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1978

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Calendar year

From top to bottom, left to right: theIranian Revolution topples the Shah, bringing in the Islamic Republic underRuhollah Khomeini; theCamp David Accords create a historic peace framework between Egypt and Israel; the1978 FIFA World Cup inArgentina sees the host nation win its first title; theBee Gees dominate music withSaturday Night Fever; theJonestown massacre in Guyana kills over 900; theCambodian–Vietnamese War begins as Vietnam invades Cambodia;Pope John Paul II becomes the first non-Italian pope in over 450 years; theSaur Revolution installs a communist government in Afghanistan; and theNortheastern United States blizzard of 1978 paralyzes the region with record snow.

Calendar year

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Years
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
v t e

1978 by topic
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Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Comics Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Country Heavy metal Jazz Latin Rail transport Radio Science Spaceflight Sports Football Television American Australian Belgian Brazilian British Scottish Canadian Danish Irish Italian Video games
By country
Afghanistan Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece India Ireland Iran Israel Japan Kuwait Luxembourg Malaysia New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Singapore South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law
Birth and death categories
Births Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments Disestablishments
Works category
Works Introductions
v t e

1978 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1978 MCMLXXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2731
Armenian calendar	1427 ԹՎ ՌՆԻԷ
Assyrian calendar	6728
Baháʼí calendar	134–135
Balinese saka calendar	1899–1900
Bengali calendar	1384–1385
Berber calendar	2928
British Regnal year	26 Eliz. 2 – 27 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2522
Burmese calendar	1340
Byzantine calendar	7486–7487
Chinese calendar	丁巳年 (Fire Snake) 4675 or 4468 — to — 戊午年 (Earth Horse) 4676 or 4469
Coptic calendar	1694–1695
Discordian calendar	3144
Ethiopian calendar	1970–1971
Hebrew calendar	5738–5739
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	2034–2035
-Shaka Samvat	1899–1900
-Kali Yuga	5078–5079
Holocene calendar	11978
Igbo calendar	978–979
Iranian calendar	1356–1357
Islamic calendar	1398–1399
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 53 (昭和５３年)
Javanese calendar	1909–1910
Juche calendar	67
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4311
Minguo calendar	ROC 67 民國67年
Nanakshahi calendar	510
Thai solar calendar	2521
Tibetan calendar	མེ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Fire-Snake) 2104 or 1723 or 951 — to — ས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Earth-Horse) 2105 or 1724 or 952
Unix time	252460800 – 283996799

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1978.

1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was acommon year starting on Sunday of theGregorian calendar, the 1978th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 978th year of the2nd millennium, the 78th year of the20th century, and the 9th year of the1970s decade.

Calendar year

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1978

January 1 –Air India Flight 855, aBoeing 747 passenger jet, crashes off the coast ofBombay, killing 213.^[1]
January 5 –Bülent Ecevit, ofCHP, forms the new government ofTurkey (42nd government).^[2]
January 6 – TheHoly Crown of Hungary (also known asStephen of Hungary Crown) is returned to Hungary from the United States, where it was held sinceWorld War II.^[3]
January 10 –Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, a critic of theNicaraguan government, is assassinated; riots erupt againstSomoza's government.^[4]
January 13 – Former U.S. Vice PresidentHubert Humphrey, a Democrat, dies of cancer inWaverly, Minnesota, at the age of 66.^[5]
January 18 – TheEuropean Court of Human Rights finds the British government guilty of mistreating prisoners inNorthern Ireland, but not guilty of torture.^[6]
January 22 –Ethiopia declares the ambassador of West Germanypersona non grata.^[7]
January 24
- Soviet satelliteKosmos 954 burns up in Earth's atmosphere, scattering radioactive debris over Canada'sNorthwest Territories.^[8]
- Rose Dugdale and Eddie Gallagher become the first convicted prisoners to marry in prison since the establishment of theRepublic of Ireland.^[9]
January 25–27 – TheGreat Blizzard of 1978 strikes theOhio Valley andGreat Lakes, killing 70.^[10]

