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1988 in American television

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List of years in American television:

1987–88 United States network television schedule
1988–89 United States network television schedule
List of American television programs currently in production

In 1988,television in the United States saw a number of significant events, including the debuts, finales, and cancellations of television shows; the launch, closure, and rebranding of channels; changes and additions to network affiliations by stations; controversies, business transactions, andcarriage disputes; and the deaths of individuals who had made notable contributions to the medium.

Events

[edit]
DateEvent
January 1The season finale of the originalTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series airs insyndication with "Shredder & Splintered". The series will return for asecond season in fall.
Australia Live, a 4-hour TV special aboutAustralia's Bicentennial, airs onA&E.
NBCbroadcasts theRose Bowl Game for thefinal time, ending a 37-year partnership.ABC Sports picked up rights to broadcast the gamethe following year.
January 3WFYF inWatertown, New York begins broadcasting, giving the Watertown market its first full-timeABC affiliate.
January 4Nick Jr. begins as a block ofNickelodeon programming for younger children.
Blackout, hosted byBob Goen, premieres onCBS. The game show runs for only thirteen weeks, after whichThe $25,000 Pyramid, the show it replaced, returns to the air on April 4 while CBS develops a revival ofFamily Feud.
January 8TheABC sitcomI Married Dora had lowratings and was canceled halfway into its only season. The final episode ended with a scene, known as "breaking thefourth wall," that ranked number 49 onTV Land's list ofThe 100 Most Unexpected TV Moments. The cameras pulled back to show the entire stage as the cast and crew waved goodbye and performedcurtain calls.
January 16Due to comments he made about breeding practices during slavery leading to blacks becoming superior athletes,CBS firesJimmy "The Greek" Snyder, who had been a regular onNFL Today since1976.
January 22KYMA inYuma, Arizona signs-on the air, returningABC programming to the Yuma market for the first time sinceKECY-TV dropped its affiliation to rejoinCBS in 1985.
January 24The inauguralRoyal Rumble event airs live on theUSA Network. Themain event sawThe Islanders defeatThe Young Stallions in a 2 out of 3 falls match. Thetitular match was won by"Hacksaw" Jim Duggan.
January 25During that night's edition of theCBS Evening News; anchorDan Rather enters a nearly 10-minute confrontation withVice PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush over what Bush knew about theIran-Contra scandal.
January 29ThePeanuts musical television specialSnoopy! The Musical, based on themusical comedy of the same name, premiered onCBS.
January 31Thepilot forThe Wonder Years airs followingABC's coverage ofSuper Bowl XXII.
February 5WrestlersHulk Hogan andAndré the Giant compete onThe Main Event onNBC, marking the return ofprofessional wrestling to network prime-time for the first time since 1955.
February 6UK animated television series for childrenCount Duckula (a spinoff ofDanger Mouse) begins onNickelodeon prior to airing in its homeland which will start on September 6 of the same year.
The writers ofThe Facts of Life create a controversialstoryline in which Natalie (Mindy Cohn) becomes the first of the girls to lose hervirginity.Lisa Whelchel (Blair) refused this particular storyline that would have made her character, not Natalie, the first among the four young women in the show to lose her virginity. Having become aChristian when she was 10, Whelchel refused because of her religious convictions. Whelchel appeared in every episode but asked to be written out of "The First Time".[1] The episode ran a parental advisory before starting and placed 22nd in the ratings for the week.[2]
February 13ABC broadcasts the Opening Ceremonies for theWinter Olympic Games fromCalgary. This is ABC's tenth and final Olympic Games that they would broadcast to date.
February 21TelevangelistJimmy Swaggart, involved with a sex scandal, admits to being with prostitutes and temporarily ends his television ministry.
February 22TheNickelodeon game showDouble Dare begins its third season, airing simultaneously on Nickelodeon andFox affiliates. Besides the presence of a new network, another big change was the stage left team now wearing blue (the stage right team would continue to wear red) so viewers and crew members could tell the teams apart more easily. Previously, both teams wore red.
February 23FutureGrammy Award-winningrecording artistLauryn Hill (The Fugees frontwoman) makes her television debut onShowtime at the Apollo as a contestant ofAmateur Night, where the 13-year-old Hill performed "Who's Lovin' You" byMotown Records singerSmokey Robinson, and gets booed by the audience.
February 25Totally Minnie, a 45-minute live-action/animated special, premiers onNBC. This marks the first timeRussi Taylor voicedMinnie Mouse.
February 26Tom Hardy marriesSimone Ravelle on theABC soap operaGeneral Hospital, the first interracial wedding on American daytime television.
February 29CBS airs aspecial (produced byLorne Michaels and hosted byDana Carvey) celebrating the 50th anniversary of comic book superheroSuperman'sdebut. Later in September of this same year, CBS will begin airing aRuby-Spears producedSuperman animated series, which will ultimately last for a single, 13 episode long season.
March 2Michael Jackson performs a live, extended version of the song "Man in the Mirror" at the30th Annual Grammy Awards onCBS, havingSiedah Garrett,the Winans, and theAndraé Crouch choir perform with him.
March 18In what would turn out to be her final television appearance,Gilda Radnerguest stars onShowtime'sIt's Garry Shandling's Show.
March 19"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" experiences a surge of popularity caused by television commercials featuringclaymation raisin figures.The California Raisins' version of the song peaks at No. 84 on theBillboard Hot 100.
March 20Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats, the fifth installment of theHanna-Barbera Superstars 10 telefilm series, is broadcast insyndication.
March 27The first edition ofClash of the Champions airs onTBS oppositeWrestleMania IV onpay-per-view. Themain event would beRic Flair andSting wrestling to a time limit draw.
April 3InJacksonville, Florida,NBC affiliateWJKS (nowCW affiliateWCWJ) andABC affiliateWTLV swap affiliations,[3] reversing a swap that took place in 1980.[4] NBC will later dub this swap one of its most successful affiliation switches ever.
April 4James Brown appears onCNN after allegedly assaulting his wife with a lead pipe and shooting at her car. During the interview withSonya Friedman, Brown shouted song titles of his own songs instead of answering questions.
April 8Ana Alicia's character,Melissa Agretti, dies in a house fire on theCBS dramaFalcon Crest.
April 11WYED-TV, anindependent station, serving bothGoldsboro,Raleigh,Durham andFayetteville launches.
Fox affiliateWVAH-TV moves to channel 11, one of the last remaining channel allocations in the U.S., from UHF channel 23.[5]
April 13Geraldo Rivera's live specialMurder: Live from Death Row is broadcast in syndication; a highlight is Rivera's pre-taped interview withCharles Manson.
April 18The Disney Channel celebrates its fifth anniversary.
Nickelodeon debuts thefirstKids Choice Awards ceremony.
April 25LieutenantTasha Yar is killed off inan episode ofStar Trek: The Next Generation after actressDenise Crosby asked to be released from her contract.
May 1Magnum, P.I. broadcasts its2-hour series finale onCBS.
