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1977

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This article is about the year 1977. For other uses, see1977 (disambiguation).

From top to bottom, left to right:Star Wars premieres, revolutionizing science fiction and blockbuster films; theAtari Video Computer System is released, popularizing cartridge-based gaming;Elvis Presley dies at Graceland, marking the end of a rock and roll era; theOgaden War erupts as Somalia invades Ethiopia’s Ogaden region; theTorrijos–Carter Treaties set the framework for Panama Canal transfer; theTenerife airport disaster kills 583 when two Boeing 747s collide, making it the deadliest aviation accident in history (excluding the deaths fromAmerican Airlines Flight 11 andUnited Airlines Flight 175 during9/11); theApple II is released, sparking the personal computer revolution; theJohnstown flood of 1977 kills 84 in Pennsylvania; and the1977 Vrancea earthquake in Romania kills thousands and causes widespread destruction.

Calendar year

Years
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2nd millennium
Centuries
19th century 20th century 21st century
Decades
1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
Years
1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980
v t e

1977 by topic
Subject
Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Comics Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Country Heavy metal Jazz Latin Rail transport Radio Science Spaceflight Sports Football Television American Australian Belgian Brazilian British Scottish Canadian Danish Irish Italian Video games
By country
Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Denmark France Germany Greece India Ireland Iran Israel Japan Kuwait Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Singapore South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Venezuela
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law
Birth and death categories
Births Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments Disestablishments
Works category
Works Introductions
v t e

1977 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1977 MCMLXXVII
Ab urbe condita	2730
Armenian calendar	1426 ԹՎ ՌՆԻԶ
Assyrian calendar	6727
Baháʼí calendar	133–134
Balinese saka calendar	1898–1899
Bengali calendar	1383–1384
Berber calendar	2927
British Regnal year	25 Eliz. 2 – 26 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2521
Burmese calendar	1339
Byzantine calendar	7485–7486
Chinese calendar	丙辰年 (Fire Dragon) 4674 or 4467 — to — 丁巳年 (Fire Snake) 4675 or 4468
Coptic calendar	1693–1694
Discordian calendar	3143
Ethiopian calendar	1969–1970
Hebrew calendar	5737–5738
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	2033–2034
-Shaka Samvat	1898–1899
-Kali Yuga	5077–5078
Holocene calendar	11977
Igbo calendar	977–978
Iranian calendar	1355–1356
Islamic calendar	1397–1398
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 52 (昭和５２年)
Javanese calendar	1908–1909
Juche calendar	66
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4310
Minguo calendar	ROC 66 民國66年
Nanakshahi calendar	509
Thai solar calendar	2520
Tibetan calendar	མེ་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Fire-Dragon) 2103 or 1722 or 950 — to — མེ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Fire-Snake) 2104 or 1723 or 951
Unix time	220924800 – 252460799

Wikimedia Commons has media related to1977.

1977 (MCMLXXVII) was acommon year starting on Saturday of theGregorian calendar, the 1977th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 977th year of the2nd millennium, the 77th year of the20th century, and the 8th year of the1970s decade.

Calendar year

Events

January

Main article:January 1977

January 8 –Three bombs explode inMoscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to anArmenian separatist group.^[1]
January 10 –Mount Nyiragongo erupts in easternZaire (now theDemocratic Republic of the Congo).^[2]
January 17 – 49 marines from theUSS Trenton andUSS Guam are killed as a result of a collision in Barcelona harbour, Spain.^[3]
January 18
- Scientists identify a previously unknownbacterium as the cause of the mysteriousLegionnaires' disease.
- Australia's worstrailway disaster at Granville, a suburb of Sydney, leaves 83 people dead.^[4]
- SFR Yugoslavia Prime ministerDžemal Bijedić, his wife and 6 others are killed in a plane crash inBosnia and Herzegovina.^[5]
January 19 – AnEjército del Aire CASA C-207C Azor (registration T.7-15) plane crashes into the side of a mountain nearChiva, on approach toValencia Airport inSpain, killing all 11 people on board.^[6]
January 20 -Jimmy Carter issworn in as the 39th President of the United States after defeatingGerald Ford in the1976 election.
January 23 – Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi of India calls for fresh elections to theLok Sabha, and releases all political prisoners.
January 24 – TheMassacre of Atocha occurs, during theSpanish transition to democracy.^[7]