February

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Main article:February 1978

February 1 – Film directorRoman Polanski skipsbail in the United States and flees to France, after pleading guilty to charges of engaging insex with a 13-year-old girl.^[11]
February 2 - theReunion Tower opens inDallas Texas.
February 5–7 – TheNortheastern United States blizzard of 1978 hits theNew England region and theNew York metropolitan area, killing about 100, and causing over US$520 million in damage.
February 6 –King Dragon operation in Arakan: Burmese GeneralNe Win targets Muslim minorities in the village of Sakkipara.
February 8 –United States Senate proceedings are broadcast onradio for the first time.^[12]
February 9 – TheBudd Company unveils its firstSPV-2000 self-propelled railcar inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.^[13]
February 11
- Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314, aBoeing 737-200, crashes inCranbrook, British Columbia, killing 44 of the 50 people on board.^[14]
- Somalia mobilizes its troops to deal with an apparentEthiopian attack.
- The People's Republic of China lifts a ban on works byAristotle,William Shakespeare andCharles Dickens.^[15]
February 13 –Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing: A bomb explodes outside theHilton Hotel in Sydney, Australia, killing a policeman and two civilians, and injuring several other people.
February 15 –Rhodesia, one of only two remaining white-ruled African nations (the other being South Africa), announces that it will acceptmultiracial democracy within 2 years.
February 19 –Egyptian raid on Larnaca International Airport:Egyptian Special Forces attempt to rescue several hostages in Larnaca, Cyprus; 20 Egyptian commandos are injured or killed.
February 25 – Thefirst Legislative Assembly election is held inArunachal Pradesh, India.
February 27 – The firstglobal positioning satellite, theRockwell International-builtNavstar 1, is launched by the United States.^[16]

March

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Main article:March 1978

March 1 –Charlie Chaplin's remains are stolen from Cosier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.^[17]
March 2 –Soyuz 28 (Aleksei Gubarev,Vladimír Remek) is launched on a rendezvous withSalyut 6, with the first cosmonaut from a country other than the US or USSR (Czechoslovakian Vladimír Remek).
March 3
- Ethiopia admits that its troops are fighting with the aid ofCuban soldiers, againstSomalian troops in theOgaden.
- Rhodesian Bush War:Rhodesia attacksZambia.
- TheNew York Post publishes an article aboutDavid Rorvik's bookThe Cloning of Man, about a supposedcloning of a human being.
March 8 – The first radio episode ofThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, byDouglas Adams, is transmitted onBBC Radio 4.^[18]
March 10 –Soyuz 28 lands.
March 11
- Coastal Road massacre:Palestinian terrorists kill 34Israelis.
- Claude François, French entertainer born 1939, dies by electrocution in his home inParis.
March 14 –Operation Litani:Israeli forces invadeLebanon.
March 15 –Somalia andEthiopia sign a truce to end theEthio-Somali War.
March 16 – Former Italian PremierAldo Moro iskidnapped by theRed Brigades; 5 bodyguards are killed.^[19]
March 17 – An oil tanker,Amoco Cadiz, runs aground on the coast ofBrittany.
March 18
- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,Prime Minister of Pakistan, is sentenced to death by hanging, for ordering the assassination of a political opponent.
- California Jam II is held at theOntario Motor Speedway inOntario, California, attracting more than 300,000 fans.
March 22 –Karl Wallenda ofThe Flying Wallendas dies, after falling off a tight-rope between two hotels inSan Juan, Puerto Rico.
March 26 – Thecontrol tower and some other facilities ofNew Tokyo International Airport, which were scheduled to open on March 31, are illegally occupied and damaged in a terrorist attack byNew Left activists, forcing a rescheduling of its opening date to May 20.
March 28
- San Francisco's City Council signs the United States's most comprehensivegay rights bill.
- Stump v. Sparkman (435 U.S. 349): TheSupreme Court of the United States hands down a 5–3 decision, in a controversial case involving involuntarysterilization andjudicial immunity.

