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1990 Peruvian general election

← 1985 1995 →

Presidential election

8 April 1990 (first round) 10 June 1990 (second round)

Nominee Alberto Fujimori Mario Vargas Llosa Party Cambio 90 FREDEMO Running mate Máximo San Román Carlos García y García Eduardo Orrego Ernesto Alayza [es] Popular vote 4,489,897 2,708,291 Percentage 62.38% 37.62%

First round results bydepartment (left) andprovince (right) Second round results bydepartment (left) andprovince (right)

President before election Alan García APRA Elected President Alberto Fujimori Cambio 90

Congressional election

8 April 1990

Party Leader Vote % Seats +/– Senate Democratic Front Mario Vargas Llosa 32.06 20 +12 APRA Alan García 25.09 16 −16 Change 90 Andrés Reggiardo 21.70 14 New United Left Henry Pease 9.77 6 −9 Socialist Left Alfonso Barrantes 5.46 3 New FRENATRACA Roger Cáceres [es] 2.03 1 0 Chamber of Deputies Democratic Front Mario Vargas Llosa 30.03 62 +46 APRA Alan García 24.78 53 −54 Change 90 Andrés Reggiardo 16.93 32 New United Left Henry Pease 9.82 16 −32 FIM Fernando Olivera 5.95 7 New Socialist Left Alfonso Barrantes 5.24 4 New FRENATRACA Roger Cáceres [es] 2.42 3 +2 MRL 0.48 1 +1 Tacneñista Front 0.34 1 New Popular Agreement 0.28 1 New This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

General elections were held inPeru on 8 April 1990, with a second round of the presidential elections on 10 June.^[1] This exercise was to elect thePresident of the Republic, two vice presidents, and the members ofCongress. The elections filled 180 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 60 seats in the Senate for the 1990-1995 governmental period.

The run-off was between favorite, novelistMario Vargas Llosa leading a coalition of economically liberal parties collectively known as theDemocratic Front and political underdogAlberto Fujimori of the populist and more moderateCambio 90. Vargas Llosa won the first round with a small plurality, but alienated much of the electorate with a comprehensiveprivatisation agenda, bolstering the allegedly unelectable Fujimori who had finished second ahead ofLuis Alva Castro of the rulingAPRA party to enter the run-off against Vargas Llosa. Fujimori eventually won a landslide victory and would remain president for ten years until his forced resignation in November 2000.

At the time of the 1990 elections the government ofAlan García of thePeruvian Aprista Party (APRA) faced significant public disapproval. This disapproval was due to attempts to nationalize the banking system, purportedly to control rampant inflation that had been uncontrollable since 1987. Garcia's administration was also marred by corruption scandals and a resurgence of terrorist violence, notably from the terrorist organizationShining Path.^[2] Consequently, it was anticipated that the elections would prompt a significant right-wing response.

Mario Vargas Llosa, a widely recognized writer, ran as the candidate of the tripartite coalitionDemocratic Front (FREDEMO). Vargas Llosa was initially favored to win decisively, potentially eliminating the need for a runoff, particularly given the perceived weakness of the incumbent APRA party. APRA nominatedLuis Alva Castro, its second vice-president, as its candidate. However, as the campaign progressed,Alberto Fujimori, representing the small new partyCambio 90, began to gain increasing support in the polls. Fujimori's rise was attributed to his moderate profile,^[3] which drew support away from the traditional candidates.^[4][5][6][7]

During the presidential runoff Fujimori received endorsements from United Left and Socialist Left, along with a faction of the APRA led by García. Vargas Llosa was supported byRicardo Belmont, the newly elected mayor of Lima, andEzequiel Ataucusi, the leader of theAgricultural People's Front. Vargas Llosa also received backing from various media outlets and personalities, including the newspaperExpreso,Panamericana Televisión and television host Augusto Ferrando.^[8]

A debate between Vargas Llosa and Fujimori took place on 3 June 1990 during the runoff campaign.^[9] This was the first televised debate in Peruvian presidential elections.^[10][11][12]

Due to mandatory voting laws voter turnout was high, reaching 78% in the presidential election but notably lower in the legislative elections, with 68% for the Chamber of Deputies and 69% for the Senate. Voter turnout for the presidential runoff was slightly higher than in the first round at 80%.

In the first round Vargas Llosa received 33% of the votes, while Fujimori, who had initially polled at 1%, significantly increased his support to secure second place with 29% of the vote. Alva Castro of the incumbent APRA party finished in third place with 22% of the vote, the first time that the APRA candidate did not finish first or second in a free election. No other candidate exceeded 10% of the vote; the two main left-wing candidates representing United Left and Socialist Left finished in fourth and fifth place with 8% and 5% of the vote respectively.

As no candidate received more than 50% of the valid vote in the first round, a runoff was necessary for the first time in Peruvian history. Fujimori achieved a decisive victory with 62% of the vote, making him the first elected president since the restoration of democracy to secure over half of the total vote. Vargas Llosa saw a small increase in support from the first round, receiving 38% of the vote.^[4] Although Vargas Llosa had won across the country in the first round, in the runoff he only received a majority of the vote in thedepartment of Loreto.