May 6The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound, the sixth installment of theHanna-Barbera Superstars 10 telefilm series, is broadcast insyndication as part of the 30th anniversary of the characterHuckleberry Hound. This film marks the final timeDaws Butler voiced Huck,Quick Draw McGraw andBaba Looey,Snagglepuss,Hokey Wolf, andPeter Potamus, as he died two and a half weeks after its telecast from a heart attack.
May 7Theseries finale ofThe Facts of Life airs onNBC. In the two-part episode,Blair buys Eastland to prevent its closing. Blair finds that the school is in such dire financial straits that she is forced to make the school co-ed. Blair then essentially adopts the Mrs. Garrett role as she presides over the school and is forced to deal with the trouble-making students in a plot line that is highly reminiscent of the season two premiere. The new Eastland students includedSeth Green,Mayim Bialik, futureOscar-nomineeJuliette Lewis, andMeredith Scott Lynn.
May 13In the season finale of theCBS dramaDallas, characterJ.R. Ewing pushes over the railing of his high-rise office building the character Nicholas Pierce, andSue Ellen is so enraged that she fires three shots at Ewing.
May 15Beverly Hills Cop makes its broadcast network television debut onABC.
May 18The Late Show onFox hosts a reunion of the entire cast ofGilligan's Island. This would prove to be the last time that all of the regular cast members appeared together asJim Backus, who was suffering fromParkinson's disease at the time, died the following year.
May 18–26TheStanley Cup Finals between theEdmonton Oilers andBoston Bruins is broadcast onESPN. This was the final year under ESPN national three-year deal with theNational Hockey League. Under the U.S. TV contracts that would take effect beginningnext season,SportsChannel America would take over as the NHL's American television partner. ESPN's coverage of the 1988 Cup Finals is blacked out locally in the Boston area due toWSBK andNESN'slocal rights to Bruins games.
May 22NBC broadcastsThe Incredible Hulk Returns, a continuation of theTV series that aired onCBS from 1978 to 1982. The film also serves as abackdoor pilot for a potential series centering on theMarvel Comics superheroThor.
May 24CBS wins the broadcasting rights to the1992 Winter Olympics after bidding around $243 million.
May 28Theseries finale ofNBC'sSt. Elsewhere reveals that the entire series was the product of anautistic boy's imagination.
May 30After rejecting an offer to joinCBS News,Peter Mansbridge replacesKnowlton Nash as anchorman ofCBC Television's seriesThe National.
June 4TheUniversal Pictures Debut Network broadcasts a special edition of the 1984 filmDune[6] as a two-night event, with additional footage not included in the film's original release.[7] This version totalled at 186 minutes, including a "What happened last night" recap and second credit roll. DirectorDavid Lynch disavowed this version and had his name removed from the credits,Alan Smithee being credited instead.
June 14TheCBS soap operaThe Young and the Restless tops the daytime ratings (deposing longtime winnerGeneral Hospital).[8]
June 21Game 7 of theNBA Finals between theLos Angeles Lakers and theDetroit Pistons airs onCBS. With a 21.2rating / 37 share, it would prove to be thehighest-rated NBA game in the 17 years that CBSbroadcast the NBA (1973-1990). It's also the only NBA game that scored more than 20 ratings points for the network.
July 4Three years after its cancellation byABC,CBS resurrectsFamily Feud for its daytime lineup, featuring new hostRay Combs. A syndicated nighttime version would premiere later in the autumn.
July 11The day before theMajor League Baseball All-Star Game fromCincinnati,TBS televised the annual All-Star Gala[9] from theCincinnati Zoo.Larry King hosted the broadcast withCraig Sager andPete Van Wieren handling interviews. The broadcast's big draw would've been theHome Run Derby, which TBS intended on taping during the afternoon, and later airing it inprime time during the Gala coverage. The Gala coverage also had some canned features such as highlights from previous All-Star Games, a segment onCincinnati's baseball history, a video recap of theseason's first half and, a slow-motion highlight montage set to "This Is the Time" byStyx frontmanDennis DeYoung. Unfortunately, the derby and a skills competition were canceled due to rain. As a result, TBS scrambled to try to fill nearly an hour of now-open airtime. For example, theGatlin Brothers, the event's musical guests, who had already played a full concert, were asked to come back out and play some more.
July 12TheMajor League Baseball All-Star Game is broadcast onABC. This would be the last time that ABC would televise theMidsummer's Classic until the1995 game fromArlington, Texas.
July 14The first ever edition of "Shark Week" airs onDiscovery Channel.
August 1The word "Family" is incorporated into theCBN Cable Network's name to better reflect its programming format,rebranding asThe CBN Family Channel; shortly after the new name was adopted, however, references to CBN within its name began to be excised in on-aircontinuity announcements and print promotions for its programs (with the exception of the initialized reference to its parent ministry featured within its logo), referring to it as simply "The Family Channel".
August 9As a specialprime time edition of theGame of the Week,NBC broadcasts the first officialnight game atChicago'sWrigley Field between theCubs andNew York Mets.
August 27Fox affiliateWWPC-TV inAltoona, Pennsylvania (a satellite ofWWCP-TV inJohnstown) breaks from its simulcast with WWCP-TV to become anABC affiliate, returning ABC to Altoona/State College (and giving Johnstown its first full-time ABC affiliate) after Altoona/State College's previous ABC affiliate WOPC-TV went dark in 1982.
August 29Some of the stations in marketsWAXA inGreenville, South Carolina,KMSP inMinneapolis/St. Paul, andKPTV inPortland, Oregon leftFox due to disappointments with the weak network's offerings. The replacement affiliates wereWHNS in Greenville, South Carolina,WFTC in Minneapolis/St. Paul, andKPDX in Portland, Oregon. In addition,WTOG already quitted Fox on August 8, withWFTS being the network's new affiliate inTampa Bay, Florida.[10]
August 29The World Wrestling Federation (nowWWE) telecasts theinauguralSummerSlam event onpay-per-view.
September 2Dick Clark hosts his final episode of the game showPyramid, ending his 15-year run as host of the program. Clark would make guest appearances on both the 1991 revival hosted byJohn Davidson and the 2002 revival hosted byDonny Osmond.
September 5WABC'sThe Morning Show makes its nationalsyndication debut under its new titleLive with Regis and Kathie Lee.
September 10InKnoxville, Tennessee,CBS affiliateWBIR-TV swaps affiliations withNBC affiliateWTVK in time forNBC Sports' coverage of the1988 Summer Olympic Games. Shortly after the switch, WTVK moves to channel 8, one of the last remaining VHF channel allocations in the U.S., and becomes WKXT-TV (nowWVLT-TV).[11]
September 18Rockin' with Judy Jetson, the seventh installment of theHanna-Barbera Superstars 10 series, is broadcast insyndication. This film marks the final timeDaws Butler voiced Elroy Jetson, as it was telecast posthumously.
September 25George H. W. Bush andMichael Dukakis participate in the first of the1988 presidential debates.[12]
September 28Univision broadcasts the final of the11th National OTI Festival live from theFontainebleau Hilton Hotel inMiami Beach.
October 3TNT, the fourth cable network owned byTurner Broadcasting, commences programming with a broadcast of the movieGone with the Wind.
The Bonus Round inWheel of Fortune now adopts aThree-and-a-vowel format, which was used till this day, with letters "R", "S", "T", "L", "N" and "E" provided immediately, and the time limit was reduced from 15 seconds to 10.