April

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Main article:April 1978

April 1
- New Zealand National Airways Corporation (the domestic airline of New Zealand) is merged with New Zealand's international airline,Air New Zealand.
- Dick Smith ofDick Smith Foods tows a fakeiceberg toSydney Harbour.^[20]
- The Philippine College of Commerce, through a presidential decree, is converted to thePolytechnic University of the Philippines.^[21]
April 2 –Dallas debuts onCBS, and gives birth to the modern day primetime soap opera.^[22]
April 3 – The50th Academy Awards are held at theDorothy Chandler Pavilion inLos Angeles, withAnnie Hall winningBest Picture.^[23]
April 7 – U.S. PresidentJimmy Carter decides to postpone production of theneutron bomb, a weapon that kills people with radiation, but leaves buildings relatively intact.^[24]
April 9 –Somali military officers stage an unsuccessful coup against the government ofSiad Barre; security forces thwart the attempt within hours, and several conspirators are arrested.^[25]
April 14 – Thousands of Georgiansdemonstrate against an attempt bySoviet authorities to change the constitutional status of theGeorgian language.^[26]
April 18 – The U.S. Senate votes, 68–32, to turn thePanama Canal over toPanamanian control on December 31,1999.^[27]
April 18–30 – TheKhmer Rouge massacres 3,157 civilians inBa Chúc, Vietnam.^[28]
April 20 – A Soviet air defense plane shoots downKorean Air Lines Flight 902; the plane makes an emergency landing on a frozen lake.^[29]
April 22
- Izhar Cohen & the Alphabeta win theEurovision Song Contest 1978 forIsrael with their songA-Ba-Ni-Bi.^[30]
- TheOne Love Peace Concert is held at National Heroes Stadium inKingston, Jamaica.Bob Marley unites two opposing political leaders at this concert, bringing peace to the civil war-ridden streets of the city.^[31]
April 25 –St. Paul, Minnesota becomes the second U.S. city to repeal its gay rights ordinance, afterAnita Bryant's successful 1977 anti-gay campaign inMiami-Dade County, Florida.
April 27
- Saur Revolution –Afghanistan's presidentMohammad Daoud Khan and his family are murdered;Nur Muhammad Taraki succeeds him, beginning theAfghan conflict.^[32]
- Willow Island disaster – In the deadliest construction accident in United States history, 51 construction workers are killed when acooling tower under construction collapses at thePleasants Power Station inWillow Island, West Virginia.^[33]
April 30 – The "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" is proclaimed, under pro-communist leaderNur Muhammad Taraki.^[34]

May

[edit]

