The1973 New Jersey Senate elections were held on November 6. The result of the elections were large gains for the Democratic Party, which won control of the Senate. The party picked up twelve seats.[1] This election marked the first time since1967 that Democrats controlled the State Senate. Republicans would not regain control of the State Senate until1991.
This was also the first New Jersey Senate election held using single-member districts, as the state completed its long transition following the 1964Reynolds v. Sims decision. As of 2022[update], it remains the largest single change in seats for Democrats or any party since single-member districts were adopted. This remains the greatest number of seats held by the Democrats or any party since the adoption of single-member districts.
Until 1965, the New Jersey State Senate was composed of 21 senators, with each county electing one senator. After the U.S. Supreme Court, inReynolds v. Sims (more commonly known as One Man, One Vote), required redistricting by state legislatures for congressional districts to keep represented populations equal, as well as requiring both houses of state legislatures to have districts drawn that contained roughly equal populations, and to perform redistricting when needed.[4] In 1965, the Senate was increased from 21 members to 29 members, and larger counties were given more than one seat, and some smaller counties shared one or two senators. The map was changed again in 1967, and again in 1971, as the state adjusted to the one-man, one-vote ruling.
For the first time, the state was to be divided into 40 legislative districts, with each district electing one State Senator and two members of the General Assembly. The districts were drawn first to achieve a population balance (districts were drawn to be within +/- 4% of each other), and then to be as geographically compact as possible.[5]
For the most part, incumbent senators were given their own districts in which to run, with one exception. SenatorsWilliam J. Bate andJoseph Hirkala, both of Passaic County (District 14), were re-districted into the same district, numbered 34. Bate successfully ran for Assembly rather than challenge Hirkala.
Two incumbent Republican senators were elected to Congress in 1972 and resigned in January 1973 to take their seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. Both seats were won by Democrats:
One incumbent Republican Senator was defeated for renomination in the June primary and Republicans held that seat:[6]
District 22:Jerome Epstein (R-Union), succeeded by RepublicanPeter J. McDonough, an Assemblyman from Union County. McDonough won 60%-40% over the incumbent, who was facing an indictment.[7]
District 30:William Bate (D-Passaic), succeeded by IndependentAnthony Imperiale, an Assemblyman from Essex County. (Bate was redistricted into District 34, where DemocratJoseph Hirkala lived; instead of challenging Hirkala in the primary, he instead ran successfully for the State Assembly.)
District 18:J. Edward Crabiel (D-Middlesex), who briefly sought the 1973 Democratic nomination for Governor, succeeded by DemocratBernard Dwyer, the Mayor of Edison.
District 19:Norman Tanzman (D-Middlesex), succeeded by DemocratJohn Fay, an Assemblyman from Middlesex County.
District 28:Ralph DeRose (D-Essex), who lost to Brendan Byrne in the Democratic gubernatorial primary, was succeeded by DemocratMartin L. Greenberg, who was Byrne's law partner.
^SenatorJames M. Turner was forced to resign from his seat on June 28 after his conviction for a conspiracy to place drugs in the home of DemocratKenneth A. Gewertz. He remained in the race.
^Dunn entered the Senate on January 9 to fill the vacancy left by the election of CongressmanMatthew Rinaldo.
^The Morris County seat had been vacant since Joseph Maraziti was sworn into Congress in January 1973. Wiley ran for and won a simultaneous special election to complete Maraziti's term.
This district consisted of most of Atlantic County, as well as Little Egg Harbor Township, Tuckerton, and rural parts of Burlington County within the Pine Barrens.
Both candidates supported a statewide referendum on legalized gambling. Lilienfeld and his running mates supported a statewide coordinated mass transit program, while the Democratic ticket supported a county-wide transportation program. The Republicans also emphasized crackdowns on welfare fraud and stricter drug control, while the Democrats campaigned to attract more light industry to the region.[9]
Turner was removed from his seat on June 28 after his conviction for conspiracy to place 6,500 amphetamine tablets in the home ofKenneth A. Gewertz, the Democratic Assemblyman from the district. He was sentenced to five years in prison.
The conviction barred Turner from holding state office. Nevertheless, Turner remained in the race, saying "I intend to win, and I expect the Senate to seat me."[13][14]
Because it was too late to remove Turner from the ballot, an appeal was made to remove him, which a judge denied. The Republican Party attempted to run a write-in campaign for Gloucester Sheriff Walter Fish instead.