October 4As didCher, actressShirley MacLaine callsDavid Letterman an "asshole" during a taping of theNBC talk showLate Night.
As part of atelevision special hosted byPatrick Stewart, calledThe Star Trek Saga: From One Generation to the Next, the first pilot episode ofStar Trek: The Original Series, called"The Cage" is broadcast in its entirety for the first time. In some markets, the airing of this special was delayed until October 15, 1988. Prior to this, footage of "The Cage" was incorporated into theSeason 1 two-parter episode"The Menagerie".
ABC under the guidance of new executive producerGeoffrey Mason,[13] debuts fatter and wider graphics that gave off a cleaner, sharper look complete with a black border for theirMajor League Baseballcoverage. ABC also debuts a new energetic,symphonic-pop styled musical theme,[14][15] composed byKurt Bestor,[16] which would become an all-compassing theme of sorts forABC Sports during this time period.
October 5SenatorsDan Quayle andLloyd Bentsen participate in the 1988 vice presidential debate with the line "Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy" becoming popular.[17]
Game 2 of theNational League Championship Series between theLos Angeles Dodgers andNew York Mets is broadcast onABC. The scheduled start time is approximately 10 p.m.Eastern Time. This is due toABC's prior commitment to broadcasting thevice presidential debate betweenDan Quayle andLloyd Bentsen. This is the latest ever scheduled start for aLeague Championship Seriesbaseball game.
October 8A youngCountess Vaughn (winner ofStar Search) joins the cast of theNBC comedy227 as Alexandria DeWitt, a young 11-year-old talentedcollege student, whom the Jenkins' have as a houseguest for a year.
October 11Turner Broadcasting purchasesJim Crockett Promotions and subsequently rebrands it asWorld Championship Wrestling. The sale would be completed on November 2, 1988. Three days later, onNWA World Championship Wrestling,"Nature Boy" Ric Flair cut a promo and pointed out a large group of Turner executives in the crowd. This was a subtle nod toTed Turner purchasing Jim Crockett Promotions.
October 13Bernard Shaw ofCNN asksMichael Dukakis duringthe second presidential debate a question abouthis wife and thedeath penalty that garners controversy.[18]
October 15Kirk Gibson hits his now iconicwalk-off home run off ofDennis Eckersley in Game 1 of theWorld Series between theLos Angeles Dodgers andOakland Athletics.Vin Scully andJoe Garagiola are in the broadcast booth forNBC Sports. During the same game at the second inning, NBC affiliateWMGT-TV inMacon, Georgia was hijacked after a technician spliced ten seconds of coverage with ablack-and-whitepornographic movie.[19] The technician was later fired, and WMGT Production Manager L. A. Sturdivant reported toThe Atlanta Constitution at the hijack was reported as an accident.[20]
CBS airs a highly anticipatedcollege football game between theNotre Dame Fighting Irish and theMiami Hurricanes, colloquially known as "Catholics vs. Convicts".
October 16Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School, the eighth installment of theHanna-Barbera Superstars 10 telefilm series, is broadcast insyndication. It is also part of theScooby-Doo animated film series.
October 18Thepilot episode forRoseanne is broadcast onABC.
October 21Lori Loughlin makes herfirst appearance asRebecca Donaldson onABC'sFull House.
October 27The last ofHarding Lemay's "comeback" episodes are broadcast on theNBC soap operaAnother World. In the final minutes of the episode, Australian actressCarmen Duncan assumed the role of the legendarybitch Iris Cory Wheeler, after the role had been vacated for many years byBeverlee McKinsey.
November 3Talk show hostGeraldo Rivera's nose is broken during a taping ofhis show when a fight begins on the set between guests. The theme of the episode was "Young Hate Mongers," and the fight originated betweenwhite supremacistTom Metzger and liberal activistRoy Innis.
Australian-made 1986 cartoon television movie ofKing Solomon's Mines by Warwick Gilbert debuts on American television after multiple weeks of promotion and is one of the most-watched children's television shows of the year.[21]
November 10Milwaukeetelevision stationWDJT-TV goes on the air.
November 12Australian-made 1986 cartoon television movie ofKing Solomon's Mines by Warwick Gilbert airs for a second time and is the most watched program for children for the second Saturday in a row.[22]
November 13Mickey's 60th Birthday, which as the title suggests, was atelevision special produced for the 60th anniversary of theMickey Mouse character, airs onNBC.
Back to the Future makes its broadcast network television premiere onNBC.
Scooby-Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf, the ninth installment of theHanna-Barbera Superstars 10 telefilm series, is broadcast insyndication. It is also part of theScooby-Doo animated film series. This is also the lastScooby-Doo production to featureScrappy-Doo (who debuted as a character in 1979'sScooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo) as a main protagonist.
November 20Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears, the tenth and final installment of theHanna-Barbera Superstars 10 series, is broadcast insyndication. This film marks the final timeDaws Butler voicedYogi Bear, as it was telecast posthumously.
November 21CBS broadcastsInside the Sexes, a documentary produced byThe Body Human'sAlfred R. Kelman that features explicit content about human sexuality (including detailed visuals inside human reproductive organs), which prompts several CBS affiliates to broadcast the program with a parental warning at the beginning of the program, at a later time of the day. Some affiliates canceled their broadcast of the program.
November 24Mystery Science Theater 3000 airs for thefirst time onKTMA-TV inMinneapolis,Minnesota.
December 2NBC wins the rights tobroadcast the1992 Summer Olympics fromBarcelona,Spain, bidding over $401 million.
December 8Tichina Arnold (later ofMartin andEverybody Hates Chris fame) joins the cast of theABC soap operaRyan's Hope for what will prove to be its final season.
December 11Roots: The Gift, the third installment of theRoots series is broadcast onABC.
December 13TheAmerican Wrestling Association airs its first and onlypay-per-view card,SuperClash III.
December 14CBS paysMajor League Baseball approximately US$1.8 billion[23] for exclusive over-the-air television rights for over four years (beginning in1990). CBS paid about $265 million each year[24] for theWorld Series,League Championship Series,All-Star Game, and the SaturdayGame of the Week. CBS replacesABC (which had broadcastMonday and laterThursday night baseball games from1976 to1989) and NBC (which had broadcast Major League Baseball in some shape or form since 1947 and theGame of the Week exclusively since1966) as the national broadcast network television home of Major League Baseball.[25] It was one of the largest agreements[26] (to date) between the sport of baseball and the business ofbroadcasting. The cost of the deal between CBS and Major League Baseball was about 25% more[27] than in the previous television contract with ABC and NBC.[28] The deal with CBS was also intended to pay each team (26 in1990 and then, 28 by1993) $10 million a year.
December 18A Very Brady Christmas airs onCBS and with a 25.1rating and a 39 share, becomes the second highest rated television film of the year. Its success would soon lead to the creation of a newBrady Bunch series calledThe Bradys, which only lasts for six episodes.
December 26CBS'The Young and the Restless becomes the number 1 daytime drama on television, where it remains to this very day.[29]