Main article:May 1978

May 4
- South African Border War: TheBattle of Cassinga occurs in southernAngola.
- Communist activistHenri Curiel is murdered in Paris.
May 8
- Norway opens anatural gas field, in thePolar Sea.
- Reinhold Messner (Italy) andPeter Habeler (Austria) make the first ascent of Mount Everest, without supplemental oxygen.
May 9 – In Rome, the corpse of former Italian prime ministerAldo Moro, is found in a redRenault 4.
May 12 –Shaba II: InZaire, rebels occupy the city ofKolwezi, the mining centre of the province ofShaba. The Zairean government asks the U.S., France and Belgium to restore order.
May 12–13 – A group ofmercenaries, led byBob Denard, oustAli Soilih in theComoros; ten local soldiers are killed. Denard forms a new government.
May 15
- Students of theUniversity of Tehran riot inTabriz; the army stops the riot.
- FirstTimezone Opens inPerth, Western Australia
May 17 –Charlie Chaplin's coffin is found some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the cemetery from which it was stolen, near Lake Geneva.^[17]
May 18
- Soviet dissidentYuri Orlov is sentenced to 7 years' hard labor, for distributing 'counterrevolutionary material'.
- Sarajevo is selected to host the1984 Winter Olympics, and Los Angeles is selected to host the1984 Summer Olympics.
May 18–19 – Belgian and French paratroopers fly to Zaire, to aid the fight against the rebels.
May 19–20 –French Foreign Legion paratroopers land inKolwezi,Zaire, to rescue Europeans in the middle of a civil war.
May 20 –Mavis Hutchinson, 53, becomes the first woman to run across the U.S.; her trek took 69 days.
May 22 – Exiled leadersAhmed Abdallah andMuhammad Ahmad return to theComoros.
May 23 – American basketball player centerBill Walton of thePortland Trail Blazers was named theNational Basketball Association regular season MVP.
May 25
- FirstUnabomber attack: A bomb explodes in the security section ofNorthwestern University, wounding a security guard.
- In a rematch of the previous season, theMontreal Canadiens again defeat theBoston Bruins, this time four games to two, to win theStanley Cup.
May 26 – InAtlantic City, New Jersey, Resorts International, the first legalcasino in the eastern United States, opens.
May 28 –Indianapolis 500:Al Unser wins his third race, and the first for car ownerJim Hall.
May 29 –Ali Soilih is found dead in theComoros, allegedly shot when trying to escape.

June

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Main article:June 1978

June 1 – The1978 FIFA World Cup starts inArgentina.
June 2 –Japan Air Lines 115 had its tail struck on the runway on the airport it landed in. The same aircraft would be involved in a 2nd accident 7 years later
June 10 –Affirmed holds offAlydar to win theBelmont Stakes and becomes the last horse to win the U.S. Triple Crown of Horse Racing until2015.
June 15 – KingHussein of Jordan marries 26-year-old Lisa Halaby, who takes the nameQueen Noor.
June 19
- England cricketerIan Botham becomes the first man in the history of the game to score a century and take eight wickets in one innings of a Test match.
- Garfield's firstcomic strip, originally published locally asJon in 1976, goes into nationwidesyndication.^[35]
June 20 – The 6.2M_w Thessaloniki earthquake shakesNorthern Greece with a maximumMercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Fifty people were killed.
June 21
- A shootout betweenProvisional IRA members and the British Army in Northern Ireland leaves one civilian and three IRA men dead.
- 1978 Iranian Chinook shootdown: Iranian helicopters stray into Soviet airspace and are shot down.
June 22 –Charon, a satellite ofPluto, is discovered.^[36]
June 24 – The Gay & Lesbian Solidarity March is held in Sydney, Australia to mark the 9th Anniversary of theStonewall riots (which later becomes the annualSydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras; later incorporating a festival).
June 25
- Argentina defeatsthe Netherlands 3–1 afterextra time to win the1978 FIFA World Cup.
- Therainbow flag of theLGBT movement flies for the first time (in its original form) at theSan Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade.
June 26 – A bombing byBreton nationalists causes destruction in thePalace of Versailles.
June 30 –Ethiopia begins a massive offensive inEritrea.

July

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Main article:July 1978

July 1 – Australia'sNorthern Territory is grantedself-government.
July 3 – TheAmazon Co-operation Treaty (ACT) is signed.
July 7 – TheSolomon Islands become independent from the United Kingdom.
July 11 – At least 217 tourists die in anexplosion of a tanker-truck at a campsite inCosta Daurada, Spain.^[37]
July 24 – InAcapulco,Mexico,Margaret Gardiner ofSouth Africa is crownedMiss Universe.
July 25 –Louise Brown, the world's firsttest tube baby, is born inOldham,Greater Manchester, UK.^[38]

August

[edit]

Main article:August 1978

August 6 –Pope Paul VI dies atCastel Gandolfo.
August 12 – TheTreaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China is concluded.
August 17 –Double Eagle II becomes the first balloon to successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean, flying fromPresque Isle, Maine, toMiserey, France.
August 22
- Sandinistas seize the Nicaraguan National Palace.
- Kenya's first president and founding father,Jomo Kenyatta, dies aged 89 inMombasa.
August 26 –Pope John Paul I succeeds Pope Paul VI as the 263rd Pope.