February

Main article:February 1977

February 2 – The Congress Party of India, led byIndira Gandhi, splits withJagjivan Ram and other senior leaders, formingCongress for Democracy. This party later merges with theJanata Party.^[8]
February 3 – In northernJapan a blizzard piles snow on rooftops, causing many to collapse killing at least 31 people.^[9]
February 4 – ElevenCTA commuters are killed when anelevated train derails from theLoop in central Chicago, United States.^[10]
February 7 – TheSoviet Union launchesSoyuz 24 (Viktor Gorbatko,Yury Glazkov) to dock with theSalyut 5 space station.
February 18

AmericanSpace Shuttle program: First test flight ofSpace ShuttleEnterprise mated to theBoeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.^[11]
TheXinjiang 61st Regiment Farm fire started during Chinese New Year when a firecracker ignites wreaths to thelate Mao Zedong, killing 694 people, mostly children. It remains thedeadliest fire in China.^[12]

February 23 –Óscar Romero, an outspoken opponent of violence, becomes Archbishop of San Salvador,El Salvador.^[13]
February 28 – QueenElizabeth II opens theNew Zealand Parliament in person, after Parliament is summoned for a special short session to allow her to deliver the Speech from the Throne.^[14]

March

Main article:March 1977

March 4 – The1977 Vrancea earthquake in theVrancea Mountains ofRomania kills over 1,500 people.^[15]
March 8 – TheAustralian parliament is opened byElizabeth II in her capacity as Queen of Australia.^[16]
March 9 –Hanafi Siege: Approximately a dozen armedHanafi Movement members take over 3 buildings in Washington, D.C., killing 1 person and taking 149 hostages (the hostage situation ends 2 days later).^[17]
March 10 – Therings of Uranus are discovered.^[18]
March 12 – TheCentenary Test between Australia and England begins at theMelbourne Cricket Ground.
March 19 –Results of elections to theIndian Parliament are declared.Indira Gandhi'sCongress Party is routed by the oppositionJanata alliance.^[19]
March 21 – Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi withdraws thestate of emergency which was implemented on June 25, 1975.^[20]
March 27 –Tenerife disaster: A collision betweenKLM andPan Am Boeing 747s atTenerife,Canary Islands, kills 583 people. This becomes the deadliest accident in aviation history.

April

Main article:April 1977

April 2 –Horse racing:Red Rum wins a record thirdGrand National atAintree Racecourse in the UK.^[21]
April 4 –Southern Airways Flight 242 crashes on a highway inNew Hope, Georgia, United States, killing 72 people.^[22]
April 7 – German Federal ProsecutorSiegfried Buback and his driver are shot byRed Army Faction members while waiting at a red light near his home inKarlsruhe. The "Ulrike Meinhof Commando" later claims responsibility.

April 11: UKSilver Jubilee (25 red buses painted silver)

April 9 –Spain legalizes theCommunist Party of Spain, which had been outlawed since 1939.
April 11 –London Transport's Silver Jubilee AEC Routemaster buses are launched.
April 17 – Belgian prime ministerLeo Tindemans' Christian Social Party gains eight seats in the lower house in parliamentary elections.
April 18 – Anannular solar eclipse was visible in Africa, and was the 29th solar eclipse ofSolar Saros 138.
April 24 – In northernBangladesh, a cyclone kills 13 people and injures about 100 others.^[23]
April 28 – A federal court inStuttgart, West Germany, sentencesRed Army Faction membersAndreas Baader,Gudrun Ensslin, andJan-Carl Raspe to life imprisonment.
April 30 – TheCold War betweenCambodia andVietnam evolves into theCambodian–Vietnamese War.