Programs

[edit]

Debuting this year

[edit]

The following is a list of shows that premiered in 1988.

DateTitleNetwork
January 2High Mountain RangersCBS
January 4Blackout
The World of David the GnomeNick Jr.
January 11T. and T.Syndication
January 15The ThornsABC
January 17The New Adventures of Winnie the PoohThe Disney Channel andABC
January 18HomeABC
January 1948 HoursCBS
January 31The Wonder YearsABC
February 6Count DuckulaNickelodeon
February 7America's Most WantedFox
February 29Day by DayNBC
March 6In the Heat of the Night
SupercarrierABC
March 7Probe
March 9Aaron's WayNBC
March 14Eisenhower and LutzCBS
March 15Coming of Age
Trial and Error
March 23HeartBeatABC
April 1Denver, the Last DinosaurSyndication
April 6Just in TimeABC
April 26China Beach
Just the Ten of Us
May 8Something Is Out ThereNBC
June 13Blue SkiesCBS
July 1Don't Just Sit ThereNickelodeon
August 6Yo! MTV RapsMTV
August 22Later with Bob CostasNBC
August 27Chip 'n Dale Rescue RangersDisney Channel
September 3Kids' CourtNickelodeon
September 5Fun HouseSyndication
Relatively Speaking
September 10A Pup Named Scooby-DooABC
The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil
ALF TalesNBC
Baby Boom
The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley
Beyond TomorrowFox
Police AcademySyndication
September 12Sweethearts
USA Today: The Television Series
Wipeout
September 17Rin Tin Tin: K-9 CopCBN Family Channel
Garfield and FriendsCBS
Hey Vern, It's Ernest!
Superman
Fantastic MaxSyndication
September 19C.O.P.S.Syndication
October 1Monsters
October 2Marvel Action Universe
October 4The American ExperiencePBS
High RiskCBS
October 6Dear JohnNBC
October 8Empty Nest
Freddy's NightmaresSyndication
The Munsters Today
Superboy
October 10War of the Worlds
October 15Capital GangCNN
October 18RoseanneABC
October 23Mission: ImpossibleABC
October 25Midnight CallerNBC
October 26Tattingers
Annie McGuireCBS
The Van Dyke Show
October 27Paradise
October 29Dirty Dancing
November 2Murphy's LawABC
November 5Raising MirandaCBS
November 11KnightwatchABC
November 14Murphy BrownCBS
November 24Mystery Science Theater 3000KTMA-TV
November 27Almost GrownCBS
November 29TV 101
November 30Good Morning, Miss BlissDisney Channel

Resuming this year

[edit]
TitleFinal airedPrevious networkReturning networkDate of return
Family Feud1985ABCCBSJuly 4
The Gong Show1980SyndicationSameSeptember 12
Gumby1968NBCSyndicationFall 1988

Changing networks

[edit]
ShowMoved fromMoved to
Family FeudABCCBS
The New Adventures of Winnie the PoohDisney ChannelABC
Double DareNickelodeonFox/Syndication
Finders KeepersFirst-run syndication
SnorksNBCUSA Network / First-run syndication
HeathcliffSyndicationNickelodeon

Entering syndication

[edit]

A list of programs (current or canceled) that have accumulated enough episodes (between 65 and 100) or seasons (3 or more) to be eligible for off-network syndication and/or basic cable runs.