FREDEMO emerged as the largest party in both chambers, securing 20 senators and 62 deputies. Despite its presidential candidate finishing third, the APRA maintained its position as the second-largest party, winning 17 senate seats and 53 deputy seats. Cambio 90 led by Fujimori finished third, capturing 14 Senate seats and 32 in the Chamber of Deputies.

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Democratic Front	1,561,291	30.03	62	+40
	American Popular Revolutionary Alliance	1,288,461	24.78	53	–54
	Cambio 90	879,949	16.93	32	New
	United Left	510,557	9.82	16	–32
	Independent Moralizing Front	309,263	5.95	7	New
	Socialist Left	272,591	5.24	4	New
	National Front of Workers and Peasants	126,067	2.42	3	+2
	Agricultural People's Front of Peru	63,450	1.22	0	New
	Independent Civic Union	33,819	0.65	0	New
	Loreto Regionalist Movement	24,854	0.48	1	+1
	Tacneñista Front	17,642	0.34	1	New
	Popular Agreement Independent List	14,547	0.28	1	New
	In Action Independent Movement	12,614	0.24	0	New
	Odriist National Union	10,413	0.20	0	New
	Democratic Union	7,738	0.15	0	New
	Nationalist Independent Front	6,106	0.12	0	New
	Hayist Bases Movement	5,607	0.11	0	New
	National Reconstruction Movement	5,588	0.11	0	New
	Independent Democratic Front	4,780	0.09	0	New
	Independent Social Movement	4,348	0.08	0	New
	Lima Defence Front – Provinces	3,739	0.07	0	New
	Independent Front of Retirees	3,477	0.07	0	New
	Chavin Region	3,416	0.07	0	New
	Democratic Alliance	3,204	0.06	0	New
	Democratic Agrarian Front "Atusparia"	3,016	0.06	0	New
	Velasquista Movement	2,228	0.04	0	New
	National Cooperation	2,136	0.04	0	New
	Independent List of Socialist Workers	1,942	0.04	0	New
	Amazonense Independent Movement	1,459	0.03	0	New
	Renewal Union of Peru	1,312	0.03	0	New
	Huascaran	1,221	0.02	0	New
	National Democratic Unity	1,025	0.02	0	New
	United	1,020	0.02	0	New
	Victors of Ayacucho	985	0.02	0	New
	Chalaco Regional Movement	925	0.02	0	New
	Independent Solidarity Movement	913	0.02	0	New
	Integration Movement for the Development of Huanuco	817	0.02	0	New
	Popular Renewal Movement	772	0.01	0	New
	Porteño Renovation Movement	735	0.01	0	New
	Independent Democratic Movement	675	0.01	0	New
	Lambayecano Independent Movement	671	0.01	0	New
	Independent Agreement for National Development	597	0.01	0	New
	North-East Agrarian Movement	578	0.01	0	New
	Andean Nationalist Left	502	0.01	0	New
	Impetu Regional Independent Movement	398	0.01	0	New
	Independent Popular Peruvian Alliance	375	0.01	0	New
	PASOP party	357	0.01	0	New
	Independent Democratic Organisation	342	0.01	0	New
	Advanced Democratic Integration	332	0.01	0	New
	Independent Civic Front Strength and Freedom	157	0.00	0	New
	Independent Democratic Socialist Party	92	0.00	0	New
Total		5,199,103	100.00	180	0
Source:CLEA

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Democratic Front	1,772,953	32.06	20	+7
	American Popular Revolutionary Alliance	1,387,931	25.09	16	–14
	Cambio 90	1,200,459	21.70	14	New
	United Left	540,620	9.77	6	–9
	Socialist Left	302,110	5.46	3	New
	National Front of Workers and Peasants	112,142	2.03	1	0
	Agricultural People's Front of Peru	63,694	1.15	0	New
	Somos Libres	50,430	0.91	0	New
	Independent Civic Union	45,046	0.81	0	New
	Odriist National Union	16,349	0.30	0	–1
	Hayist Bases Movement	13,531	0.24	0	New
	Independent Front of Retirees	8,994	0.16	0	New
	Democratic Union	7,805	0.14	0	New
	National Co-operation	3,969	0.07	0	New
	Solidarity Independent Movement	3,088	0.06	0	New
	Honorary Confederation of Independent Organised Struggle	1,779	0.03	0	New
Former presidents				2	+1
Total		5,530,900	100.00	62	+1
Valid votes		5,530,900	80.53
Invalid/blank votes		1,336,963	19.47
Total votes		6,867,863	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		10,013,225	68.59
Source:JNE

The two chambers of the elected Congress in Peru were unable to complete their constitutional terms due to aself-coup by Fujimori on 5 April 1992, in which he dissolved Congress and intervened in the judiciary,^[19] effectively suspending the constitutional governance. Following the coup, Fujimori governed with full powers until the end of 1993, when aDemocratic Constituent Congress was inaugurated. Despite the political upheaval, Fujimori completed his term and was re-elected in1995. This period of governance led to significant constitutional reform, including the abolition of the Senate. As a result, the 1990 elections were the last for the bicameral parliament.

• Parliamentary elections in Peru
• 1990 elections in South America
• 1990 in Peru
• Presidential elections in Peru

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