May

Main article:May 1977

May 1 – TheTaksim Square massacre inIstanbul results in 34 deaths and hundreds of injuries.
May 12 – Portugal and Israel establishdiplomatic relations.
May 14 – AnIAS Cargo Boeing 707 airplane crash inLusaka,Zambia, kills all six on board.^[24]
May 16 – A 20-passengerS-61L topples sideways at takeoff from the roof of thePan Am Building inMidtown Manhattan. Four passengers are killed by the turning rotors and a woman at street level is killed by a falling blade.^[25]
May 17 – TheLikud Party, led byMenachem Begin, winsthe national elections inIsrael.
May 23
- Scientists report usingbacteria in a lab to makeinsulin viagene splicing.
- Moluccan terroriststake over a school inBovensmilde, northern Netherlands (105 hostages), and a passenger train on the Bovensmilde–Assen route nearby (90 hostages) at the same time. The children are released onMay 26.^[26] OnJune 11,Dutch Royal Marines storm the train, and six terrorists and two hostages are killed.
May 27
- The1977 Aeroflot Ilyushin 62 airplane crash inCuba kills 69 people.^[27]
- Ademonstration and coup attempt in Angola takes place. Thousands are killed by the government and Cuban forces.^[28]
May 28 – TheBeverly Hills Supper Club inSouthgate, Kentucky, United States, is engulfed in fire; 165 are killed inside.
May 29 –Indianapolis 500:A. J. Foyt becomes the first driver to win the race four times.

June

Main article:June 1977

June 5 – A bloodlesscoup installsFrance-Albert René as President of theSeychelles.
June 15 – Spain hasits first democratic elections, after 41 years ofFrancoist Spain.
June 21 –Bülent Ecevit, ofCHP forms the new government ofTurkey (40th government since the founding of the Turkish republic, but fails to receive the vote of confidence).
June 25 – The1977 Rugby League World Cup culminates inAustralia's 13–12 victory overGreat Britain at theSydney Cricket Ground before about 24,450 spectators.
June 27
- Djibouti receives its independence from France.
- Constitution for the Federation of Earth is adopted by the second session of theWorld Constituent Assembly, held atInnsbruck,Austria.^[29]
June 30 – TheSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization is permanently disbanded.

July

Main article:July 1977

July 1
- TheEast African Community is dissolved.^[30]
- The Championships, Wimbledon (tennis) –Virginia Wade wins the women's singles title in the centenary year of the tournament, Wade's first and only Wimbledon title and her third and final Grand Slam title overall; she remains the last British woman to win the singles title at Wimbledon.
July 5 – GeneralMuhammad Zia-ul-Haq overthrowsZulfikar Ali Bhutto, the first elected Prime Minister ofPakistan.
July 9 – ThePinochet dictatorship in Chile organises the youth event ofActo de Chacarillas,^[31] a ritualised act reminiscent ofFrancoist Spain.^[32]
July 10 – A temperature of 48.0 °C (118.4 °F), arecord for continental Europe, is recorded inGreece.^[33]
July 13
- Somalia declares war on Ethiopia, starting theEthio-Somali War.
- New York City is affected by a completeelectricity blackout lasting through the following day that results in citywide looting and other criminal activity, including arson.
July 21–24 – TheLibyan–Egyptian War, sparked by a Libyan raid onSallum, begins.
July 21 –Süleyman Demirel, ofAP forms the new government ofTurkey (41st government a three-party coalition, so-called second national front (Turkish:Milliyetçi cephe)).
July 22 – The purgedChinese Communist leaderDeng Xiaoping is restored to power nine months after the "Gang of Four" was expelled from power in a coup d'état.
July 27 – TheSoviet Politburo ordersBoris Yeltsin to demolish theIpatiev House, where TsarNicholas II of Russia and his family were shot in1918. Yeltsin later refers to this as a barbarian act.^{[citation needed]}
July 30 – Left-wing German terroristsSusanne Albrecht,^[34]Brigitte Mohnhaupt andChristian Klar assassinateJürgen Ponto,^[35] chairman of theDresdner Bank inOberursel, West Germany.