ShowSeasons
The Cosby Show4
Kate & Allie4
Night Court4

Ending this year

[edit]
DateTitleDebut
January 2Sable1987
January 8I Married Dora
January 15Rags to Riches
February 10The Law & Harry McGraw
February 11The Charmings
February 12Sledge Hammer!1986
February 13Mr. President1987
February 20Women in Prison
March 8I'm Telling!
March 22Frank's Place
March 25Lingo (returned in 2002)
March 269 to 51982
Dennis the Menace1986
What's Happening Now!!1985
March 28Yogi's Treasure Hunt
March 29Trial and Error1988
March 30We Got It Made1983
April 1Blackout1988
April 9High Mountain Rangers
April 12My Sister Sam1986
April 14Probe1988
April 22Beverly Hills Buntz1987
May 1Magnum, P.I. (original series) (Rebooted in 2018)1980
Truth or Consequences1950
May 2Jem1985
May 3Hotel1983
May 7The Facts of Life1979
Spenser: For Hire1985
Ohara1987
May 6The Highwayman
May 8Our House1986
May 10Crime Story
Dolly1987
May 12Max Headroom
May 14Second Chance (akaBoys Will Be Boys)
May 16Cagney and Lacey1982
May 25St. Elsewhere
Aaron's Way1988
May 27Punky Brewster (returned in2021)1984
May 28Marblehead Manor1987
June 8The Slap Maxwell Story
June 10Houston Knights
June 20Eisenhower and Lutz1988
June 28J.J. Starbuck1987
June 29The Bronx Zoo
July 16Little Clowns of Happytown
July 23Solid Gold1980
July 24Tales from the Darkside1984
August 21Werewolf1987
September 2Pyramid (returned in 1991)1973
September 3Dennis the Menace1986
The Flintstone Kids
September 9High Rollers1974
October 22Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures1987
October 28The Late Show1986
November 183-2-1 Contact1980
November 22Denver, the Last Dinosaur1988
December 3The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley
December 7The Van Dyke Show
December 9Something Is Out There
December 17Superman
December 24Hey Vern, It's Ernest!
December 25The Care Bears1985
December 28Annie McGuire1988
December 31Raising Miranda

Made-for-TV movies and miniseries

[edit]
TitleNetworkPremiere dateNotes
The Attic: The Hiding of Anne FrankCBSApril 17
Bonanza: The Next GenerationSyndicationMarch 23Sequel toBonanza
Case ClosedCBSApril 9
DavidABCOctober 28
Goddess of LoveNBCNovember 20
Inherit the WindNBCMarch 20Emmy Award winner
Internal AffairsCBSNovember 6
Jack the RipperCBSOctober 21
LincolnNBCMarch 27Miniseries, based onGore Vidal's novel
The Murder of Mary PhaganNBCJanuary 24Emmy Award winner
Once Upon a Texas TrainCBSJanuary 3
Stranger on My LandABCJanuary 17
The Taking of Flight 847: The Uli Derickson StoryNBCMay 2
The TrackerHBOMarch 26
War and RemembranceABCNovember 13Miniseries; sequel toThe Winds of War
Where the Hell's That Gold?CBSNovember 13

Networks and services

[edit]

Launches

[edit]
NetworkTypeLaunch dateNotesSource
Channel AmericaCable and satelliteUnknown
The Prayer ChannelCable televisionUnknown
Vision Interfaith Satellite NetworkCable televisionJuly 1
Turner Network TelevisionCable televisionOctober 3

Conversions and rebrandings

[edit]
Old network nameNew network nameTypeConversion DateNotesSource
CBN Cable NetworkCBN Family ChannelCable televisionAugust 1

Closures

[edit]
NetworkTypeClosure dateNotesSource
FestivalCable televisionDecember 31
Harmony Premiere NetworkCable televisionUnknown

Television stations

[edit]

Station launches

[edit]
DateMarketStationChannelAffiliationNotes/Ref.
JanuaryOwensboro, KentuckyWROZ-TV61Independent
January 1Murray/Paducah, KentuckyW46BE46
Tequesta/West Palm Beach, FloridaWPBF25ABC
Utica, New YorkW11BS11Independent
January 4New York CityW57BC57IndependentLPTV translator ofWLIG
January 6Burlington, Iowa
(Quad Cities,Illinois-Iowa)
KJMH26Fox
January 11Lebanon/Nashville, TennesseeWJFB66Independent
January 15Fort Smith, ArkansasK46BZ46Fox
January 22Yuma, Arizona
(El Centro, California)
KYMA-DT11ABC
January 27Tuscaloosa/Birmingham, AlabamaW52AI52TBN
January 29Indianapolis, IndianaW11BV11Independent
February 1Cedar Rapids, IowaKOCR-TV28Fox Broadcasting Company
February 8Honolulu, HawaiiKFVE9Independent
Jamestown/Valley City, North DakotaKJRR7Fox
Orlando, FloridaWCEU15PBS
February 13Kansas City, MissouriKMCI-TV38HSN
February 22Kingman, ArizonaKMOH-TV6Independent
MarchHeiskell/Knoxville, TennesseeW12BU12Independent[30]
March 1Brainerd, MinnesotaKAWB22PBS
March 7Greensboro, North CarolinaW14AU14Independent
March 11Charlotte, North CarolinaW53AO53
March 13Waco, TexasKXXV25NBC
March 28Indianapolis, IndianaW27AR27Independent
April 3Wichita, KansasKAAS-TV17Fox
April 11Raleigh, North CarolinaWYED17Independent
MaySteamboat Springs, ColoradoKSBS-TV10Telemundo
May 18Houston, TexasKUYA22TBN
May 20Panama City, FloridaWPGX28Fox
May 25Washington, D.C.W14AA14Univision
June 1Kenosha/Milwaukee, WisconsinWHKEReligious ind.
June 8Indianapolis, IndianaWBUU69Educational ind.
July 22Panama City, FloridaWFSG-TV56PBS
South Bend, IndianaW12BK12IndependentLPTV translator ofWCIU-TV
August 19Phoenix, ArizonaK69HJ69Independent
August 20Denver, ColoradoKWBI-TV41Religious ind.
August 29Amarillo, TexasKACV-TV2PBS
September 1Dallas/Fort Worth, TexasKFWD52Telemundo
Denton, Texas
(Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas)
KDTN2PBS
September 24Buffalo, New YorkWTJA-TV26Independent[a]
October 3Oklahoma City, OklahomaKSBI52Independent
October 15Lexington, KentuckyWLKT-TV62
October 18Odessa/Midland, TexasKMLM-TV42God's Learning Channel
November 1Milwaukee, WisconsinWDJT-TVIndependent
November 28Rapid City, South DakotaK15AC15CBS
DecemberOrlando, FloridaWKCF18Independent
Washington, D.C.W42AJ43Telemundo
December 1Denver, ColoradoKTVD20Independent
Pine Bluff/Little Rock, ArkansasKVTN-TV25Religious ind.
December 9Brooklyn/New York City,New YorkW54AY54unknown
December 17Riverside, California (Los Angeles)KSLD62Asian independent
December 23Cheyenne, WyomingKLWY27Fox
December 27Bloomington, IndianaWIIB63HSN
December 30Williamsport, Pennsylvania
(Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania)
WDZA53Fox
December 31Lebanon, KentuckyK06AY6Independent
Unknown dateBuffalo, New YorkW58AV58Channel America
Key West, FloridaWETV13Educational independent
Kona, HawaiiKSHQ6Independent
Manchester, New HampshireW13BG13FamilyNet
Morehead City, North CarolinaWFXI8Fox
Springfield, MassachusettsW42AU42TBN
Tampa, FloridaWBHS62Home Shopping Network
West Palm Beach, FloridaW19AQ19Independent
Wichita Falls, TexasK35BO35

