | 0.93 | 0 | |
| Lokdal | 2,839 | 0.09 | 0 | |
| Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh | 1,349 | 0.04 | 0 | |
| Independents | 121,009 | 4.01 | 0 | |
| Total | 3,016,397 | 100.00 | 13 | |
| Valid votes | 3,016,397 | 95.59 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 139,126 | 4.41 | ||
| Total votes | 3,155,523 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 13,169,797 | 23.96 | ||
| Source:ECI | ||||
| State/Union Territory | Seats | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INC | BJP | JD | LF | OTH | ||
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 42 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 14 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Assam | 14 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Bihar | 52 | 1 | 5 | 31 | 9 | 6 |
| Chandigarh | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Daman and Diu | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Goa | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gujarat | 26 | 5 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Haryana | 10 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Karnataka | 28 | 23 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Kerala | 20 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 40 | 27 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Maharashtra | 48 | 38 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Manipur | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Meghalaya | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mizoram | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nagaland | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| NCT Delhi | 7 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Odisha | 21 | 13 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 0 |
| Puducherry | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Punjab | 13 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Rajasthan | 25 | 13 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sikkim | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
| Tripura | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 84 | 5 | 51 | 22 | 1 | 5 |
| West Bengal | 42 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 0 |
| Total | 534 | 244 | 120 | 59 | 56 | 55 |
Congress(I) was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were:[12]
At the suggestion of Rajiv's widow Sonia,P. V. Narasimha Rao was chosen as the prime-ministerial candidate of Congress (Indira). Rao, who got himself by-elected fromNandyal, secured the outside support of the Janata Dal & Jharkhand Mukti Morcha under controversial circumstances. AfterLal Bahadur Shastri, Rao was the second Congress Prime Minister from outside theNehru-Gandhi family and the second Congress Prime Minister to head aminority government that completed full 5-year term (Indira Gandhi also headed a minority government from 1969 to 1971 following the 1969 split of the Congress party intoCongress(O) &Congress(R)).[14]
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