Alene Ammond, candidate for Cherry Hill City Council in 1967[15]
John P. Jehl, Voorhees attorney and former assistant Camden County prosecutor[15]
The Democratic primary was part of a countywide power struggle between party chair James Joyce and Cherry Hill party leader Jack Gasparre, who was also backed byAngelo Errichetti, the leader of the Camden Democratic organization and the mayor-elect. The camps were also divided in their choices for Governor; Gasparre and Errichetti backedBrendan Byrne, while Joyce backedRalph DeRose.[15] As a corollary to their fight over control of the party, Gasparre backed a separate slate of legislative candidates in this and other districts. Although the sixth district was heavily Republican, it was considered crucial because it centered on Cherry Hill, and Gasparre considered it his home base.[15] To counter Gasparre's ticket, Joyce recruitedAlene Ammond, a political gadfly who had run an unsuccessful campaign for Cherry Hill council in 1967 and whose proposal to reorganize the Cherry Hill government was rejected by voters in 1972.[15]
Ammond campaigned against Jehl as a puppet of Errichetti, whom she charged withbossism and corruption; the Gasparre ticket made the same accusations of Joyce.[15] All candidates indicated varying opposition to a static income tax; Ammond and Jehl disagreed on casino gambling, with Jehl supporting its legalization in some areas if approved by voters and Ammond outright opposing its legalization.[15] Ammond also came out in support of a deepwater oil port, despite Ralph DeRose's vote against it.[15]
Although the district was considered safely Republican after the Republican majority was increased to 8,600 votes by redistricting,[12] Ammond won an upset over Senator Miller.
This race was a rematch of the 1971 contest between Hughes and Smith;[12] Hughes won by an increased majority despite redistricting making the district more Republican and Smith resolving divisions within the party which had doomed him in 1971.[12]
This district consisted of rural and suburban parts of Burlington County and eastern Mercer County, as well as Allentown, Roosevelt, and Upper Freehold Township in Monmouth County and Lakehurst and Manchester Township in Ocean County.[9]
DiDonato attacked Parker for his alleged support for special interest groups, particularly those involvingworkers' compensation issues. Parker, a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, pledged "complete honesty and integrity in government."[9]
This district consisted of most of Ocean County, except for Little Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, and Manchester. It also took in Woodland Township in Burlington County and Millstone in Monmouth County. The largest towns in the district wereToms River andLakewood.
Tax reform was the overriding issue in the race. Mabie and his Republican running mates opposed an income tax and advocated using state lottery revenue and the $200 million budget surplus to fund public education. This plan was predicated on passage of federal legislation absorbing state welfare costs.[9]
This Monmouth County district consisted ofWall Township and a series of shore towns: Monmouth Beach, Long Branch, Deal, Allenhurst, Loch Arbour, Interlaken, Ocean Township, Asbury Park, Neptune, Neptune City, Bradley Beach, Avon, Belmar, South Belmar, Spring Lake, Spring Lake Heights, Sea Girt, Manasquan, Brielle, Point Pleasant, and Point Pleasant Beach.
Buehler focused his attacks on Stout's transportation record, charging that he failed to attract state and federal grants to solve the region's railroad issues. Stout maintained that he and other Republicans had attempted to do so, but were obstructed by the bankruptcy of the Penn Central Railroad.[9] Stout also backed Republican gubernatorial nomineeCharles W. Sandman's proposal fora mass transit agency, while Buehler backed his party's candidate,Brendan Byrne, by proposing that the Port Authority should assume responsibility for electrifying the New York and Long Branch Railroad.[9]
The district was considered a Republican stronghold; Stout had been in office for 22 years. However, Buehler hoped to benefit from the popularity of Democratic gubernatorial candidate Brendan Byrne in the district.[9]
This district was located entirely within Monmouth County. It included the municipalities of Atlantic Higlands, Colts Neck, Eatontown, Englishtown, Fair Haven, Farmingdale, Freehold, Freehold Township, Hazlet Township, Highlands, Holmdel, Howell Township, Little Silver, Manalapan Township, Marlboro Township, New Shrewsbury, Oceanport, Rumson, Sea Bright, Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury Township, and West Long Branch.[9]
Beadleston took a low-profile approach to his campaign. Dietz, who ran an individual campaign separate from his Assembly running mates, challenged Beadleston to debates but was ignored or rejected. At one point, Dietz challenged Beadleston to a debate while Beadleston was serving as acting Governor.[9]
Both candidates opposed a state income tax and supported cuts to welfare spending. They differed on how to reduce welfare spending, with Beadleston supporting a state takeover and Dietz supporting a federal takeover.[9]
This race featured three men who would serve in the Senate at some point: the incumbent Joseph Azzolina, the victor Eugene Bedell, and future SenatorPeter P. Garibaldi.[9] Though Garibaldi was a Republican, his campaign was expected to draw liberal Democratic voters away from Bedell.[9]
One of the key issues in the campaign was the potential construction of a deepwater port. Azzolina was opposed to a port in the district; Bedell initially favored it before softening his stance. Bedell's Assembly running mates opposed a port until it could be deemed safe.[9] Garibaldi received the highest score from the New Jersey Environmental Voters Alliance.[9]
The campaign pitted the Hudson County Democratic Organization, which supported Castano, against the Essex County Organization, which supported Senatore.
^Sullivan, Ronald (March 9, 1973). "JERSEY APPROVES DISTRICTING PLAN; Reapportions State Senate and Assembly Seats for this Year's Elections Jersey Panel Approves a Plan To Redistrict Legislative Seats Jersey Panel Approves a Plan To Redistrict Legislative Seats".New York Times.
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