Stations changing network affiliation

[edit]
MarketDateStationChannelPrior affiliationNew affiliation
Columbia, South CarolinaJune 11WACH57IndependentFox
Concord, New HampshireFebruary 1WNHT21IndependentCBS
Davenport, IowaJanuary 6KLJB-TV18FoxIndependent
Erie, PennsylvaniaMay 23WETG66IndependentFox
Greenville/Spartanburg, South Carolina
(Anderson, South Carolina)
August 29WHNS21
WAXA40FoxIndependent
Jacksonville, FloridaApril 3WTLV12ABCNBC
WJKS-TV17NBCABC
Johnstown/Altoona, PennsylvaniaAugust 27WATM-TV23FoxABC
Omaha, NebraskaAugust 28KPTM42IndependentFox
Knoxville, TennesseeSeptember 10WBIR-TV10CBSNBC
WTVK26NBCCBS
Laredo, TexasOctober 31KLDO-TV27ABCUnivision
Minneapolis/St. Paul, MinnesotaAugust 29KMSP-TV9FoxIndependent
KITN-TV29IndependentFox
Portland, Oregon
(Vancouver, Washington)
KPTV12FoxIndependent
KPDX49IndependentFox
Tampa/St. Petersburg, FloridaWFTS-TV28IndependentFox
WTOG44FoxIndependent

Station closures

[edit]
DateCity of license/MarketStationChannelAffiliationSign-on dateNotes
April 8Natchez, MississippiWNTZ-TV33IndependentNovember 16, 1985Would return to the air in 1991 as a Fox affiliate
May 31Hot Springs, ArkansasKRZB-TV26IndependentFebruary 7, 1986

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^WTJA was previously on the air from 1966 to 1969 as WNYP-TV.

