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| Bangladesh insurgency | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theCold War in Asia | |||||||
 Soldiers of theBiplobi Shainik Sangstha being received by the public after theSipahi–Janata Revolution on 7 November 1975 | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Government of BangladeshMujibist insurgents:[a] | Socialist insurgents:
Maoist insurgents:  Anti-Mujibist military factions
Other anti-Mujibist factions
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman XTajuddin Ahmed XMuhammad Mansur Ali XSyed Nazrul Islam XA. H. M. Qamaruzzaman XKhaled Mosharraf X Jamil Uddin Ahmed †Khondkar Nazmul Huda †A. T. M. Haider † Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem K. M. ShafiullahZiaur RahmanShafaat Jamil (WIA) A. N. M. Nuruzzaman Abdul Kader Siddique (POW) |  Abu Taher  M. A. Jalil (WIA)A. S. M. Abdur Rab (WIA)Hasanul Haq Inu (WIA)Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed  (POW)[d]Taheruddin Thakur (POW)Syed Faruque Rahman Mohammad Bazlul Huda Abdul Majed Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan A. K. M. Mohiuddin Ahmed Mohiuddin Ahmed Shariful Haque Dalim[e]S. H. M. B. Noor Chowdhury[f] Siraj Sikder † | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini[2] Bangladesh Police[2] Bangladesh Army Lal Bahini | GonobahiniBiplobi Shainik Sangstha Purba Banglar Jatiya Mukti Front Factions of the Bangladesh Army | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 16,000 JRB personnel(1975)[2] | N/A | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 3,000Awami League members killed[3] 4 members of parliament killed[3] 65% of military officers lose control of their troops[4] | Jasad: 6,000 killed (as per Jasad)[3] 3,000+ killed (as perAnthony Mascarenhas)[4] PBSP:Unknown, at least 1 killed Military:At least one executed 33 detained[g] 2,035 unspecified political opponents killed between 1972 and April 1973[3] | ||||||
| 2,000+ workers killed during the Mongla Port massacre[4] Total: 2,000 – 4,000+ combatants/activists killed[3][4] | |||||||
1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency refers to the period after theindependence of Bangladesh when left-winginsurgents, particularly theGonobahini fought against the government of the Prime MinisterSheikh Mujibur Rahman.[2][5][6] The government responded by forming theJatiya Rakkhi Bahini, which began a crackdown on the general populace.[2] The force became involved in the numerouscharges of human rights abuse including political killings,[7][8][3]shooting by death squads,[9] and large number of rapes on women.[3] The insurgency was one of the main reasons for thefall of Sheikh Mujib.
In 1972,Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal was formed when it split fromBangladesh Chhatra League, the student wing of theBangladesh Awami League, under the leadership ofSerajul Alam Khan,M. A. Jalil,ASM Abdur Rab andShahjahan Siraj. Its armed wing,Gonobahini, led by ColonelAbu Taher andHasanul Haq Inu, began an armed campaign against the government ofSheikh Mujibur Rahman in order to establishscientific socialism and aMarxist state.[10]
| Part of the 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency | |
 Mosharraf Hossain, one of the many people killed during the killings | |
| Date | February 1, 1972 – December 16, 1974 (1972-02-01 –1974-12-16) |
|---|---|
| Type | Mass killing, murder,extrajudicial killing,state terrorism,domestic terrorism,dirty war,forced disappearance |
| Motive | To destroy the opposition |
| Perpetrator | Government: Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini Bangladesh Police Opposition: Gonobahini |
| Outcome |
|
| Deaths | 5,039 – 30,000 |
Anthony Mascarenhas states that by the end of 1973, the number of politically motivated murders inBangladesh after independence was over 2000. The victims included some members of parliament and many of the murders were resulted of intra-party conflicts within theAwami League.[4] The Gonobahini also killed numerous Bangladesh Chhatra League and Awami League members.[5]
On the other hand,Maoists such asSiraj Sikder of thePurba Banglar Sarbahara Party andAbdul Haq began attacking the government and people whom they considered "class enemies".[11][12]
The government responded by forming theJatiya Rakkhi Bahini. Anthony Mascarenhas claimed that within three years, deaths of mostly Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal members reached 30,000, all of which were killed by the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini.[4]
After being de facto ruler of the nation,Ziaur Rahman realized that the disorder set off by thesoldiers' mutiny had to be suppressed firmly if discipline was to be restored in thearmy. Ziaur Rahman declaredmartial law, cracked down on the Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal, Abu Taher was sentenced to death and other party figures had various terms of imprisonment slapped on them.[12]
Human Rights Watch states that institutionalized violence committed by the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini during the insurgency, established the culture ofimpunity and widespread prevalence of abuses by security forces in independent Bangladesh.[7]
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