August

Main article:August 1977

August 4 – U.S. presidentJimmy Carter signs legislation creating theUnited States Department of Energy.
August 9 – The military-controlled government ofUruguay announces that it will return the nation to civilian rule through general elections in1981 for a president andCongress.
August 12 – TheNASA Space Shuttle, namedEnterprise, makes its first test free-flight from the back of a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.
August 15
- The Big Ear, aradio telescope operated byOhio State University as part of theSETI project, receives a radio signal from deep space; the event is named theWow! signal for a notation made by a volunteer on the project.
- Nazi war criminalHerbert Kappler escapes from theCaelian Hill military hospital in Rome.^[36]
August 17 – The Soviet icebreakerArktika becomes the first surface ship to reach the North Pole.^[37]
August 20 –Voyager program: The United States launches theVoyager 2 spacecraft.
August 26 – TheNational Assembly of Quebec passes theCharter of the French Language (Law 101,La charte de la langue française) makingFrench theofficial language of the Canadian province ofQuebec.

September

Main article:September 1977

September 4 – TheGolden Dragon massacre, involving rival Chinatown gangs, takes place inSan Francisco, United States. Five are killed.^[38]
September 5
- Voyager program:Voyager 1 is launched after a brief delay.
- German Autumn: Employers Association PresidentHanns Martin Schleyer is kidnapped inCologne, West Germany. The kidnappers kill three escorting police officers and his chauffeur. They demand the release ofRed Army Faction prisoners.
September 7 –Torrijos-Carter treaties: Treaties betweenPanama and the United States on the status of thePanama Canal are signed. The U.S. agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.
September 8 –Interpol issues a resolution against the copyright infringement of video tapes and other material, which is still cited in warnings on opening pre-credits of videocassettes and DVDs.
September 10 – MurdererHamida Djandoubi is the last person executed byguillotine in France (atMarseille) and the last legal beheading in the Western world.
September 15 –Optical fiber is first used to carry live telephone traffic, as an Italian company inTurin, Centro Studi e Laboratori Telecomunicazioni (CSELT) begins operation of two telephone exchanges.^[39]
September 18 –Courageous (U.S.), skippered byTed Turner, sweeps the Australian challengerAustralia in the24th America's Cup yacht race at Newport, Rhode Island.
September 19
- Under pressure from theCarter Administration, President of NicaraguaAnastasio Somoza Debayle lifts thestate of siege inNicaragua.
- North Korean agents abduct Yutaka Kume fromNoto Peninsula starting theNorth Korean abductions of Japanese citizens.
September 20 – ThePetrozavodsk phenomenon is observed in theSoviet Union and some northern European countries.
September 28 – ThePorsche 928 debuts at theGeneva Motor Show.

October

Main article:October 1977

October 1 –Energy Research and Development Administration combines with theFederal Energy Administration to formUnited States Department of Energy.
October 7
- The Soviet Union adopts itsthird Constitution. TheSoviet National Anthem's lyrics are returned after a 24-year period, withJoseph Stalin's name omitted.
- Pelé plays his final professional football game, as a member of theNew York Cosmos.
October 13 –German Autumn: FourPalestinians hijackLufthansa Flight 181 toSomalia and demand the release of 11Red Army Faction members.
October 17–18 –German Autumn:GSG 9 troopers storm the hijackedLufthansa passenger plane inMogadishu,Somalia; three of the four hijackers die.
October 18 –German Autumn:Red Army Faction membersAndreas Baader,Jan-Carl Raspe andGudrun Ensslin commit suicide in Stammheim prison;Irmgard Möller fails (their supporters still claim they were murdered). They are buried onOctober 27.
October 19 –German Autumn: Kidnapped industrialistHanns Martin Schleyer is found murdered inMulhouse, France.
October 20 – Three members of the rock bandLynyrd Skynyrd die in a charter plane crash outsideGillsburg, Mississippi, three days after the release of their fifth studio albumStreet Survivors.
October 21 – TheEuropean Patent Institute is founded.
October 23 – Thepresident of Catalonia,Josep Tarradellas, returns toBarcelona from exile and the autonomous government ofCatalonia, theGeneralitat, is restored.
October 26
- The last naturalsmallpox case is discovered in Merca district,Somalia. TheWHO and theCDC consider this date the anniversary of the eradication of smallpox, a great success ofvaccination and, by extension, of modern science.
- Space Shuttle program: Last test taxi flight ofSpace ShuttleEnterprise, over California.
October 27 – British punk bandSex Pistols releaseNever Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols on theVirgin Records label. Despite refusal by major retailers in the UK to stock it, it enters theUK Album Charts at number one the week after its release.
October 28 – Hong Kong police attack theICAC headquarters.