September

[edit]

Main article:September 1978

September 6:Anwar Sadat,Jimmy Carter, andMenachem Begin meet on the Aspen Cabin patio atCamp David.

September 5 –Camp David Accords: Hosted by U.S. PresidentJimmy Carter, Israel's Prime MinisterMenachem Begin and Egypt's PresidentAnwar Sadat met atCamp David inMaryland to discuss a peace agreement between the two nations.
September 7 – InLondon, UK, a poison-filled pellet, supposedly injected using an umbrella, fatally poisonsBulgarian defector Georgi Markov; he dies four days later.
September 8 – Iranian Army troopsopen fire on rioters inTehran, killing 122, wounding 4,000.
September 12 – The Declaration of Alma Ata is signed and released in the Capital City of Kazakh, USSR. Known as the core document on Primary Health Care Practices and Equity in Healthcare, it paved the way for the modern-day State-sponsored Healthcare System.
September 16
- The 7.4M_w Tabas earthquake killed at least 15,000 people in the city ofTabas inIran. The quake was measured with a maximumMercalli intensity of IX (Violent).
- GeneralMuhammad Zia-ul-Haq officially assumes the post ofPresident of Pakistan.
September 17 – TheCamp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt.
September 19
- Police in theWest Midlands of England launch a massive murder hunt, when 13-year-old newspaper boyCarl Bridgewater is shot dead after disturbing a burglary.
- TheSolomon Islands join the United Nations.^[39]
September 20 – GeneralRahimuddin Khan assumes the post ofmartial law Governor ofBalochistan.
September 23 –California Angels outfielderLyman Bostock is shot to death at age 27 while visiting friends inGary, Indiana during an Angels' road trip inChicago, Illinois.
September 24 –Giuseppe Verdi's operaOtello makes its first appearance onLive from the Met, in a complete production of the opera starringJon Vickers. This is the first complete television broadcast of the opera in the U.S. since the historic 1948 one.^{[citation needed]}
September 25 –PSA Flight 182, a Boeing 727, collides with a small private airplane and crashes inSan Diego,California; 144 are killed.
September 27 – The lastForest Brother guerrilla movement fighter is discovered and killed inEstonia.
September 28 –Pope John Paul I dies after only 33 days as the Roman Catholic Pontiff.
September 30 –Finnair Flight 405 aircraft is hijacked by Aarno Lamminparras inOulu,Finland.^[40]
September – Attempted poisoning of 500 members of theAfrican National Congress by South African government infiltrators.^[41]
September – Serial criminalLawrence Singleton commits heinous crime againstMary Vincent.

October

[edit]

Main article:October 1978

October 1
- Vietnam attacksCambodia.
- Tuvalu becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
October 2 –Mommie Dearest, written byChristina Crawford that discusses her adoptive motherJoan Crawford's abusive nature, is published. It is the first celebrity tell-allmemoir.
October 7 –Wranslide inNew South Wales: theWran government is re-elected with an increased majority.
October 8 – Australia'sKen Warby sets the current worldwater speed record of 317.6 mph (511.13 km/h) at Blowering Dam, Australia.
October 9 –P.W. Botha succeedsJohn Vorster asPrime Minister of South Africa.^[42]
October 10
- Daniel arap Moi becomes president ofKenya.
- John Vorster becomesState President of South Africa.^[42]
- A massive short circuit inSeasat's electrical system ends the satellite's scientific mission.
- United States PresidentJimmy Carter signs a bill that authorizes the minting of theSusan B. Anthony dollar.
October 13 – TheSoviet Union launches a majorRussification campaign throughout all union republics.
October 14 – U.S. PresidentJimmy Carter signs a bill into law which allowshomebrewing ofbeer in the United States.
October 16 –Pope John Paul II succeedsPope John Paul I as the 264th pope, resulting in the firstYear of Three Popes since 1605. He is the first Polish pope in history, and the first non-Italian pope sincePope Adrian VI (1522–1523).
October 18 –Thorbjörn Fälldin steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden, and is succeeded byOla Ullsten, the Leader of the liberal People's Party ("Folkpartiet").
October 20 – The firstSydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is held as a protest march and commemoration of theStonewall riots.
October 21 – Australian civilian pilotFrederick Valentich vanishes in aCessna 182 Skylane over theBass Strait south ofMelbourne, after reporting contact with an unidentified aircraft.^[43]
October 27 – Egyptian PresidentAnwar Sadat and Israeli Prime MinisterMenachem Begin win theNobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord.
October 31 – TheSouth African Railways sets a still unbeatenworld rail speed record onCape gauge.^[44]