Births

[edit]
DateNameNotability
January 3Karl GlusmanActor
January 7Haley BennettActress and singer
Robert SheehanActor
January 8Lily NicksayActress (Boy Meets World)
January 12Andrew LawrenceActor (Brotherly Love,Oliver Beene,Hawaii Five-0, voice of T.J. Detweiler onRecess (1998–2001))
January 18Ashleigh MurrayActress (Riverdale)
January 21John EarlyActor
January 22Nick PalatasActor
January 28Alexandra KrosneyActress (Last Man Standing)
January 30Rob PinkstonActor (Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide)
February 2Zosia MametActress
February 4Charlie BarnettActor (Chicago Fire)
February 6Bailey HanksActress and singer
David BoydSinger
Anna DiopSenegalese-American actress (Titans)
February 8Ryan PinkstonActor (Quintuplets,Tower Prep)
February 11Jazz RaycoleActress (My Wife and Kids)
February 15Jessica De GouwAustralian actress (Dracula)
February 18Maiara WalshActress (Desperate Housewives,Cory in the House)
Sarah SutherlandActress (Veep)
Shane LyonsActor (All That)
February 19Stacie ChanVoice actress (Jackie Chan Adventures)
February 20RihannaSinger and actress (Bates Motel)
Tracy SpiridakosActress
February 22Marieve HeringtonActress
February 24Alexander KochActor (Under the Dome)
February 29Reilly DolmanActor
Joel Kim BoosterActor
March 1Katija PevecActress (Just for Kicks)
March 3Josh DuggarActor (19 Kids and Counting) and television personality
March 8Kendrick SampsonActor
March 10Ego NwodimActress
March 22Tania RaymondeActress (Lost,Death Valley)
March 24Finn JonesEnglish actor (Game of Thrones)
Nick LashawayAmerican actor (died 2016)
March 25Ryan LewisRapper
Erik KnudsenActor
March 27Brenda SongActress (100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd,The Suite Life of Zack and Cody,The Suite Life on Deck,Scandal,New Girl,Dads,Pure Genius), voice actress (American Dragon: Jake Long,Miles from Tomorrowland,Amphibia)
Holliday GraingerEnglish actress (Where the Heart Is,The Borgias)
April 2Francesca CatalanoActress (Just for Kicks)
Jesse PlemonsActor
April 4Maggie GehaActress (Gotham)
April 7Ed SpeleersActor
April 10Haley Joel OsmentActor (Thunder Alley,The Jeff Foxworthy Show)
Molly BernardActress
April 13Allison WilliamsActress (Girls) and singer
Katie LucasActress
April 14Chris WoodActor (The Vampire Diaries,Containment)
April 15Benedict SamuelActor
April 18Kayleigh McEnanyPolitical commentator and formerWhite House Press Secretary (CNN,Fox News)
Nicolette RobinsonActress
April 21Christoph SandersActor (Ghost Whisperer,Last Man Standing)
Robbie AmellCanadian actor (True Jackson, VP,The Tomorrow People,The Flash)
April 23Carla QuevedoArgentine actress (Show Me a Hero)
April 25Sara PaxtonActress (SpongeBob SquarePants,Greetings from Tucson,Summerland,Darcy's Wild Life) and singer
April 27Austin AmelioActor
April 30Ana de ArmasCuban actress (The Boarding School)
May 1Nicholas BraunActor (10 Things I Hate About You)
May 3Remington HoffmanActor (Days of Our Lives,Zatima)
May 4LaRoyce HawkinsActor
May 5Brooke HoganActress (Hogan Knows Best)
AdeleSinger
May 8Trisha PaytasSinger
May 11Danielle PinnockActress
May 16Behati PrinslooModel
May 17Nikki ReedActress
May 19Zack PearlmanActor
May 22Heida ReedActress
May 24Kimberley CrossmanNew Zealand-born actress
Callie HernandezActress
June 2Amber MarshallCanadian actress
Zuri HallActress
June 6Kristen GutoskieCanadian actress
June 7Michael CeraCanadian actor (Arrested Development)
June 9Mae WhitmanActress (Arrested Development,Parenthood,Good Girls), voice actress (Johnny Bravo,Teacher's Pet,American Dragon: Jake Long,Avatar: The Last Airbender,Family Guy,Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles,DC Super Hero Girls)
June 11Claire HoltActress (H2O: Just Add Water,The Vampire Diaries,The Originals,Aquarius)
June 12Cody HornActress
June 13Cody WalkerActor
June 14Kara KilmerActress (Chicago Fire)
Kevin McHaleActor (Glee) and singer
June 20Shefali ChowdhuryActress (Harry Potter)
June 22Portia DoubledayActress (Mr. Sunshine,Mr. Robot)
Karla CromeActress
June 24Candice PattonActress (The Game,The Flash)
June 27Alanna MastersonActress (The Young and the Restless,First Day,The Walking Dead)
June 30Sean MarquetteActor (Titus,The Goldbergs), voice actor (Johnny Bravo,Rocket Power,Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends)
July 1Evan EllingsonActor (Complete SavagesCSI: Miami)
July 6Brittany UnderwoodActress (One Life to Live,Hollywood Heights) and singer
Cody FernActor
July 10Heather HemmensActress
Katie PavlichAmerican conservative commentator
July 12Ta'Rhonda JonesActress (Empire) and rapper
July 13Colton HaynesActor (Teen Wolf,Arrow)
Steven R. McQueenActor (The Vampire Diaries,Chicago Fire)
July 14Conor McGregorIrish mixed martial artist and actor[31]
July 15Aimee CarreroDominican actress (Level Up,Young & Hungry,Elena of Avalor,She-Ra and the Princesses of Power)
July 20Julianne HoughSinger and actress (Dancing with the Stars)
Chloe FinemanActress
July 24Joe PeraActor
July 26Francia RaisaActress (The Secret Life of the American Teenager)
July 30Nico TortorellaActor (Make It or Break It,Younger)
July 31Charlie CarverActor (Teen Wolf)
August 1Max CarverActor (Desperate Housewives,Teen Wolf)
Sasha JacksonBritish actress
August 3Christine KoActress
August 12Leah PipesActress (Life is Wild,The Deep End,The Originals) and singer
August 16Kevin SchmidtActor (The Young and the Restless,Unnatural History)
Rumer WillisActress (Dancing with the Stars season 20 [winner]) and daughter ofBruce Willis andDemi Moore
Parker YoungActor
August 17Brady CorbetActor
August 19Cody Ross PittsActor
August 23Kim MatulaActress (The Bold and the Beautiful)
August 26Danielle SavreActress (Summerland,Heroes,Kaya,Too Close to Home)
Evan RossActor
August 27Alexa PenaVegaActress (Life's Work,Ladies Man,Ruby & The Rockits) and singer
August 28Shalita GrantActress (NCIS: New Orleans,Mercy Street)
September 1Angus McLarenAustralian actress (H2O: Just Add Water)
Vaneza PitynskiActress (The Brothers García)
September 6Max GeorgeBritish actor (The Wanted) and singer
September 15Chloe DykstraActress
Chelsea KaneActress (Jonas,Fish Hooks,Baby Daddy) and singer
September 19Katrina BowdenActress (30 Rock,Public Morals)
September 20Clark James GableActor (died 2019)
September 23Bryan HearneActor (All That)
September 24Kyle SullivanActor (Malcolm in the Middle,Whatever Happened to Robot Jones?,Fillmore!,All That,The War at Home)
September 26James BlakeSinger
September 28Olivia JordanActress, model, television host,Miss USA 2015
Hana Mae LeeActress
October 1Cariba HeineActress (H2O: Just Add Water)
October 2Laura RutledgeReporter and host for ESPN
October 3Alicia VikanderActress (Second Avenue)
October 4Melissa BenoistActress (Glee,Supergirl) and singer
October 5Bobby EdnerActor
October 10Rose McIverActress (iZombie)
October 14MacKenzie MauzyActress (Guiding Light,The Bold and the Beautiful,Forever)
Max ThieriotActor
October 17Dee Jay DanielsActor (The Hughleys)
October 19Parveen KaurActress
October 21Glen PowellActor (Scream Queens)
Mark RendallCanadian voice actor (Arthur,The Save-Ums!,Time Warp Trio,Wayside)
October 28Devon MurrayActor (Harry Potter)
October 29Cherilyn WilsonActress (I Heart Vampires,Greetings from Home)
October 30Janel ParrishActress (Pretty Little Liars)
November 2Lindze LethermanActress (General Hospital)
November 3Angus McLarenAustralian actor (Neighbours,H2O: Just Add Water)
November 6Emma StoneActress (Drive)
November 7Reid EwingActor (Modern Family)
November 8Jessica LowndesActress (90210) and singer
November 9Nikki BlonskyActress (Huge) and singer
November 11Alexandra KyleActress
November 22Jamie Campbell BowerActor
November 25Abby PhillipAmerican journalist
November 26Tamsin EgertonEnglish actress (Camelot)
November 28Scarlett PomersActress (Reba)
November 29Russell WilsonFootball quarterback
November 30Rebecca RittenhouseActress (Red Band Society,Blood & Oil)
December 1Ashley Monique ClarkActress (The Hughleys)
Zoë KravitzActress
Nadia HilkerActress
December 2Alfred EnochActor (Harry Potter,How to Get Away With Murder)
December 3Jamie ErdahlReporter
December 5Ross BagleyActor
December 8Tru ValentinoActor
December 11Ashley HinshawActress and model
Allie LaForceModel
December 14Vanessa HudgensActress (High School Musical,The Suite Life of Zack & Cody) and singer
December 15Emily HeadEnglish actress (The Inbetweeners)
December 16Anna PopplewellEnglish actress (Reign)
December 21Teresa RuizActress
Shelley RegnerActress