November

Main article:November 1977

November 1 –2060 Chiron, first of the outerSolar System asteroids known asCentaurs, is discovered byCharlie Kowal.

November 19:Anwar Sadat meetsMenachem Begin in Israel.

November 22:TCP/IP links 3 of 111ARPANET nodes.

November 2 – The worst storm inAthens' modern history causes havoc across the Greek capital and kills 38 people.
November 6 – TheKelly Barnes Dam, located aboveToccoa Falls Bible College nearToccoa, Georgia, United States, fails, killing 39 people.
November 8
- Greek archaeologistManolis Andronikos discovers the tomb ofPhilip II of Macedon atVergina.
- San Francisco elects City SupervisorHarvey Milk, the first openly gay elected official of any large city in the U.S.
November 9 –Gen. Hugo Banzer, president of the military government ofBolivia, announces that the constitutional democracy will be restored in1978 instead of1980 as previously provided.
November 19
- Egyptian PresidentAnwar Sadat becomes the firstArab leader to make an official visit toIsrael, when he meets with Israeli prime ministerMenachem Begin, seeking a permanent peace settlement.
- TAP Portugal Flight 425 crashes atMadeira Airport,Funchal, Portugal, killing 131 and leaving 33 survivors.
November 22
- British Airways inaugurates regular London to New York City supersonicConcorde service.
- TheTCP/IP test succeeds, connecting 3ARPANET nodes (of 111), in what eventually becomes theInternet protocol.^[40] SeePacket Radio Van
November 30 – TheInternational Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is founded as a specialized agency of theUnited Nations.

December

Main article:December 1977

December – TheColombo Plan for Co-operative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacific (CESDAP) is implemented.
December 4
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of theCentral African Republic, crowns himself emperor.
- Malaysian Airline System Flight 653 is hijacked and crashes inTanjung Kupang,Johor,Malaysia, killing all 100 passengers and crew on board.
December 6 – South Africa grants independence toBophuthatswana, although it is not recognized by any other country.
December 10 –1977 Australian federal election:Malcolm Fraser'sLiberal/National Country Coalition government is re-elected with a slightly reduced majority, defeating theLabor Party led by formerPrime Minister Gough Whitlam. Consequently, Whitlam resigns as ALP leader after holding the job for nearly 11 years; he isreplaced by formertreasurer Bill Hayden.
December 13 – a chartered Douglas DC-3 aircraft carrying theUniversity of Evansville basketball team to Nashville, Tennessee,crashes in rain and dense fog about 90 seconds after takeoff fromEvansville Regional Airport; 29 people die in the crash, including 14 members of the team and head coach Bob Watson.
December 18 –SA de Transport Aérien Flight 730, an international charter service from Zurich to Funchal Airport (Madeira), hits the sea during a landing attempt. Many of the 36 who die drown, trapped inside the sinking aircraft. Twenty-one people survive with the help of rescuers and by swimming to the shore.
December 19 – The M_w  5.9Bob–Tangol earthquake rocks Iran, killing at least 584 people and injuring 1,000.^[41]
December 20 –Djibouti andVietnam join theUnited Nations.
December 22 – Agrain elevator explodes inWestwego, Louisiana, United States, killing 36 people.