November

[edit]

Main article:November 1978

November 2: 8:00 pm – TheRepublic of Ireland's second television channelRTÉ 2 goes on air (renamed Network 2,1988; RTÉ Network Two,1995; N2,1997; and RTÉ Two in2004).
November 3 –Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
November 5 –Indira Gandhi is elected to the Indian parliament for the first time in 20 months after winning a by-election.^[45]
November 18 – InGuyana,Jim Jones leads hisPeoples Temple cult in a massmurder–suicide in his commune,Jonestown, that claims 918 lives in all, 909 of them atJonestown itself, including over 270 children.Representative Leo J. Ryan is assassinated by members of Peoples Temple shortly beforehand.
November 24 – China starts an experimental "household responsibility system", inAnhui Province.
November 26 – Two Britishcommercial divers, Michael Ward and Tony Prangley, die ofhypothermia and drowning in theEast Shetland Basin after theirdiving bell plunges to the seabed at a depth of over 100 metres (330 ft).^[46]
November 27 –Moscone-Milk assassinations: San Francisco MayorGeorge Moscone and SupervisorHarvey Milk are assassinated by disgruntled former SupervisorDan White.

December

[edit]

Main article:December 1978

December 4 –Dianne Feinstein succeeds the murderedGeorge Moscone, to become the first woman mayor ofSan Francisco; she will remain in office until January 8, 1988.
December 6 –Spanish transition to democracy: TheSpanish Constitution officially restores the country's democratic government.^[47]
December 11
- Lufthansa heist: Six men rob a Lufthansa cargo facility in New York City'sJohn F. Kennedy International Airport.
- Iranian Revolution: Two million demonstrate against the Shah inIran.
December 15 –Superman: The Movie is released in cinemas in the United States.
December 16
- Train 87 fromNanjing toXining collides with train 368 fromXi'an toXuzhou near Yangzhuang railway station in China, killing 106, injuring 218.
- The Mystery of Mamo is released in cinemas in Japan.
December 19 – FormerPrime Minister of India Indira Gandhi is arrested and jailed for a week for breach of privilege and contempt of parliament.
December 22
- The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of theChinese Communist Party is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program forChinese economic reform.
- Chicago serial killerJohn Wayne Gacy, who was subsequently convicted of the murder of 33 young men and boys committed between 1972 and 1978, is arrested.
- Argentina beginsOperation Soberanía againstChile, but Argentinian forces quickly withdraw.
December 25 –Vietnam launches amajor offensive against theKhmer Rouge ofCambodia.
December 27 – TheConstitution of Spain is approved in a referendum, officially ending 40 years of militarydictatorship.

Date unknown

[edit]

Myriodontium keratinophilum is first isolated in Italy during the screening of soilmicrobes.^[48]
Syntheticinsulin is developed.
Romanian painterDoina Bumbea is abducted by the North Korean government.^[49]
Abortion is legalized in Italy for the first time.
InSeoul, South Korea, construction begins onSeoul Subway Line 2.

Births

[edit]

Main page:Category:1978 births

Births
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