Deaths

[edit]
DateNameAgeNotability
January 3William Cagney82Actor
February 1Heather O'Rourke12Actress (Poltergeist,Happy Days)
February 17Alexander Bashlachev27Soviet singer
March 10Andy Gibb30Singer (Solid Gold)
April 5Alf Kjellin68Actor and director
April 25Carolyn Franklin43Singer
April 27David Scarboro20English actor (EastEnders)
May 15Andrew Duggan64Character actor (Lancer)
May 21Sammy Davis Sr.87Dancer
May 18Daws Butler71Voice actor (The Yogi Bear Show,The Jetsons, several animated commercials)
May 27Florida Friebus78Actress (The Bob Newhart Show,Dobie Gillis)
June 25Hillel Slovak26Israeli-American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
July 21Jack Clark62Game show announcer (Wheel of Fortune)
July 25Judith Barsi10Child actress
July 31Trinidad Silva38Actor (Jesus Martinez onHill Street Blues), in a car accident
September 11John Sylvester White68Actor (Welcome Back, Kotter)
September 29Charles Addams76Cartoonist whose drawings inspired (The Addams Family)
October 11Wayland Flowers48Puppeteer (Madame's Place)
October 31John Houseman86Actor (The Paper Chase,Silver Spoons)
December 6Timothy Patrick Murphy29Actor (Dallas)
December 12Dick Clair57Comedy writer (The Carol Burnett Show,The Facts of Life)
December 20Max Robinson49ABC World News correspondent
December 27Jess Oppenheimer75Comedy writer who created (I Love Lucy)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Whelchel, Lisa (2001).The Facts of Life: And Other Lessons My Father Taught Me. Multnomah Books. pp. 35–37.ISBN 1-576-73858-2.
  2. ^"Facts of Life Site: Ratings History".
  3. ^McAlister, Nancy (March 7, 1988)."Big TV swap moved up to Easter Day".The Florida Times-Union. p. C-5.Archived from the original on December 31, 2025. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2026.
  4. ^Montoro, Dave (December 19, 1979)."TV's big switch".The Florida Times-Union. p. E-1,E-2.Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2026.
  5. ^"Print ad promoting the move to channel 11"(PDF).Broadcasting. 1988-04-11. Retrieved2021-12-17.
  6. ^Willman, Chris (June 5, 1988)."'Dune II: The Re-edit'".Los Angeles Times.
  7. ^Erica Davison; Annette Sheen (2004).The Cinema of David Lynch: American Dreams, Nightmare Visions. Wallflower Press. p. 207.ISBN 190336485X. RetrievedApril 9, 2015.
  8. ^"Y&R Marks 26 Years As The Number #1 Daytime Drama!".michaelfairmansoaps.com. Archived fromthe original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved2015-06-20.
  9. ^"The last time Cincinnati hosted the MLB All-Star Game, things got weird".The Sporting News. 13 July 2015. Archived fromthe original on 2018-07-21.
  10. ^Froelich, Janis D. (July 19, 1988)."Fox switching stations".St. Petersburg Times. p. 7D.Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^"About WBIR in Knoxville".wbir.com.
  12. ^"Wait Chapel event a homecoming for the debate commission - October 12, 2000".www.cnn.com. Retrieved2024-08-22.
  13. ^Nidetz, Steve (September 23, 1988)."ABC SPORTS HONCHO IS IN PURSUIT OF GRAPHIC CHANGES".Chicago Tribune.
  14. ^The ABC baseball theme, 1988-'89 onYouTube
  15. ^Foster, Jason (September 19, 2015)."The 9 best network baseball theme songs of all time, ranked".Sporting News.
  16. ^Robinson, Doug (October 28, 2002)."Kurt Bestor: Private discord, public acclaim".Deseret News.
  17. ^Boyd, Gerald M. (1988-10-05)."Quayle Getting His Big Chance To Clear Doubts".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved2024-08-22.
  18. ^Tribune, Chicago (1988-10-15)."'OUTRAGEOUS' DEBATE QUESTION ANGERS KITTY DUKAKIS".Chicago Tribune. Retrieved2024-08-22.
  19. ^Fincher, Cheryl (October 18, 1988)."Technician fired as probe into sex scene broadcast continues".Macon Telegraph and News. Macon, Georgia. p. 1B. RetrievedAugust 22, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^"WMGT-41's World Series hijacking incident".The Atlanta Constitution. October 15, 1988. RetrievedJuly 9, 2020.
  21. ^"King Solomon's Mines".IMDb.
  22. ^"King Solomon's Mines".IMDb.
  23. ^"A Billion-Dollar Bid By CBS Wins Rights To Baseball Games".The New York Times. December 15, 1988.
  24. ^Downey, Kevin (18 April 2002)."Waning days of big $ TV sports".Media Life. Archived fromthe original on 25 February 2015.
  25. ^"Baseball to CBS; NBC Strikes Out : ABC Also Falls Short as 4-Year Package Goes for $1 Billion".Los Angeles Times. December 15, 1988.
  26. ^Shames, Laurence (23 July 1989)."CBS HAS WON THE WORLD SERIES......NOW IT COULD LOSE ITS SHIRT".The New York Times.
  27. ^Erardi, John; Luckhaupt, Joel (29 September 2010).The Wire-to-Wire Reds: Sweet Lou, Nasty Boys, and the Wild Run to a World ... Clerisy Press. p. 40.ISBN 9781578604661.
  28. ^Ernest Cashmore (1994).And There Was Television. Taylor & Francis. p. 146.ISBN 9780415091305.
  29. ^"Y&R Celebrates 27 Consecutive Years As Daytime's No. 1 Drama".CBS.com.
  30. ^1992 Television Factbook, page B-91.
  31. ^Skudder, Jake (2023-11-03)."Conor McGregor Net Worth 2023: What Is The UFC Megastar Worth?".HotNewHipHop. Retrieved2024-07-22.

External links

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